考研完型历年真题

考研英语基础完型填空历年真题

目标：背文章，背选项，没有一个生词，没有一个长难句，没有一个

不懂的选项

考研英语基础完型填空历年真题................................1

Passage1（1994年）.......................................2

Passage2（1995年）.......................................3

Passage3（1996年）.......................................5

Passage4（1997年）.......................................6

Passage5（1998年）.......................................7

Passage6（1999年）........................................8

Passage7（2000年）.......................................9

Passage8（2001年）.......................................10

Passage9（2002年）......................................12

Passage10（2003年）.....................................14

Passage11（2004年）.....................................16

Passage12（2005年）.....................................18

Passage13（2006年）.....................................20

大纲样题.................................................22

Passage2007.............................................................................................24

Passage2008.............................................................................................26

Passage2009.................................................................................................................28

Passage2010..................................................................................................................30

参考答案：...............................................................32

Passage1（1994年）

Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.In

speaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwill

eliminateonesourceof42breakdownsinthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseof

words43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay

44unfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;

hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.

46inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake47difficultforthelistener

tounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnot

havespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe49toexplainordescribeina

50thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.

4l.[A]of[BJat[C]for[D]on

42.[A]inaccessible[BJtimely及时的[C]likely[D]invalid无效的

■prevents

43.[A]encourages[C]destroy[D]offers

44.[A]passout分发[B]takeaway取走[C]backup支持、倒退[D]stirup”引起,激起”

45.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what

46.[A]Moreover|B|However[C]Preliminarily|D]Unexpectedly

47.[A]thatIB]it[C]so[D|this

48.[A|speech|B|sense[C]message[D]meaning

J]unable

49.[A]obscure[B|difficult|C]impossible

50.[A]case[B]means[C]method[D]way

43题分析，这一题充分说明了这样一点，考研完形选得不仅仅是对的，还要是最适合的，destroy

意为“毁灭，破坏，消灭”，它虽然是贬义词，但一般是对已经存在的事物而言，且语气很

强烈，放在此处不合适。prevent意为“防止，阻碍”，用在文中表示“词语使用不当阻碍了

说话双方思想的交流”，正好描述了这种增加障碍的反作用，所以是正确答案。

45interferewithhiscomprehension（干扰他的理解）中his指代的只能是“听者”，那么interfere

的主语应该是前面的unfavorablereactionso

49difficult和impossible都不使用本句型，如果使用这两个词可以把句子转变为：Itis

difficult/impossibleforthespeakertoexplain...obscure“暗的，朦胧的，模糊的“，一般不

修饰人，如：anobscuresound模糊的声音

Passage2(1995年)

Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsand

dreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.Neitherkindofsleepisatallwellunderstood,but

REMsleepisassumedtoservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleep

isevenmoremysterious.Thenewexperiments,suchasthesedescribedforthefirsttimeatarecent

meetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanationsforthe

purposeofnon-REMsleep.

Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleepdeprivationis100percentfataltorats,yet,

uponexaminationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow

castlightonthemysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Theratsdevelopbacterialinfectionsofthe

blood,asiftheirimmunesystems—theself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases一hadcrashed.

41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each[D]Any

42.[A]intendedrequiredassumedbeassumedtodosth.意为“被认为做某事inferred

43.[A]subtle“微妙的，难以捉摸的”[B]obvious[C]mysterious难以解释的[D]doubtful

44.[A]maintained坚持[.described描述[C]settled解决[D]afforded支付得起

45.inthelightof根据byvirtueof由于withtheexceptiono(^except[D]forthepurpose

46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation[D]restriction

47.upon[B]by[C]through[D]with

48.(A|paidattentionto注意caughtsightof发现、注意laidemphasison强调castlighton

49.[A]developed|B]produced[C]stimulated[D]induced弓|诱，诱使

50.[A]if[■asif[C]onlyif[D]ifonly

41、关键词atall一般与否定词连用，即noL..at疝，意为“一点也不，根本不”，因而这里

应填表否定含义的词，出］正确

42、infer意为“推论，推断”,但它不用于infersth.todo结构中，而用于infersth.fromsth.

结构中，如：Muchofthemeaningmustbeinferredfromthecontext.（大部分含意必须从上下

文中推断。）

47、upon+名词/动名词二when引导的从句，其I」upon相当于when/directlyafter,表示“当...

时...如：Uponenteringtheroom（=WhenIenteredtheroom）,Ifoundhimlyingonthefloor.

本文如果要用BCD,首先需要在名词examination前加上定冠词the；其次其逻辑主语就是

句子的主语theanimals,这样含义就成了“动物通过检查动物尸体。不符合逻辑。

48>cast/throw/shedlighton意为“使（问题等）较容易理解"，如：Recentresearchhasshed

newlightonthecausesofthedisease.最近的研究结果可以使人进一步了解导致这种疾病的原

因。

50.［答案］B

［解析］本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

本句是一个复合句。主句Theratsdevelopbacterialinfectionsoftheblood用的是一般现

在时，根据时态一致的原则，从句也应该用现在时。但在本题中，从句用的是过去完成时。

很显然，主从句的时态不一致。时态不一致一般是由两个原因引起的：一，时间状语，如：

I'mdoingmyhomework,whileIwaswatchingTVthistimeyesterday.二，虚拟语气的使用，如：

Iflwereyou,Iwouldgothere.如果我是你，我就去那儿。此题并没有涉及时间状语因此导致

时态不一致的原因是虚拟语气的使用。

If意为"如果",跟虚拟语气时，主句应相应地使用虚似语气，如：Theconferencewouldn't

beensosuccessful,ifwehadn'tmadeadequatepreparations.如果我们不做充分的准备，会议是

不会开得这么成功的。

asif意为"好像"，可以接虚拟语气，如：Hebehavedasifnothinghadhappened.（他表

现得若无其事。）=asthough

onlyif意为“只有”,接条件从句，一般引起主句的倒装现象，如:Onlyiftheredlight

comesonisthereanydangertoemployees.只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。

ifonly意为“要是……就好了"，接虚拟语气，一般用来引导感叹句，如：Ifonlyshehad

knownwheretofindyou.

由于文中只有从句使用了虚拟语气，因此应选［B］,意为“似乎它们的免疫系统已经崩

演。

Passage3（1996年）

Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthand

maintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.

Theydonotprovideenergy,nordotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyare

neededfor42foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,

andif43ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes44.

Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon,hydro距n,

oxygen,and45nitrogen.Theyaredifferent46theirelementsarearranged

differently,andeachvitamin47oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.

Gettingenoughvitaminsareessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor

excessvitamins.Manypeople,necerthelessbelieveinbeingonthe"safeside"andthus

takeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody'svitaminneeds.

4l.[A]either[B]so[C]nor[D]never

42.[A]shifting转换[B]transferring迁移[C]altering修改、改变[D]transforming

43.[A]any[B]some[C]anything[D]something

44.[A]serious[B]apparent[C]severe[D]fatal

45.[A]mostly|B|partially|C]sometimes|D]rarely

46.|A|inthat|B]sothat[C]suchthat|D|exceptthat

47.[A|undertakes承担、采取holds持有、把握plays担当、承担performs表演、执行

48.[A|Supplying|B|Getting[CJProviding|D|Furnishing

49exceptional例夕卜的、异常的exceeding极度的、过度的excess额外的,多余的external

50.[1]nevertheless

[B]therefore[C]moreover[DJmeanwhile

47、performafunction（具有•,•的功能，发挥,,•的作用），如：Thebrainperformsavery

importantfunction:itcontrolsthenervoussystemofthebody.（大脑具有非常重要的功能，它控

制着身体内的神经系统）。其它能与function搭配的动词还有fulfill、serve等。其它选项的

常用搭配有：undertakeamission/task/project承担使命/任务/工程：holdashare持有股份;

playarole/part扮演…角色。

50[A]nevertheless然而（表示转折关系）[B]therefore因此，所以，（表因果关系）

[C]moreover而且（表示递进关系）[D]meanwhile（=atthesametime）同时，（表

示时间关系）------------[精解]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

两个逗号之间的空格处应填入一个逻辑连接词，因此考生需判断空格所在句子和上文之

间的逻辑关系。上文提到，接着作者指出：为“安全”考虑，而服用额外的维生素。从

语意上看，两句之间存在转折关系，选择项应该是一个表示转折关系的词，因此nevertheless

为正确答案。

Passage4（1997年）

ManpowerInc,with560,000workers,istheworld'slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.

Everymorning,itspeopleswarmintotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday's

workforaday'spay,Onedayatatime.42industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsand

IBMstruggletosurvive43reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedin

Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.

―Eventhough_itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominga

nationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This“45“workforceisthemostimportant

46inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis47changingtherelationshipbetween

peopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremainglobally

competitive48avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens49by

employmentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothe

security,benefitsandsenseof50thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.

4l.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate[D]slip

42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As[D]Since

43.[A]from[B]in[C]on[D]by

MM

44.|A|Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly|D]Providedthat

45.[A|durable[B|disposableIC]available[D]transferable

46.[A|approach|B]flow|C]fashion[D]trend

47.[A]instantly[B]reversely|C]fundamentally|D]sufficiently

48.[A]but[B]while[C]and[D]whereas

49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated[D]confined

50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm[D]importance

41、Peopleswarmedintothecinema.（人们拥进电影院），它在文中也可以形象地描述众

多临时工人如潮水般涌入上班地点的情景。因此，A选项为正确答案o

stride强调步幅大，如：Hestrodeoutofthehouse.（他大踏步地走出了房子），根据文意，这

么多人同时进入办公地点不可能是“大步跨入”

Passage5（1998年）

UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They

4]thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe

42man.Buttheyinsistedthatits43resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850

werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe44oftheEnglishpopulation.45

contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750.whenEnglandwasstilla

46agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.

Thisview,47.isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists48history

andeconomics,have49twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was50

bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimproved

theconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.

41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed[D]predicted

42.[A]plain[BJaverage[C]mean[DJnormal

43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant|D|immediate

44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross[D]magnitude

45.[A]on[B]With[C]For[D]By

46.[A|broadly|B|thoroughly|C]generally廊completely

47.|A|however[B|meanwhile|C]therefore[D|moreover

48.[A]atIB]in|C]about[D]for

49.[A]manifested|B|approved|C|shown[D|speculated

50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled[D]marked

Passage6（1999年）

Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies41lowaccidentratesplantheir

safetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem42

andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a43ofaccident-freeoperationsis

established44timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.

Successfulsafetyprogramsmay45greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertain

aspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafe

workpracticesby46rulesorregulations.47othersdependonanemotional

appealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximum

resultsaretobeobtained.

Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpoint

alone,safety48.Thefewertheinjury49.thebettertheworkman'sinsurance

rate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat50orataloss.

4l.[A]atIBJin[C]on[D]with

42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile[D]diverse

43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance[D]requirement

44.[A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless

45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift[D]distinguish

46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing[D]justifying

47.[A]some[B]Many[C]Even[D]still

48.[A]comesoff|B|turnsup[C]paysoff|D]holdsup

49.[A]claims[B|reports[C]declarations|D|proclamations

50.[A]anadvantage|B]abenefit[C]aninterest|D]aprofit

Passage7（2000年）

Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhis

production.Hemuststorealai^equantityofgrain41consumingallhisgrainimmediately.

Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily42heproducesasurplus.Hemust

usethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance43the

unpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto44

oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto45thesoil.Hemayalso

needmoneytoconstructirrigation46andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifno

surplusis.available,afarmercannotbe47.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor

48extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow49

ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot50obtainable.

41.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof[D]morethan

42.[A]onlyof[B]muchas[C]longbefore[D]eversince

43.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards

44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose

45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise

46.[A|vessels|B|routes[C]paths[D]channels

47.[A|self-confident|B|self-sufficientIC]self-satisfied[D]self-restrained

48.[A|search|B|save|C]offer[D]seek

49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio

50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequently

Passage8（2001年）

Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeople

involvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.

Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLord

Chancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses

34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36

atrialbegins.

InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,

LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatself-regulation

didnot38sufficientcontrol.

39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmedia

protestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislation

wouldbelefttojudges42toParliament.

TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which43the

EuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally44inBritain,laiddownthateverybody

was45toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesand

theirfamilies.

“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands46ourBritishjudges,'1hesaid.

Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestsentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.

Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsfbrtellingtheirstoriesto

newspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggerate

theirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdict.

31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas

32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening

33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft

34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper

35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity

36.[A]since[B]if[C]before[D]as

37.[A]sided|B|shared|C]complied|D|agreed

38.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest[DJindicate

39.[A]Release[BJPublication[C]Printing[D]Exposure

40.[A]stonn[B]rage[C]flare[D]flash

41.[A]translation|B|interoperation[C]exhibition|D|demonstration

42.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan

43.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets[DJturns

44.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining[D]sustaining

45.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled[D]qualified

46.[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by

47.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[DIissue

48.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said[D]told

49.[A|what|B|when[C]which|D|that

5O.[A]assure[B|confide[C]ensure|D|guarantee

Passage9（2002年）

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthe

diffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswas

discussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominant

pre-electronic23.followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24

oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,

beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,

radio,andmotionpictures27the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.

Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly

20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radically

changedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32.As

timewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame"personal1'too,

aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.

Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetween

generationsmuch36.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety"begantobewidelyusedto

describethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38

bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen

39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.'Benefits"havebeen

weighed40"harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

21.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later

22.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until

23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure

24.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form

25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked

26.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off

27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond|D|into

28.[A]concept|B]dimension[CJeffect|D]perspective

29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore

30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized

31.[A]unless[B]sincet[C]les[D]although

32.[A]apparent|B|desirable[C]negative[D|plausible

33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental

34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty

35.[A]bymeansof[BJintermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith

36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller

37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory

38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected

39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational

40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]with

Passage10（2003年）

Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoung

adultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbest22

suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand23.butnotjustinwaysthat

emphasizecompetition.24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostof

newintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe

25thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare26

byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatit

wouldbe27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28.

publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,

andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30

opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.Making

friendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsome

kindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.

Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave34attentionspans.

Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongas

theywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheother

participants37.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.38

theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatarewithin

their40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.

21.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion[D]advice

22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate[D]enhance

23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise[D]leisure

24.[A]if[B]although[C]whereas[D]because

25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance

26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored[D]surpassed

27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair[D]wise

28.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample[DJinasense

29.[A|displaying[B|describing|C|creating[D]exchanging

30.[A]durable[BJexcessive[C]surplus[D]multiple

31.[A]group[B]individual[C]personnel[D]corporation

32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission[D]security

33.[A]particularly[B|barely[C]definitely[D]rarely

34.[A]similar[Bllong[C]different[D]short

35.[A]ifonly[BJnowthat[C]sothat[D]evenif

36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing[D]something

37.[A]off[B]down[C]out[D]alone

38.[A]onthecontrary[B]ontheaverage[C]onthewhole[D]ontheotherhand

39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning[D]taking

40.[Alcapabilities[B]responsibilities[Clproficiency[D]efficiency

Passage11(2004年)

Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoung

people)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories

21ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywere

notsufficientlypenalizedforpre