版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
Chapter1
1:IntheYear2000bugexample,didDavedoanythingwrong?
Al:IfDavewasagoodprogrammerhewouldhavequestionedthe"obvious"
oversightandnotjustprogrammedhissoftwaretoonlyworkthrough1999.
Becausehedidn't,asoftwaretestershouldhavetestedforandfoundthebug.
Theteamcouldhavethendecidedwhethertofixit.
2:TrueorFalse:It'simportantwhattermyourcompanyorteamcallsaproblemin
itsso代ware.
A2:False.It'snotimportant,butthetermusedoftenreflectsthepersonalityofthe
teamandhowtheyapproachthefinding,reporting,andfixingoftheproblems.
3:What'swrongwithjusttestingthataprogramworksasexpected?
A3:Atmost,that'sonlyhalfthetestingproblem.Usersdon'talwaysfollowtherules,
andtestersneedtoproveoutwhathappenswhentheydon't.Also,iftesters
don'tapproachtheirtestingwithagotta-break-itattitude,theywillmissbugs.
4:Howmuchmoredoesitcosttofixabugfoundaftertheproductisreleasedthan
itdoesfromtheverystartoftheproject?
A4:From10to100timesorevenhigher!
5:What'sthegoalofasoftwaretester?
A5:Thegoalofasoftwaretesteristofindbugs,findthemasearlyaspossible,and
makesuretheygetfixed.
6:TrueorFalse:Agoodtesterrelentlesslystrivesforperfection.
A6:False.AgoodtesterknowswhenperfectionIsn'tattainableandwhen"good
enough"isreached.
7:Giveseveralreasonswhytheproductspecificationisusuallythelargestsourceof
bugsinasoftwareproduct.
A7:Oftenaspecisn'tevenwrittenremember;ifyoucan'tsayit,youcan*tdoit.Other
reasonsarethatthespecexistsbutitisn'tthorough,it'sconstantlychanging,or
it'snotcommunicatedtotherestofthedevelopmentteam.
Chapter2
1:Nameseveraltasksthatshouldbeperformedbeforeaprogrammerstartswriting
thefirstlineofcode.
Al:Thedevelopmentteamneedstounderstandthecustomerrequirementsand
definethefeaturesinaproductspec.Ascheduleshouldbecreatedsoteam
membersknowwhatworkhasbeencompletedandwhatworkremainstobe
done.Thesoftwareshouldbearchitectedanddesigned,andthetestteamshould
startplanningtheirwork.
2:Whatdisadvantageistheretohavingaformal,locked-downspecification?
A2:There'snoflexibilitytoadjustthesoftwareifthecustomer'sneedschangeorthe
marketmovesinadifferentdirectionwhilethesoftwareisbeingdeveloped.
3:Whatisthebestfeatureofthebig-bangmodelofsoftwaredevelopment?
A3:It'ssimple.Period.
4:Whenusingthecode-and-fixmodel,howdoyouknowwhenthesoftwareis
readytorelease?
A4:There'snorealexitcriteriaforthecode-and-fixprocessexceptforwhen
someone,ortheschedule,saysthatit'stimetostop.
5:Whycanthewaterfallmethodbedifficulttouse?
A5:Justlikewithsalmon,it'sdifficulttoswimupstream.Eachstepisadiscrete,
standaloneprocessthatfollowstheonebeforeit.Ifyougettotheendandfind
thatsomethingshouldhavehappenedfurtherup,it'stoolatetogoback.
6:Whywouldasoftwaretesterlikethespiralmodelbetterthantheothers?
A6:They'reinvolvedveryearlyinthedevelopmentprocessandhavetheopportunity
tofindproblemsearly,savingtheprojecttimeandmoney.
Chapter3
1:Giventhatit'simpossibletotestaprogramcompletely,whatinformationdoyou
thinkshouldbeconsideredwhendecidingwhetherit'stimetostoptesting?
Al:Thereisnouniversalanswerforwhentostoptesting.Eachprojectisdifferent.
Examplesoftheinformationthatmightgointothedecisionwouldbe:Arelotsof
bugsstillbeingfound?Istheteamsatisfiedwiththenumberandtypesoftests
thathavebeenrun?Havethereportedbugsbeenevaluatedtodecidewhichones
tofixandwhichonesnottofix?Hastheproductbeenvalidatedagainsttheuser's
requirements?
2:StarttheWindowsCalculator.Type5,000-5=(thecommaisimportant).Lookat
theresult.Isthisabug?Whyorwhynot?
A2:Theansweryougetis0,not4095asyouwouldexpect.Thereasonisthatthe,
(comma)wasautomaticallyconvertedtoa.(decimalpoint).Whatyoucalculated
was5.000-5=0,not5,000-5=4995.Todetermineifthisisabug,verifythis
operationagainsttheproductspecification.Itmightstatethatcommasaretobe
convertedtodecimalpoints.Youshouldalsovalidatethis"feature"againstthe
userrequirements.Findoutifmostuserswantthistooccurorifitwouldbe
confusing.
3:Ifyouweretestingasimulationgamesuchasaflightsimulatororacitysimulator,
whatdoyouthinkwouldbemoreimportanttotestitsaccuracyoritsprecision?
A3:Thepurposeofasimulationgameistoputtheplayerintoanartificial
environmentthatmimicsareal-worldscenario.Flyingaflightsimulatorshould
lookandfeellikeflyingarealplane.Runningacitysimulatorshouldreflectwhat
happensinarealcity.What'smostimportantishowaccuratelythesimulator
reflectsreality.DoestheplaneflylikeaBoeing757orPiperCub?Doestheskyline
ofthecitylooklikethecityitrepresents?Onceyouknowthesoftwareisaccurate,
youcanthentestforprecision.Thisiswhereyoustartcaringaboutwhetherthe
windowsinthebuildingsareintheirpreciselocationsandwhethertheplane
movementperfectlymapstothejoystickmotion.
4:Isitpossibletohaveahigh-qualityandlow-reliabilityproduct?Whatmightan
examplebe?
A4:Yes,butitdependsonthecustomer'sexpectationsforquality.Manypeoplebuy
high-performancesportscarsthatareconsideredtobehighqualityfortheir
accelerationandspeed,theirstyle,andtheirfitandfinish.Oftenthesesamecars
arenotoriouslyunreliable,frequentlybreakingdownandbeingexpensiveto
repair.Theownershavetheirownperceptionofqualityanddon'tseelow-
reliabilityasanimportantissue.
5:Whyisitimpossibletotestaprogramcompletely?
A5:Withanysoftwareotherthanthesmallestandsimplestprogram,therearetoo
manyinputs,toomanyoutputs,andtoomanypathcombinationstofullytest.
Also,softwarespecscanbesubjectiveandbeinterpretedindifferentways.
6:IfyouweretestingafeatureofyoursoftwareonMondayandfindinganewbug
everyhour,atwhatratewouldyouexpecttofindbugsonTuesday?
A6:Twoaxiomscomeintoplayhere.Thefirstthatthenumberofbugsremainingis
proportionaltothenumberofbugsyou'vealreadyfoundmeansthatyouwon't
comeinonTuesdayandmiraculouslyfindthesoftwaretobeperfect.The
pesticideparadoxtellsyouthatifyoucontinuetorunthesametestsoverand
overthatyoueventuallywon'tfindnewanddifferentbugsuntilyouaddmore
tests.Giventhesetwoaxioms,youwillprobablycontinuetofindbugsatthesame
rateorslightlyless.
Chapter4
1:Canasoftwaretesterperformwhite-boxtestingonaspecification?
Al:Yes,white-boxtestingissimplyusinginformationabouthowsomethingis
designedtoinfluencehowthetestingisdone.Thetestercouldattendthe
project'sfocusgroups,usabilitystudies,andmarketingmeetingstounderstand
theunderlyingprocessbeingusedtodesignthefeaturesandtheoverallproduct.
Withthatinformationshecouldmoreeffectivelytesttheresultingspecification.
Thereisarisk,though,thatthisinformationcouldbiasthetesterintoassuming
thatthespeciscorrect.
2:CiteafewexamplesofMacorWindowsstandardsorguidelines.
A2:OntheMac,deletedfilesgototheTrashCan.InWindows,theygototheRecycle
Bin.
InWindows,pressingFlalwaysdisplaysHelpforthesoftware.It'sCommand-?
ontheMac.
TheFilemenuisalwaysthefar-leftmenuchoiceinWindows.
InWindows,selectingHelp,Aboutdisplaysthesoftware'scopyright,licensing,
andversioninformation.
OnaMac,Command-Xperformsacut,Command-Cperformsacopy,and
Command-Vperformsapaste.
Thesearejustafewexamplesofawidevarietyofpossibleanswers.
3:Explainwhat'swrongwiththisspecificationstatement:Whentheuserselectsthe
CompactMemoryoption,theprogramwillcompressthemailinglistdataassmall
aspossibleusingaHuffman-sparse-matrixapproach.
A3:Itusesthephraseassmallaspossible.Thisisimpossibletotestbecauseit'svague
andimprecise.Thespecshouldstateexactlywhatlevelofcompressionwilltake
place.
Thestatementalsoisn'tcode-free.Itexplainshowthefeaturewillworkonthe
algorithmlevel.Thisdoesn'tbelonginaspecification.Theuserdoesn'tcarehow
thecompactionoccurs,justthatitdoes.
4:Explainwhatatestershouldworryaboutwiththislinefromaspec:Thesoftware
willallowupto100millionsimultaneousconnections,althoughnomorethan1
millionwillnormallybeused.
A4:Testability.Itdoesn'tmatterthattypicalusageisonly1millionconnections.Ifthe
specificationstatesthat100millionarepossible,the100millionmustbetested.
Thetesterneedstofindawaytotestsomethingthislargeorgetthespecwriter
toreducethemaximumpossiblenumbertosomethingclosertowhat'stypical.
Chapter5
1:TrueorFalse:Youcanperformdynamicblack-boxtestingwithoutaproduct
specificationorrequirementsdocument.
Al:True.Thetechniqueiscalledexploratorytesting,andyouessentiallyusethe
softwareasthoughit'stheproductspec.It'snotanidealprocess,butcanwork
okayinapinch.Thelargestriskisthatyouwon'tknowifafeatureismissing.
2:Ifyou'retestingaprogram'sabilitytoprinttoaprinter,whatgenerictest-to-fail
testcasesmightbeappropriate?
A2:Youcouldattempttoprintwithnopaperandwithjammedpaper.Youcouldtake
theprinteroffline.Youcouldunplugitspower.Youcoulddisconnectitscable.You
couldtryprintingwithlowinkortoner;maybeevenwithamissingcartridge.To
identifyallthepossibilities,youcouldlookintheprinter'soperator'smanualand
seewhaterrorsitsupportsandattempttocreateallofthem.
3:StartupWindowsWordPadandselectPrintfromtheFilemenu.You'llgetthe
dialogshowninFigure5.12.WhatboundaryconditionsexistforthePrintRange
featureshowninthelower-leftcorner?
Figure5.12.TheWindowsPrintdialogboxshowingthePrintRangefeature.
A3:IfyouselectthePagesoption,theFromandTofieldsareenabled.Theobvious
boundaryconditionswouldbe0and99999,thesmallestandlargestvaluesthat
thefieldswillhold.Itwouldbewisetoalsotestinternalboundaryconditions
suchas254,255,256and1023,1024,and1025.There'salsoanotherinternal
boundarycondition.Tryaskingittoprintpages1though8ofa6document.
Noticethatinthiscase,thesoftwarehastostopprintingatpage6becauseit's
outofdata,notbecauseitwastoldtostopatthispage.It'sadifferent,internal
boundary.Seeifyoucanthinkofmore.
4:Assumethatyouhavea10-character-wideZIPcodetextbox,suchastheone
showninFigure5.13.Whatequivalencepartitionswouldyoucreateforthistext
box?
Figure5.13.AsampleZIPcodetextboxthatholdsupto10characters.
A4:Youshouldhaveatleastthesefourequivalencepartitions,althoughyoumay
thinkofmore:
Valid5-digitZIPcodes.Validmeansthatthey'renumericdigits,notthattheyare
existing,in-useZIPcodesalthoughthatcouldbeanotherpartition.
Valid9-digit(9digitswithadash)ZIPcodes.
Short5-digit.Haveonly4numbers,forexample.
Short9-digit.Haveonly8numbers,forexample.
Long5-digit.Have8digitswithoutadash,forexample.Hmm,isthisthesameas
ashort9-digitpartition?
Long9-digit.Itmaynotbepossibletotypeinmorethan9digitsandadash,but
youshouldtry.
10digits,nodash.Thisisalittledifferentthanalong9-digitpartition.
Thedashinthewrongplace.
Morethanonedash.
Non-digitandnon-dashentries.
5:TrueorFalse:Visitingallthestatesthataprogramhasassuresthatyou'vealso
traversedallthetransitionsamongthem.
A5:False.Thinkofvisiting50differentcitiesspreadoutacrosstheentireUnited
StatesYoucouldplanatripthatwouldtakeyoutoeachcity,butitwouldbe
impossibleforyoutotravelalltheroadsthatconnecttoallthecitiesthatwould
bealltheroadsintheentirecountry.
6:Therearemanydifferentwaystodrawstatetransitiondiagrams,butthereare
threethingsthattheyallshow.Whatarethey?
A6:Eachuniquestatethatthesoftwarecanbein.
Theinputorconditionsthatmakeitmovefromonestatetothenext.
Conditions,variables,oroutputthat'sproducedwhenastateisenteredorexited.
7:WhataresomeoftheinitialstatevariablesfortheWindowsCalculator?
A7:Theinitialdisplayedvalueandtheinternalpartialresultaresetto0.Thememory
register(MC,MR,MS,andM+buttons)issettoO.TheClipboardcontents(where
datagoeswhenyoucut,copy,andpaste)isleftunchanged.
AnotherinitialstatevariableiswheretheCalculatorappearsonscreenwhenit's
started.OpenupseveralcopiesoftheCalculatorandnoticethatthelocationisn't
alwaysthesame(atleastonWindows95/98).Asanexerciseinexploratory
testing,seeifyoucanfigureoutwhattherulesareforwheretheCalculator
opens.
8:Whatactionsdoyouperformonsoftwarewhenattemptingtoexposerace
conditionbugs?
A8:Youtrydoingmultiplethingsatthesametime.Theycouldberelated,likeprinting
totwoprintersatthesametimefromthesameapplication.Or;theycouldbe
unrelated,likepressingkeyswhileacomputationistakingplace.Whatyouwant
todoisforceasituationwherethesoftwareiscompeting(racing)withitselfto
performsomefunction.
9:TrueorFalse:It'sanunfairtesttoperformstresstestingatthesametimeyou
performloadtesting.
A9:False.Notestiseverunfair.Yourjobistofindbugs.But,therealitiesofsoftware
testingmayapplyandanybugsyoufindinthissituationmaynotbefixed.
Chapter6
1:Nameseveraladvantagestoperformingstaticwhite-boxtesting.
Al:Staticwhite-boxtestingfindsbugsearlyinthedevelopmentcycle,makingthem
lesstime-consumingandlesscostlytofix.Thesoftwaretesterscangain
informationabouthowthesoftwareworks,whatpotentialweaknessesandrisky
areasexist,andcanbuildabetterworkingrelationshipwiththeprogrammers.
Projectstatuscanbecommunicatedtoallteammemberswhoparticipateinthe
testing.
2:TrueorFalse:Staticwhite-boxtestingcanfindmissingitemsaswellasproblems.
A2:True.Missingitemsarearguablymoreimportantthannormalproblemsandcan
befoundthroughstaticwhite-boxtesting.Whenthecodeischeckedagainst
publishedstandardsandguidelinesandcarefullyanalyzedinformalreviews,
missingitemsbecomeobvious.
3:Whatkeyelementmakesformalreviewswork?
A3:Process.Havingaprocessthat'sfollowediswhatmakesthedifferencebetween
aformalreviewandtwopalprogrammersglancingovereachother'scode.
4:Besidesbeingmoreformal,what'sthebigdifferencebetweeninspectionsand
othertypesofreviews?
A4:Thekeydifferenceisthatwithinspections,apersonotherthantheoriginal
authorofthecodeisthepresenter.Thisobligesanotherpersontofully
understandthesoftwarebeinginspected.It'smuchmoreeffectivethanhaving
otherssimplyreviewthesoftwareforbugs.
5:Ifaprogrammerwastoldthathecouldnamehisvariableswithonlyeight
charactersandthefirstcharacterhadtobecapitalized,wouldthatbeastandard
oraguideline?
A5:Thatwouldbeastandard.Ifhewastoldthatanameofmorethaneight
characterswaspreferred,thatwouldbeaguideline.
6:Shouldyouadoptthecodereviewchecklistfromthischapterasyourteam's
standardtoverifyitscode?
A6:No!It'sprovidedasagenericexampleonly.Therearesomegoodtestcasesinit
thatyoushouldconsiderwhenyoutestyourcode,butyoushouldresearchand
readaboutotherpublishedstandardsbeforeadoptingyourown.
7:Acommonsecurityissueknownasabufferoverrunisinaclassoferrorsknown
aswhat?Theyarecausedbywhat?
A7:DataReference.Theyarecausedbyusingvariables,constants,arrays,strings,or
recordsthataren'tproperlydeclaredorinitializedforthedatathattheycan
contain.
Chapter7
1:Whydoesknowinghowthesoftwareworksinfluencehowandwhatyoushould
test?
Al:Ifyoutestonlywithablack-boxviewofthesoftware,youwon'tknowifyourtest
casesadequatelycoverallthepartsofthesoftwarenorifsomeofthecasesare
redundant.Anexperiencedblack-boxtestercandesignafairlyefficientsuiteof
testsforaprogrambuthecan*tknowhowgoodthatsuiteiswithoutsomewhite
boxknowledge.
2:What'sthedifferencebetweendynamicwhite-boxtestinganddebugging?
A2:Bothprocessesoverlap,butthegoalofdynamicwhite-boxtestingistofindbugs
andthegoalofdebuggingistofixthem.Theoverlapoccursintheareaof
isolatingexactlywhereandwhythebugoccurs.
3:Whataretworeasonsthattestinginabig-bangsoftwaredevelopmentmodelis
nearlyimpossible?Howcanthesebeaddressed?
A3:Withthesoftwaredeliveredtoyouinonebigpiece,it'sdifficult,ifnotimpossible,
tofigureoutwhyabugoccurstheneedle-in-a-haystackproblem.Thesecond
reasonisthattherearesomanybugs,somehideothers.You'llgraboneand
shout"gotcha"onlytodiscoverthatthesoftwareisstillfailing.
Methodicallyintegratingandtestingthemodulesastheyarebuiltallowsyouto
findandfixbugsbeforetheystarttobecomehiddenorpileontopofeachother.
4:TrueorFalse:Ifyourproductdevelopmentisinahurry,youcanskipmodule
testingandproceeddirectlytointegrationtesting.
A4:True.Youcan,butyoushouldn't.Doingsowillcauseyoutomissbugsthatcould
havebeenfoundearlier.Skippingorpostponingtestinggenerallymakesyour
projecttakelongerandcostmoretocomplete.
5:What'sthedifferencebetweenateststubandatestdriver?
A5:Ateststubisusedintop-downtesting.Itstubsout,orsubstitutesitself,foralow-
levelmodule.Itlooksandactstothehigher-levelcodebeingtestedjustlikethe
originallow-levelmodule.
Atestdriveristheoppositeofastubandisusedinbottom-uptesting.It'stest
codethatreplaceshigher-levelsoftwaretomoreefficientlyexercisealow-level
module.
6:TrueorFalse:Alwaysdesignyourblack-boxtestcasesfirst.
A6:True.Designyourtestcasesbasedonwhatyoubelievethesoftwareissupposed
todo.Thenusewhite-boxtechniquestocheckthemandmakethemmost
efficient.
7:Ofthethreecodecoveragemeasuresdescribed,whichoneisthebest?Why?
A7:Conditioncoverageisthebestbecauseitalsoincorporatesbranchcoverageand
statementcoverage.Itteststhattheconditionswithindecisionlogic,suchasif-
thenstatements,areverified,aswellasbranchesfromthosestatementsandthe
linesofcode.
8:What'sthebiggestproblemofwhite-boxtesting,eitherstaticordynamic?
A8:Youcaneasilybecomebiased.Youmightlookatthecodeandsay,"Oh,Isee,I
don'tneedtotestthatcase,thecodehandlesitproperly."Inreality,youwere
blindedbythelightandeliminatednecessarytestcases.Becareful!
Chapter11
1:TrueorFalse:Allsoftwarehasauserinterfaceandthereforemustbetestedfor
usability.
Al:True.Eventually,eventhemostdeeplyembeddedsoftwareisexposed,insome
way,toauser.KeepinmindthattheUImaybeassimpleasaswitchandalight
bulborascomplexasaflightsimulator.Eveniftheso代wareisasinglemodulein
acodelibrary,itsinterface,intheformofvariablesandparameters,isexposed
toaprogrammerwhocanbeauser,too.
2:Isuserinterfacedesignascienceoranart?
A2:It'salittlebitofboth.Manyuserinterfacedesignshavebeenthoroughlytested
inthelabs,beenthroughrigorousstudies,onlytobecompletefailuresinthe
marketplace.
3:Ifthere'snodefinitiverightorwronguserinterface,howcanitbetested?
A3:Softwaretestersshouldcheckthatitmeetssevenimportantcriteria:Thatit
followsstandardsandguidelines,thatit'sintuitive,consistent,flexible,
comfortable,correct,anduseful.
4:ListsomeexamplesofpoorlydesignedorinconsistentUisinproductsyou're
familiarwith.
A4:Thisanswerwillvarybasedontheproductsyouusebutthinkaboutthese:Try
settingthetimeonyourcarradio'sclockcanyoudoitwithoutusingthemanual?
MostWindowsdialogboxeshavetheOKbuttonontheleftandtheCancelbutton
ontheright,whereasothershaveCancelontheleftandOKontheright.Ifyou
getusedtoonelayoutandclickwithoutlooking,youcouldloseyourwork!
Didyoueveraccidentallyhanguponsomeonewhenyouclickedthereceiver
hookonyourphonetousecallwaitingorconferencecalling?
And,thebestoneofalltime...isuptoyoutofind!
5:Whatfourtypesofdisabilitiescouldaffectsoftwareusability?
A5:Visual,hearing,motion,andcognitiveimpairments.
6:Ifyou'retestingsoftwarethatwillbeaccessibilityenabled,whatareasdoyou
needtopaycloseattentionto?
A6:Areasdealingwiththekeyboard,mouse,sound,anddisplay.Ifthesoftwarewas
writtentoapopularplatformthatsupportsaccessibility,thetesteffortwillbea
biteasierthaniftheaccessibilityfeatureswereprogrammedentirelyfrom
scratch.
Chapter12
1:StartupWindowsPaint(seeFigure12.4)andlookforseveralexamplesof
documentationthatshouldbetested.Whatdidyoufind?
Figure12.4.WhatexamplesofdocumentationcanyoufindinWindowsPaint?
Al:Hereareafewexamples:There'srolloverhelpthelittlepop-updescriptionsyou
getwhenyouholdthecursoroverapaintingtool.SelectingAboutPaintfromthe
Helpmenudisplaysawindowwithcopyrightandlicensinginformation.Pressing
Flstartstheonlinehelpsystemwhereyoucanreadthemanual,selectfroman
index,ortypeinwordstosearchfor.There'salsofunctionhelpforexample,ifyou
selectEditColorsfromtheColorsmenu,clickthe?inthetitlebar,andthenclick
oneofthecolors,you'llgethelpaboutchoosingandcreatingcolors.
2:TheWindowsPaintHelpIndexcontainsmorethan200termsfromairbrushtool
tozoominginorout.Wouldyoutestthateachofthesetakesyoutothecorrect
helptopics?Whatiftherewere10,000indexedterms?
A2:Everytestingtaskisarisk-basedproblem.Ifyouhavetimetotestalltheindex
entries,youmightchoosetodoso.Ifyoucan'ttestthemall,youllhavetocreate
equivalencepartitionsoftheonesyouthinkareimportanttocheck.Youcould
baseyourdecisiononinformationyougetfromtheprogrammersonhowthe
indexsystemworks.Youmighttalkwiththewritertofindouthowtheentries
weregenerated.Youmighttryoneofeachstartingletter;orthe1st,2nd,4th,
8th,16th,...andlast.YoucouldevenwaituntilyoureadChapter15,"Automated
TestingandTestTools."
3:TrueorFalse:Testingerrormessagesfallsunderdocumentationtesting.
A3:
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 糖尿病并发症:如何预防眼部病变
- 蔬菜病虫害诊断指南
- 生物医药园区物业科研服务定位
- 绿色建筑:房地产品牌创新之路
- 重症监护中血气分析的应用与价值
- 旅游度假区物业管理方案范本
- 糖尿病围术期处理:专业指南解析
- 房地产市场车位投资与租赁市场
- 购物中心绿化管理规范
- 公司战略合作协议书
- 2024年辽宁省大连市中考二模英语试题
- 语言、文化与交际智慧树知到期末考试答案章节答案2024年湖南大学
- 品三国论领导艺术智慧树知到期末考试答案2024年
- 省级三级医疗机构临床营养科基本标准
- 深圳中考志愿表格模板
- 秦皇岛水产品深加工项目可行性研究报告
- 余映潮经典课例评析集.doc
- 病例对照研究的衍生类型
- 当代产业园区发展面临的问题及规划新模式
- ISO2768标准新版[共3页]
- 汽车发动机连杆加工工艺分析与设计(毕业论文)
评论
0/150
提交评论