语言、文化与交际智慧树知到期末考试答案章节答案2024年湖南大学

语言、文化与交际智慧树知到期末考试答案+章节答案2024年湖南大学Ourbrainlearnstoignorethesoundsthatarenotimportantinournativelanguage.

答案:对Inalllanguagestimeisconceptualizedtomoveonahorizontalaxis.

答案:错Languageisanessentialcognitivetoolinbuildingtheworldwelivein,includingoursocialandculturalinstitutions.

答案:对Itisimpossibilitytoteachpeoplenewwaystotalkabouttimebyteachingthemnewmetaphorsfortime.

答案:错Languageexpressesidentity,itisnotpartofidentity.

答案:错Accordingtomanyeminentpsychologists,womentendtobehighlyexpressive.

答案:对Culturalmodelsarealsoexpressedasculturalmetaphors.

答案:对Headshakemeans“no”,butheadnoddingmeans“yes”inArabiccultures.

答案:错Jointattentionisanimportantcognitiveskillthatdevelopsinconsonantwiththemotor,anothercognitiveskillinthechild.

答案:错ThelessmodalitiesareinvolvedinL2learning,therichertracewillleaveinmemory.

答案:错Objectpermanenceistheideathatanobjectisstillthereevenwhenyoucan'tseeitanymore.

答案:对Itiseasytopredictthegenderinthepersonificationofartworksfromthegenderoftheartist’snativelanguage.

答案:对Humanphysicalattractivenesscanbeperceivedvia____modalities.

答案:visual###olfactory###oral###auralIncommunication,thetypicalmasculinetraitsare_____.

答案:aggressiveness###harshness###dominationIntermsofpolitenessstrategies,BrownandLevinsonpropose:

答案:negativepoliteness###positivepolitenessPeoplecommunicateviamultiplemodalitiesinface-to-faceinteraction,including_____.

答案:theolfactorymodality###thekinetic###theoral-aural###thevisualThecoreideaofUniversalGrammaristhatinyourmindyouhave___.

答案:languageinstinct###languageacquisitiondevice###principles###parametersAdultsspeechisinfact___.

答案:distorted###imperfectBehaviourismhasagoalofavoidingexplanationsthataresomehow___.

答案:unmeasurable###unobservable###mentalisticWhenachildislearninghis/hernativelanguage(s),his/herbrainlearnsto___.

答案:respondtothesounddifferencesthatareimportantinthenativelanguage(s)###ignorethesounddifferencesthatarenotimportantinthenativelanguage(s)Politenessisrelatedto__________,andthatmeansitcanbedifficultforthelistenerto“read”themeaning,orspeechact,intendedbythelistener.

答案:directness###indirectnessInlanguageslike____,allnounsareofparticulargrammaticalgender.

答案:French###Spanish###GermanOurspeechorgansinclude:

答案:jaw###larynx###tongue###lipsThevisualmodalityincludes_____.

答案:headmovements###posture###facialexpressions###manualgesturesOurclosestlivingrelativesintheanimalworld,________,usegestures,theyusevocalizations,andtheyalsousefacialexpressions,tocommunicate.

答案:BONOBOS###CHIMPANZEESNegativepolitenessstrategiesinclude:

答案:indicatingdeference###usinghedges###apologisingforface-threateningbehaviorItiscommonacrossculturesforindividualswhohaveauthoritytobethoughtofasoccupying____.

答案:highpositionYouaddressyourprofessorby“Mr.Hudson”or“professorHudson”whileheaddressesyoubackbyyourgivenname.Thisisanexampleof:

答案:relationshipofpowerIncongruentgestures____L2learning.

答案:hinderUntilquiterecently___wasreallythemainplayerintheareaoffirstlanguageacquisition.

答案:UniversalGrammarLanguageswith_____generallypossessamuchlargernumberofdevicesofovertgendermarking.

答案:grammaticalgender“ok”gesturemeans____inFrance.

答案:zero____isthemostnaturalandbasicformsoflanguageuse.

答案:DialogueAnyindividual’s____maybemadeupofdifferentdimensions:family,profession,sportorhobbies,ethnicity,andnation.

答案:identityInMayanlanguage,thereare___differentpasttenses.

答案:5ParametersinUniversalGrammarisdescribedasasetof___thathavealreadyexistedinyourmind.

答案:switchesBeescommunicatethelocationofflowerswithnectartotherestofthehiveby______.SometimesthisiscalledTHELANGUAGEOFBEES.

答案:intricatedances____gestureswhilelearningL2newwordsorgrammarscanleadtothebestlearningoutcomes.

答案:doingForthereasonsthatlanguageisatoolforthoughtandcommunication,humanbeingshavebeencalled______.

答案:symbolicspeciesTheGenerosityMaxim:

答案:minimizebenefittoself;[maximizecosttoself]Sometimeswealsocallthewayofthinkingabouttheworldthatischaracteristicforacultureits_______.

答案:worldviewsThemainclaimofUGisthatthestructureoflanguageis___speakers'actualutterances.

答案:moreabstractthanRelationalculturestendtoplaceemphasismoreongroupidentitiesandsocialcohesion.

答案:对Triadicjointattentionmeansinspectinganobjectwithanothertwointerlocutorsatthesametime.

答案:错Severalprimatespeciesshowculturaldifferences.

答案:对CREOLIZATIONseemstohappennaturallywithinmanygenerations.

答案:错Therearelimitsonhowmuchofthepropertiesofhumanlanguagesthatevenchimpanzeesandbonoboscanlearn.

答案:对Itispossibletoimproveaforeignaccentinawaythatitincreasescomprehensibility.

答案:对Understandingsofpolitenessmayvaryindifferentcultures.

答案:对Non-humanprimatesdon’thavereligions,butusesymboliclanguages.

答案:错Wehumanscanhardlyunderstandcommunicationbehavioursofanimals.

答案:错Nativisitviewisalsocalled___.

答案:LanguageAcquisitionDevice###UniversalGrammar###LanguageInstinctSuchsignalsas____releasedbythespeakerareveryimportantforthelistenertoprovidemultimodalcollaborativecompletions.

答案:gesture###pause###facialexpression###gazewithdrawalPoynton(1989)notedthatmen,incomparisonwithwomen,____.

答案:Usefeweradjectives.###Usefewerintensifiers.###Usemoreslang.###Swearmoreoften.Englishspeakers____betweenthingsthatareaccidentandthatareintentional.

答案:candistinguishaftertraining###don’tstronglydistinguishGesturesare___.

答案:forthespeaker###forthelistener###communicativeItwasthoughtthatboth_______werethedefiningfeaturesofourhumanspecies,whatsetsitapartfromallotherspecies.

答案:culture###languageWhenwetalkabout________,wearetalkingaboutCULTURE.

答案:art###creativity###science###learningCulturalModelsareMETAPHORICALinnature,aswhenwespeakofsomeone________.

答案:being“Heart-headed”###havinga“BrokenHeart”Insomecultures,especiallyWesterncultures,the____ofanutterancemaybevaluedmorehighly.

答案:truthComplimentsaddresstotheinterlocutor’s______face.

答案:positiveCharlesDarwin,thefounderoftheTheoryofEvolution,studiedtheexpressionof______.

答案:EMOTIONSINHUMANSANDANIMALS____uncoveredtheroleoflanguageinconstructingandenforcingamanmadeworldviewandsustainingmen’sdominationandwomen’ssubordination.

答案:SpenderInRussian,theverbchangesdependingonif________insomesense.

答案:iftheactioniscompleted____isanessentialpartoffriendshipformostwomen.

答案:TellingsecretsIfwethinkabouthowpeopleCOMMUNICATEwithoneanother,thefirstthingthatcomestomindis_______.

答案:languageWomenmayuse____andexamplestoexplainthingswithclarity.

答案:jargonsIntheAFFILIATIVEMODEL,languageismainlyawayof_______.

答案:reinforcingsocialtiesThestatementof“Mentalklikebooks,womenlosethemselvesindetails”isusedin_____.

答案:ChinaAccordingtoDarwinism,differencesincolourlanguageresideindifferencesin____.

答案:contextNoteverylanguageconsistsbasiccolorterms.（）

答案:错hecoreideaof'codability'isthatcolourtermsthataremorecodablewouldbe___.

答案:morememorableWhichoneofthesecolorsbelongstothe'universal'setofbasiccolourterms,accordingtoBerlinandKay'sstudy?（）

答案:red###grey###white###blackWilliamGladstonarguedthattheorganofcolouranditsimpressionswerebutpartiallydvelopedamongtheGreeksoftheheoricage.（

）

答案:对Disengagedemotionssuchasangeraremorefrequentin____.

答案:European-AemricancountriesEmotionalspeechactshappenmostfrequentlyinthemultilinguals'dominantlanguageratherthantheotherone.（

）

答案:对Europeansaremorelikelytoshow____feelingsthanJapaneseaccordingtoculturalmodelsthattheyarefollowing.（

）

答案:negativeCulturaldifferencesbetweenEastandWestinthedisplayofemotionshavenothingtodowithlifesatisfaction.（

）

答案:错AccordingtoPavlenko(2008),emotionconceptsrefertoprototypicalscriptsthatareformedasaresultofrepeatedexperiencesandinvolve____.

答案:physiologicalreactions###consequences###appraisals###causalantecedentsAfacethreateningactreferstoanactwhichchallengesthefacewantsofapersonwhotakespartinadialogueorconversation.

答案:对InsomeotherlanguagestheONLYWAYtoMARKAQUESTIONisbyusingintonation.

答案:对Accordingtothedeficittheory,womenandmenusedifferentverbalstrategiesbecausetheyhavebeensocializedinsame-sexchildhoodpeergroups

答案:错CulturalModelsareMETAPHORICALinnature.

答案:对Alltheculturalmodelsthatmakeupaworldviewareimplicitandunconscious.

答案:对Kidsacquirefirstlanguagethroughformalinstruction.

答案:错Tannenarguesthatingeneralthesetheorieshaveapproachedgenderinessentialistways.

答案:错Individualsinthesamecultureemploysameculturalmodelsindifferentcontexts.

答案:错“ok”gesturemeans“Good,ApprovalorSupport”inJapan.

答案:错‘Womenareninetimesmoretalkativethanmen’isusedinSudan.

答案:错IntheINSTRUMENTALMODEL,languageismainlyawayof“gettingthingsdone”.

答案:对Negativefacereferstothedesirenottobeimposedupon,intruded,orotherwiseputuponbyothers.

答案:对Individualistculturestendtoemphasizetheimportanceof“findingyourrealself”and“beingtruetoyourself".

答案:对Menaremorecommunicativethanwomen.

答案:错InRussian,verbsdon’tchangenomatterwhethertheactioniscompletedornot.

答案:错Languageisjustameansforcommunicatingabouttheworldasitis.

答案:错Lexicalgenderreferstothelexicalmarkingofnounsasfemaleormalespecific.

答案:对Culturalworldviewsreflectlanguages,andperhapsguidesthewaywethink.

答案:对Earlyexposuretoalanguageproducesa“neuralcommitment”totheacousticcuesthatareimportantforthatlanguage.

答案:对Gesturingmayreflectorevenfacilitatethethinkingforspeaking.

答案:对PovertyoftheStimulusArgumentistheideathatlanguageistoo___forchildrentolearnfromtheinput.

答案:noisy###complex###complicatedTheprocessoflanguageacuquisitionis___.

答案:effortless###rapid###witheaseMenspeakandhearalanguageof____and____.

答案:status###independenceRulesabout____arealwayspartofreligiousbeliefs.

答案:sexualbehavior###dietGesturescan____.

答案:facilitatelexicalretrieval###packageinformationforspeaking###reducecognitiveloadMenusuallytendto____and____inordertospeak.

答案:interruptothers###competewithothersAyoungchild'sgrammarconsistsofpivotschemaslike___.

答案:ALLXTheGreekperceptionofpolitenessstress

答案:thedisplayofwarmthandfriendliness.###theexpressionofintimacy.###theexpressionofconcernandconsiderationfortheaddressee.Thatyouaretalkingwithsomeoneinaone-to-onesituationisoftencalled_____.

答案:face-to-facecommunication###dyadiccommunicationWearementallytimetravellingwhenwesaysomethinglike:____

答案:“Menfirstwalkedonthemoonfiftyyearsago”###“shedreamsofbeingasingeraftergraduation”###“ShallwegotothenewAvengersmovietonight?”Thewaylanguageisused____culture.

答案:creates###reflectsIntermsofsounds,whatarethetwomainchallengesthatyouwillfacewhenlearninganewlanguage?

答案:learntomakenewsoundsandsoundpatternsbyusingnewmusclesanddifferentpositionsofspeechorgans.###learntorecognizenewsounddifferencesthatyourbrainisprogrammedtoignore.Examplesof“genderlanguages”or“languageswithgrammaticalgender”are____.

答案:Russian###German###French###ItalianWhatBehaviourismdeliversistheideathatinlanguagelearningprocess,yougetchildrentolearnstuffby___reinforcement.

答案:negative###positiveConversationalpartnersaligntheirrepresentationsat_____levels.

答案:theembodied###thesituation###thelinguisticInafunctionalview,whatgoalsinterculturalcommunicationasbeingaboutachieving?

答案:promotingharmoniousinteraction###effectivelytransmittingmessages###increasingthesuccessoforganizationsExamplesofusinglanguagetobringintobeingnewsocialrealitiesandsocialobligationscanbe:

答案:oneofussays“Ipromisetogiveyouanewphoneifyoupasstheexam”###ajudgesays“ISENTENCEYOUTOTENYEARS’IMPRISONMENT”###apriestoranofficialsays“IPRONOUNCEYOUMARRIED”###someonesays“Iapologizeforforgettingyourbirthday”Languagehelpsus____events.

答案:construe###constructEvidencessuggestedthatinhurricanesthathappenedtogetfemalenames,people____.

答案:underestimatethepotentialstrengthofit###don’tevacuatewhentheyaretoldtoFearcanbe____inface-to-faceinteraction.

答案:tasted###smelt###heard###seenInsomelanguageslikeIndonesia,theverbswouldbe____formoftheverb.

答案:thesameAccordingtoAlbertMehrabian,inasuccessfulcommunication,speechitselfconveyonly____ofthemeaning.

答案:7%Esperantois“_____”languages.

答案:inventedForAymaras,thefutureis___andthepastis___.

答案:behind...front_______,suchascomputerlanguages,arealwaysbasedonwhatlinguistscallnaturallanguages,suchasChineseorEnglish.

答案:Artificiallanguages____refersto“themanyandcomplexwaysinwhichsocialdifferencesbetweenthesexesacquireameaningandbecomestructuralfactorsintheorganizationofsociallife”.

答案:SocioculturalgenderThekindsofthingsthatkidssayare___thethingsthattheyhear.

答案:remarkablysimilartoWhodevelopedthepolitenesstheorythatwaspresentedinthischapter?

答案:PenelopeBrownandStephenLevinson___identifiesareferentas“female”,“male”or“gender-indefinite”.

答案:ReferentialgenderSocialdistancemeans______.

答案:howwellyouknowthepersonyouaretalkingto_____mightbedefinedas“deep,common,unstatedexperienceswhichmembersofacultureshare(and)communicatewithoutknowing”.

答案:CultureBusyprofessionalsare“timepoor”andengaginginsomeactivity“runoutoftime”,whichindicatetheculturalmodelof______.

答案:TimeasscarceresourceConversationisa(n)____activity.

答案:jointDNAisoftencomparedtothe“_____”ofabuildingtobeconstructed.

答案:blueprintAccordingtoUsage-basedview,othercognitiveskillsandsocialbehaviorsareacquired____languageisacquired.

答案:inthesamewayChinesespeakerstalkaboutfutureasin___andthepastin___.

答案:front...behind____castsacriticallightonwomen’sinterestintalkingaboutthedetailsofpeople’slives.

答案:GossipGesture,facialexpressionandpostureareallpartofwhatisoftencalled________.

答案:bodylanguagePeopleinverydifferentculturesalsothinkandspeakaboutemotionsandmoodsintermsofwhethertheyare______.

答案:highorlowWhenperformingaface-threateningact,whichofthefollowingformsisthemostlinguisticallyimpolite?

答案:dotheactbaldlywithoutredressThethingsthatlinguistsconsideraspossiblybeinginnateinlanguagelearninginclude____.

答案:linguisticcategories###structureofsyntax###learningmechanisms###linguisticstructuresBehaviorismaimstomakepsychologyobservsalbeandscientific.

答案:对Accordingto___,childrenextractgeneralizationsfromlanguagetheyhear.

答案:Usage-basedviewThelanguagedevelopmentamonghumanbeingsaslinguisticcitizensoftheworldtoculture-boundlistenershappensverylateinlife.

答案:错AccordingtoUsage-basedview,theprocessoflanguageacquisitionissimliartohowlearningproceedsinothercognitivedomains.

答案:对Byageof____,kidstalkprettymuchlikeadultsbecauseallessentialpartsoflanguagewillbeinplace.

答案:5to6Mostofchildrencanonlyengageindyadicjointattentiontilltheyare1yearofage.

答案:错Weuse___tomeasurelanguagedevelopmentinchildren.

答案:MLU###Age###SizeoflexiconAccordingtoUniversalGrammar,yourlanguagecapacityis___acrossallhumanlanguages.

答案:sameAccodingtoUG,thestructureoflanguageisdependentofuselikeUsage-basedview.

答案:错Englishspeakersdon’tstronglydistinguishbetweenthingsthatareaccidentandthingsthatareintentional.

答案:对Inthe1970sand1980sincognitivescience,itbecamea____tothinkabouthowlanguagemightshapethewaywethink.

答案:atabooKuukThaayoorepeoplefromaboriginalcommunityinAustralialayeverythingoutin____.

答案:absolutedirectionEvidentialinformationreferstothewayyougettoknowtheinformationsuchasbyseeingorhearingfromothers.

答案:对NavajoisalanguagespokenbyagroupofNativrAmericansandhasdifferentverbstemsfordifferentmodesofconsumption.

答案:对InallEuropeanlanguages,allnounsareofparticulargrammaticalgender.

答案:错Kidswholearn___astheirfirstlanguagewillassignvoicestoanimatedfiguresthatareappropriatetothegrammaticalgenderinthatlanguage.

答案:French###Japanese###Spanish###ChineseLanguagediffersfromeachotherintermsofhowitremovesboundariesbetweencategories.

答案:错Thereareatleast___languagesspokenintheworldandmanymorespokeninthepast.

答案:7000Russianspeakersusedifferent____tocontinuetalkingaboutthingswithdifferentgenders.

答案:verbendings###adjectiveending###pronouns###possessivesIntermsofGenderandLanguage,____and____aretwoimportantfiguresintheresearchonlanguageandgender.

答案:RobinLakoff###DaleSpenderWomencursemorethanmen.

答案:错Menspeakmorecomfortablyinpublicthanwomen.

答案:对______concernsthewaysinwhichwomenandmenuselanguagereflectpowerandinequalityatthesociallevel?

答案:DominancetheoryWomenusetagquestionsmorefrequentlythanmen.

答案:对Tosolveaproblem,menlookforcompanionship.

答案:错_________isacategorythatrefers“tothesociallyimposeddichotomyofmasculineandfemininerolesandcharactertraits”(Kramarae&Treichler1985:173).

答案:Socialgender______lacksnounclassificationcompletelythatcanresorttoavarietyoflinguisticmeanstoconstructgender-relatedmessages.

答案:Finnish###Turkish###EnglishThestatementof‘Mentalklikebooks,womenlosethemselvesindetails’isusedin___.

答案:ChinaWomengossipmorethanmen.

答案:对Languageiscentraltoidentity,because______.

答案:weexpressouridentityinlanguage###wethinkofourownpersonalidentitiesasbeinglifestoriesSonglineisrelatedtodirectnessandindirectness.

答案:错Identitiesarepeoplechooseforthemselves.

答案:对Relationalculturesseetheselfasindependentandautonomousfromothers.

答案:错NotalltheculturalmodelsthatmakeupaWorldViewareimplicitandunconscious.

答案:对WaysofThinkingaboutInterculturalCommunicationare______.

答案:thefuntionalapproach###theintersubjectiveapproach______isawayofconceptualizingsomeaspectofthephysical,socialorspiritualworldthatissharedbythemembersoftheculture.

答案:AculturalmodelCommunicationbetweenpeoplewhobelongtodifferentculturesiscalled____.

答案:interculturalcommunicationEvaluativesandculturalpatternsofnonverbalbehaviouraretwoissuesthatcanleadtomisunderstanding.

答案:对______isthestudyoftheUSESoflanguage,theconventionsthatgovernlanguageuse,andhowmeaningiscreatedineverydayinteraction.

答案:PragmaticsThemainthreerelationshipsbetweengestureandspeechare____.

答案:complement###illustration###elaborationAccordingtoAlbertMehrabian,inasuccessfulcommunication,bodylanguageconveys____ofthemeaning.

答案:55%Gestureemergesinordinaryyoungchildren___speech.

答案:beforeMoremodalitiesinvolvedinL2learningmayleadtobetterlearningoutcomes.

答案:对Humansaregoodatusingolfactorycuespresentinbodyodorto