英语国家概况-论文

TheSportsCultureoftheUnitedKingdom---AnIntroductiontotheUK姓名：谢宏桥学号：2012213047班级：七班分数：2013年12月20日WhenitcomestotheUnitedKingdom,PeoplewillalwaysthinkoftheBritishgentlemenwithtraditionalhatandcane.Infact,sportsareastraditionalasgentlemeninBritain.TheUnitedKingdom,atraditionalandstrongcountrynotonlyintheareaofindustryandcomprehensivenationalstrength,butalsointheareaofsports,hasalonghistoryforplayingsports.AlotofmajorsportsoriginatedintheUK,includingassociationfootball,golf,tennis,boxing,rugbyleague,rugbyunion,cricket,fieldhockey,snooker,billiards,squash,curlingandbadminton,allofwhicharepopularinBritain.Eventhetabletennisandbaseball,theChineseandAmericannationalsports,originatedfromBritain.NowBritishsportsnotonlyaffectthesocialcontextathome,butalsohaveagreatimpactoutsidehome.WeevencanregardthesportsasareflectionofBritishculture.Let’sknowaboutBritainfromitssportsculture.VariousimportantsportsoriginatingintheUK1.1Associationfootball.Associationfootball,morecommonlyknownasfootballorsoccer,isaveryimportantsportoriginatedinhistraditionalhome—Englandinthe19thcentury.ThelawsofthegamewereoriginallycodifiedinEnglandbytheFootballAssociationin1863andhaveevolvedsincethen.TheUKhastheoldestfootballleagueintheworld.TheEnglishPremierLeagueisthemost-watchedfootballleagueintheworldanditsbiggestclubsincludeManchesterUnited,Liverpool,ArsenalandChelsea.Nowfootballhasbeenthemostfamoussportinternationallythroughhundredsofyears’developing.NowAssociationfootballisgovernedinternationallybyFIFA(FederationInternationalFootballAssociation),whichorganizestheFIFAWorldCupeveryfouryears.Actually,footballcanreflecttheBritishculturecompletely.Beckham,thefamousformerfootballstarofBritain,hassaid:“Footballhasbeenassociatedwithourcountry’scultureandexistedinourDNA.Sincewewereborntotheworld,footballhasbeenaccompanyingwithusandneverseparatedwithus.”Fromtheseworlds,wecanreadthecloserelationshipbetweenfootballandcultureintheUK.Themosttypicalculturereflectedinfootballisthegentilityculture.Insomesportreportsinthe19thcentury,Britishfootballplayersarecalled“Mr.”allthetime.Anotheraspectofculturereflectedintheconsciousnessofnation.Asweknow,BritaintakesfourpositionsintheFIFA—theycantakeoutfourteamstotakepartintheWorldCup.ThisreflectstheleadingpositionoftheGreatBritaininthe20thcenturywhileitreflectsthattheUKconsistsoffourparts—England,Scotland,Wales,andNorthIreland.Asaresult,untiltoday,FootballinBritainisrenownedfortheintenserivalriesbetweenclubsandthepassionofthesupporters.WhenwewatchafootballgameofateamfromBritain,itwillbemoreattractiveifwehaveknownaboutthefootballcultureoftheUK.ManyothersportsoriginatedintheUK.Comparedwithfootball,anothersimilarfamoussportcalledrugbyalsooriginatedintheBritain.In1845,rugbyunionwascreatedwhenthefirstruleswerewrittenbypupilsatRugbySchool,Warwickshire.ThefirstinternationalRugbytookplaceonMarch27,1871,playedbetweenEnglandandScotland.By1881bothIrelandandWaleshadteams.Butintheworld,rugbyisn’tasfamousasfootball.ThemoderncompetitivegolforiginatedinScotland.TheroyalandAncientGolfClubofStAndrewsinScotlandisthissport’shomecourse.ThePGA(ProfessionalGolfer'AssociationofAmerica)EuropeanTourisheadquarteredinEngland,andthemainEuropeanTourplaysmoreeventsintheUKthaninanyothercountry.Intheearly20thcenturyBritishgolfers,beingthebestintheworld,wonnearlyalloftheU.S.OpenchampionshipsbeforeWorldWarI.EventhoughAmericangolferslaterbecamedominant,Britainhascontinuedtoproduceleadinggolfers.AnumberofBritishgolfershavereachedtheworld’stop10intheearly2000s,suchastheBritishfamousgolfstar,LeeWestwoodwhoendedTigerWoods’five-yearreignatoptherankingsinautumn2010.TennisisyetanothersportwhichoriginatedintheEnglandin1870s.Whenitwascreated,thetennisspreadallaroundtheworld.TheoldestandfamoustennistournamentintheworldistheWimbledonchampionshipswhichfirstoccurredin1877.Today,theeventtakesplaceovertwoweeksinlateJuneandearlyJuly.ThemostsuccessfultennisplayerinBritainiscalledFredPerrywhowastheeight-timeSlamwinnerandoneoftheonlysevenmeninhistorytohavewonallfourGrandSlamevents.Cricket,themosttypicallyBritishsport,hasbeeninexistencesincethe16thcentury.ThemoderngameofcricketwascreatedinEnglandinthe1830swhenroundarmbowlingwaslegalized.Thefirst-evertestmatchofcrickettookplacebetweenanEnglandteamandanAustralianteamin1876-1877.Inthegame,W.G.Graceisregardedasoneofthegreatestcricketplayersofalltimebecauseoftheimportancehemadetothedevelopmentofthesport.Now,theinternationalgameofcricketistheFive-dayCornhillTestMatch.Aswecansee,therearesomanykindsofsportsoriginatedintheUKandwhatIlistisjustpartofthem.Wecangetaconclusion:theUKisacountrywhichadvocatessportsvery.Theytaketheirleisuretimeveryseriouslyandtheylovesports,sotheytrytheirbesttothinkofallkindsofwaytorelaxtheirbodiesandtakepartinsports.ThenwecanimagewhatkindofnationandtraditionalculturetheGreatBritainiscompetedwithothernationssuchasChina.Ithinkthereiscloserelationshipbetweenthesportscultureandthefastdevelopmentofindustryandcomprehensivenationalstrengthlater.Ontheonehand,thegreatcreationreflectedinsportsimprovedthattheywerereallycreativeandworkinghard,sothereisnosurprisethattheUKbecamethestrongestcountryinindustry,ontheotherhand,withtheindustrialrevolutioninthe19thcentury,theindustrializationandtheurbanizationinGreatBritain,largequantitiesofpeoplewereliberatedfromhardwork,andtheyhadmorefreetime.Sotheyhadmoreotherwaystokillthetime.Asaresult,varioussportswerecreatedandgotgreatdevelopment.Ihavetosaythisisaluckynationandwearealsoluckytogetsomanybenefitsfromthesesports.TheeducationofsportsintheUKWithsodistinctivesportsculture,theeducationofsportsinBritainmustbepaidmuchattentionto.Withthedevelopingconceptofeducationtosports,Britishpeoplehaveformedanintegratedsystemaboutphysicaleducation.TherearemanydifferencesaboutthephysicaleducationbetweenChinaandtheUK.Ithinkitdependsonthedifferentsportsculturesandthedegreeofimportanceispaidtothephysicaleducation.SincelongtimeagoinChina,thefieldofPEwasboundedtothetraditionalconceptofeducation.Inphysicaleducation,children’sbasicknowledgeandskillswerepaidmoreimportancetowhilethepersonalvalueandpersonaldevelopmentwereignored.Atthesametime,students’creationonsportswasignored,asaresultofwhich,students’interestsandhobbiescouldnotgrow.InmodernChina,PEclassesarealsotreatedasasecondarycourseallthetimeandthereneverbeanexaminationonPEclassbeforethecollegeeducation.Evenincollege,thePEclassesarealsonotpaidenoughattention.Ontheotherhand,becauseofthelowattentionofthePEeducation,studentshaveformedtheconceptthataPEclassisnotimportant.Thentheresultisthatgenerallythephysicaleducationisinalowlevelcomparedwithothercountries.IntheUK,thingsaredifferent.Enoughimportanceispaidtophysicaleducation.TheimportantfactinBritainisthatthePEcourseisattributedtothe“corecourses”intheBritisheducationalsyllabus,itmeansthatthepositionofPEcourseisasimportantasthemajorcoursesinanystageofteens’education.Secondly,thestandardtothefinalscoresdoesnotjustdependonthefinalexams,anditconsistsoftwoparts,theordinaryscoreandthefinalscore.ThisstandardjustappearsincollegeeducationinChina.Thirdly,inBritain,PEcoursesarevarious,notonlyincollege,butalsoinanystageofteens’education.ThereisafactaboutBritishPEcourse:in1988,thenationmadeastandardaboutPEcourse,whichshowedthattheavailablePEcoursesconsistofsixfields—thetrackandfield,dance,playinggames,gymnastics,theactivitiesoutsidedoorandswimming.What’smore,thepointsaresetineachstageofPEcoursesdependingonthestageofage.Inaword,thePEeducationinBritainissuccessfulenough.Asaresultofthiskindofsuccessfulmodelofphysicaleducation,lotsoffamoussportseventsandadventurouspeopleappearinBritain.Thesportsculturesarealsoreflectedfromtheeducationonsports.WecanfeeltheeffortsBritishpeopledidonsportseducation.Theyrealizedthatbeforeitbecomesarealstrongcountry,itshouldbecomeastrongcountryinsports.Andtheeducationaboutsportscandirectlyaffecttheattitudeteensholdtothesportsandthenaffectthefutureofsports.TheOlympicGamesandthesportscultureofBritain.Asacountryfromwhichmanysportsoriginated,BritainisalsoconnectedcloselywiththeOlympicGames.IftheWorldWarIIhadn’thappened,LondonwouldhavebeenthefirstcitythathasthreeexperiencesofholdingtheOlympicGamesinthehistory.However,Londonrealizedherdreamin2012,holdingtheOlympicGamesthirdly.EventhoughintherecentseveralOlympics,theUKdidnotwinsomanygoldmedals,theinfluencesBritishsportsmadetotheworldaregreatandthepositionofBritishsportsishighintheworld.BritainisalsooneofthecountrieswhichfirstlyhadthetraditionoftheOlympics.BritainhasattendedallthesummerOlympicGamesandgotexcellentgrades.AbouttheexcellentsportscultureofBritainandtheOlympicGames,thereisasimplestory.AswhatIhavementioned,beforethemodernOlympicGameswereheld,thesportsinBritainhadbeenveryadvanced.ThiscausedenoughattentionofCoubertin,thefatherofmodernOlympicGames,toBritishsports.Asaresult,CoubertinpayvisitstoBritainforfourtimes.HefoundthatthestudentsinOxfordandCambridgeUniversitywerenearlyallstrong,energeticandingoodgrooming,andthecollegeswereallstricttostudents’sportsskills.ThisgaveCoubertinlotsofinspiration.OntheinitiativeofCoubertin,thesportsinFrenchschoolsbecamemoreandmorepositive.What’smore,CoubertinputhisinspirationfromBritishsportscultureintothebuildingofthemodernOlympicGames,whichmadegreatcontributionstotheimprovementofOlympics.Thesportslevelofacountrydoesn’tdependontherankingontheOlympiclistorthequantityofmedalsitwins.TheUKdelegationattendedallthesummerOlympicGamesfrom1896andithasevergetthefirstintherankingofmedalsin1908.IntheOlympiccompetitions,Britishdelegationhasmanysuperiortraditionalevents,includingTrackandField,badminton,shooting,box,jujitsu,rowing,sailing,kayak,bicycle,horsemanship,ModernPentathlon,andespeciallyfootball.Inaword,theOlympicGamesreflecttheexcellentsportscultureofBritain.Tobeastrongcountry,it’sreallynecessarytohavesuperiorsportscultureandspirit,anditisthesamewithothercountries.TheBritishsportsculturereflectedintheBritishupperclass.NotonlythenormalpeopleinBritainlovesports,butalsotheBritishupperclasshasthehobbiesandcultureinsports.TherearemanysportsplayedintheupperclassofBritain,includingtennis,bowling,golf,snooker,cricket,horsemanship,andespeciallyfoxterrier.Iwanttointroducethesportoffoxterrierspecially.ThesportoffoxterrierwasknownasagreatcultureheritageinBritain.ItisalsoakindofsocialintercourseactivityfamousintherulingclassandupperclassofBritain.BecauseofthespecialclimateinBritain,thegrasslandinthecountryofBritainwasveryfertile.So,thecountryhasbeenthehomeoffoxes.Thesefoxesdidgreatharmstothecrops.Toprotectthecropsandharvest,thefamershadtokillthefoxesbytraininghorsesandhunterdogs.However,thecostwassohighthatthefarmerscouldn’tpayitoff.Sothentheupperclasstookpartintheactivityoffoxterriertohelpkillthefoxes.Astimewentbyandthepolicyofprotectingtheanimalscameout,thiskindofsportbecamethespecificsportfortheupperclassinBritain.Thefoxterrieroftenhappened