《英语阅读二》(高)模拟测试答案西南大学2020年春季作业参考答案

西南大学培训与继续教育学院_

课程代码：0085学年学季：20201

单项选择题

1、Thekeyprincipleoftherepublicanmodeliscivicself-rule,whichisembodiedinclassical

institutionsandpracticesliketherotationofoffices.

.「involved”

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.underestimated

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.neglected

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2、Mostcollegestudentsaregoingthroughthesamethingsatthesametime,sodon'tfeelsilly

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,「relieve/

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3、“Peopleintheknowarefamiliarwiththemassiveoverheadrequiredbytraditional

manufacturing,^Rogerssays.

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4、Hehadonlytakenthetimetoassurehimselfofitstruthbyasecondtelegram,andhad

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.predict

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.foretell

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.foresee

.「prevent/

5、TaDDincintohismilitarymind,Rogersenvisionstheprintersbeingdeployedwithtroops

intothefieldtoproducedisposablevehicles,eachfinelytunedforaspecificmission.

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6、Youarecarryingwiththehelpoftwoconwanians.

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7、Thelayerswerestackedtogetherandpressedhardenoughtogluethem,butnotbreak

them.

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8、Herpartnerswereagroupoffellownurseswithconcernsaboutequityandhealth.

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9、Shewasbeginningtorecognizethisthingthatwasapproachingtopossessher,andshewas

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been.

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10、Theothercompanionisnotquitesostrong,andrepresentstransientexternalstimulation,

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12>Thismayseemridiculousatfirst,butthereisnothingfunnyaboutit.

funny”

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difficult

surprising

主观题

13、Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthe

passagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementswithin10words.

Asresearcherslearnmoreabouthowchildren'sintelligencedevelops,theyareincreasingly

surprisedbythepowerofparents.Thepoweroftheschoolhasbeenreplacedbythehome.To

beginwith,allthefactorswhicharepartofintelligence——thechilcfsunderstandingof

language9learningpatterns,curiosity-areestablishedwellbeforethechildentersschoolat

theageofsix.Studyafterstudyhasshownthatevenafterschoolbegins,children's

achievementshavebeenfarmoreinfluencedbyparentsthanbyteachers.Thisisparticularly

trueaboutlearningthatislanguage-related.Theschoolratherthanthehomeisgivencredit

forvariationsinachievementinsubjectssuchasscience.

Inviewoftheirpower,it'ssadtoseesomanyparentsnotmakingthemostoftheirchild's

intelligence.Untilrecentlyparentshadbeenwarnedbyeducatorswhoaskedthemnotto

educatetheirchildren.Manyteachersnowrealizethatchildrencannotbeeducatedonlyat

schoolandparentsarebeingaskedtocontributebothbeforeandafterthechildenters

school.

Parentshavebeenparticularlyafraidtoteachreadingathome.Ofcourse,childrenshouldn't

bepushedtoreadbytheirparents,buteducatorshavediscoveredthatreadingisbesttaught

individually—andtheeasiestplacetodothisisathome.Manyfour-andfive-year-oldswho

havebeenshownafewlettersandtaughttheirsoundswillcomposesinglewordsoftheirown

withthemevenbeforetheyhavebeentaughttoread.

Questions:

1.Whathaveresearchersfoundoutabouttheinfluenceofparentsandtheschoolon

children'sintelligence?

2.Whatdoresearchersconcludeaboutchildren'slearningpatterns?

3.Inwhichareamayschoolplayamoreimportantrole?

4.Whydidmanyparentsfailtomakethemostoftheirchildren'sintelligence?

5.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthatparentsshouldbeencouragedto・

参考答案：

1.Parentshavegreaterinfluencethantheschool.

/Parents5influenceisgreaterthantheschool's.

2.Theyareestablishedwellbeforetheageofsix.

3.Sciencesubjects.

4.Theyweretoldbyeducatorsnottoeducatetheirchildren.

5.teachreadingathome

14、Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsorincompletestatements.Readthe

passagecarefully,andthenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementswithNOMORE

THAN10WORDS.

Would-belanguageteacherseverywherehaveonethingincommon:theyallwantsome

recognitionoftheirprofessionalstatus,skills,andajob.Theformerrequirementisobviously

importantonapersonallevel,butitisvitalifyouaretohaveanychanceoffindingwork.

Tenyearsago,thesituationwasverydifferent.Invirtuallyeverydevelopingcountry,andin

manydevelopedcountriesaswell,beinganativeEnglishspeakerwasenoughtogetyou

employedasanEnglishteacher.

Nowemployerswillonlylookforteacherswhohavetheknowledge,skillsandattitudesto

teachEnglisheffectively.Theresultofthishasbeentoraisenon-nativeEnglishteacherstothe

samestatusastheirnativecounterparts—somethingtheyhavealwaysdeservedbutseldom

enjoyed.Non-nativesarenowhappy—linguisticdiscriminationisathingofthepast.

Anongoingresearchproject,fundedbytheUniversityofCambridge,askedasampleof

teachers,teachereducatorsandemployersinmorethan40countrieswhethertheyregardthe

nativeandnon-nativespeakers9distinctionasbeingallthatimportant.66NO,9wastheanswer.

AslongascandidatescouldteachandhadtherequiredlevelofEnglish,itdidn'tmatterwho

theywereandwheretheycamefrom.Thus,anewformofdiscrimination—thistimejustified

becauseitsingledouttheunqualified—liberatedthelinguisticallyoppressed.Butthe

Cambridgeprojectdidmorethanjustthat:itconfirmedthattheneedsofnativeand

non-nativeteachersareextremelysimilar.

Questions:

1.TheselectionofEnglishteachersusedtobemainlybasedon.

2.Whatdidnon-nativeEnglishteachersdeservebutseldomenjoy?

3.WhatkindofpeoplecannowfindajobasanEnglishteacher?

4.Whatistheresultofthe“newformofdiscrimination^^?

5.Thephrase"thelinguisticallyoppressed99referstothosewhowere・

参考答案：

1.whetherornotonewasanativespeaker/whotheywereandwheretheycamefrom

2.Thesamestatusastheir(native)counterparts.

3.OneswhocanteachandhavetherequiredEnglishlevel.

4.Non-nativeEnglishteachershavebeenliberated.Or:Itsingledouttheunqualified.

5.qualifiedEnglishteachersbutnon-nativespeakers

阅读理解题(单选)

15、Ifyou'vebeenmarriedtotheworld'sloudestsnorerfornearlyfourdecades,you'reeither

asaintoryou'redeaf.JulieSwitzerisalittleofboth.

OnJuly4,the61-year-oldBritishhomemakerwillcelebrateher40thanniversarywithher

husbandMel,acabdriverwhosesnoringhasbeenmeasuredat92.5decibels-louderthana

policesiren.

Untilhefoundatreatment,flightattendantswouldaskhimnottosleeponplanes.Eightofhis

neighborssoldtheirhomesinone10-yearperiod.Onlyhiswifestoodbyhisside.

“MywifeandIloveeachother,"hesays.66Andsheisdeafinoneear.”

Julie'sconditionhadnoconnectiontoherhusband'sstridentsnoozing.Butevenwith

diminishedhearing,shefoundithardtosleep—andthoughtogetupeachdaytogettheir

twoboysofftoschool.66Ijustthoughtmostmensoundlikeaelectricsawinthebedroom/9she

says.

Aftertwodecadesofsleeplessness,JulieenteredMelinalocalcontest,sponsoredbyaBritish

newspaperin1984,toHndtheloudestsnoringhusbandintheUnitedKingdom.Untilthen,

Melhadnotrealizedthescopeofhissnore.

Thecontestturnedouttobethebestthingsheeverdid.Inonebravestroke,Julieturnedher

husbandintoaninternationalcelebrityofsorts.Suddenly,sheandMelwereflyingtoJapan,

sothatdoctorscouldmeasurehissnoringonnationalTV.

“Iguesstherearebetterreasonstobefamous,"Melsays."Butifpeoplearesendingyouto

Tokyo,whyfightit?”

ThefolksatGuinnesswerequicktocertifyhim,andalltheattentionbroughthundredsof

would-beremedies—includingonethatfinallyworked.

Aboutfouryearsago,NewYorkentrepreneurRobertRossgaveMelaChineseherbal

concoctionthathenowmarketsthroughoutNorthAmericaasY-snore.

Y-snorechangedtheSwitzers9life.JustafewdropsinthenoseandMelissilentasalamb.

Finally,apeacefulnightforhiswife.

1、WhatdoesMelthinkofhisownsuccessinthecontest?

r

.Hebelievesthatitisagreatvictory.

r.

.Hefeelsproudofhimselfandhiswife.

.Heisgladtotaketheopportunitytotravel.U

r

,Hefeelsembarrassedtobeknownas“theworld'sloudestsnorer.^^

2、EnteringherhusbandinthesnoringcontestwasthebestthingJulieeverdidbecause

,shemanagedtoprovetotheworldthatherhusbandwasaverybraveman

.MelbecameafamouspersonasaresultofthecontestU

r

,Melbecamerichafterwinningthefirstprize

r

.thenshebegantoknowhowloudherhusband'ssnoringwas

3、WhatdidJuliethinkofherhusband'ssnoringbeforesheenteredhiminalocalcontest?

.Shewasanxioustofindacureforherhusband'ssnoring.

.Shethoughtitwasjustanormalphenomenon.U

r

.Shethoughtitwasasloudasapolicesiren.

r

.Shefeltbored.

4、Accordingtowhatissaidinthepassage,Y-snoreis・

.akindofmedicinethatstopssnoringeffectively”

r

.aJapanesemedicalinstrumentthatMelboughtinJapan

r..

,aninterestingquestionRobertRossaskedMel

thenameofaChinesedrugstorethatcanbefoundinNorthAmerica

5、JulieSwitzerisconsideredsomewhatasaintbecause,

r

.shehasbeenanexcellenthomemakerallthetime

,shetoleratedtheloudestsnoringintheworldformorethan40years守

r

.shehasbeenmarriedtoMelfor40years

r,,

.sheturnedadeafeartoherhusband5ssnoring

16、In55B.C.JuliusCaesar,aRomanemperor,sentsoldierstoestablishacolonyonthe

islandofBritish.Duringthe400yearsorsothattheyremained,theRomansbuiltcities,

roads,fortresses,andtheaters;setupasystemofgovernment;coinedmoney;andhelpedto

changetheEnglandlanguage.InthefifthcenturyA.D.theRomansleftEnglish,butbythat

timetheBritishhadadoptedmanyLatinwordsintotheirownlanguage.

AnotherinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageduringthoseearlyyearswastheScandinavian

languages.TheVikings,anadventuresomepeoplefromtoday'scountriesofNorway,Sweden,

andDenmark,begantoinvadeEnglandaboutthelastpartoftheeighthcentury.Gradually,

however,theysettledinEngland,becomingapartoftheBritishpopulation.Theirlanguage

mixedinwithEnglish,givingtheEnglishlanguagesomeofitsmost-usedwords.

Then,inA.D.1066,aFrench-speakingpeoplefromNormandy,anareainnorthernFrance,

conqueredtheEnglish.Fornearly300yearsafterthat,bothFrenchandEnglishwerespoken

inEngland,withtheresultthatmanyFrenchwordsbecamepartoftheEnglishlanguage.

AboutthissametimeEuropeanswerebeginningtoexploreotherpartsoftheworld.British

admiralsandsoldiersledexpeditionstoAfrica,westernEurope,Asia,andtheNorthand

SouthAmericancontinents,wheretheylearnedtospeakthenativelanguageoratleast

adoptedsomeofthewordsintoEnglish.

1、HowdidmanyFrenchwordsenterintotheEnglishlanguage?

FrenchwastaughtinEnglishschoolsforthreecenturies.

TheEnglishlanguageneededsomeFrenchwords.

ThetwolanguageswerebothusedintheEnglishsocietyforalongtime.

TheEnglishpeoplewereforcedtospeakFrench.

ThepurposeofCaesar'ssendingsoldierstoBritishin55B.C.was

r

tocoinmoneyandmakeprofits

r

tohelptheEnglishsetupagovernment

r

tochangetheEnglishlanguageanditsspeakers

toconquertheislandanditspeople0

3、Thecentralideaofthispassageisthat・

r

.theEnglishwereoftenconqueredbyotherpeople

.English“borrowed"manywordsfromotherlanguages。

r

.Englishwasnotspokenbytheinvaders

r

.theEnglishhadtolearnforeignlanguages

4、Accordingtotheauthor,someofthemost-usedEnglishwordscamefrom

r

.LatinandFrench

theAsianandAmericanlanguages

theVikings5language。

thenativelanguagesofAfrica

5、Accordingtothispassage,theEuropeanpeoplebegantoexploreotherpartsoftheworld

inthefourteenthcentury

inthefifthcentury

.intheeleventhcentury

r

.intheeighthcentury

17、Onmostshoresyouwillnoticethatthesealevelchangesthroughouttheday.Theseups

anddownsoftheseasarecalledtides.

Whyshouldtideshappen?EverythingontheEarth'ssurfaceisattractedtowardstheEarth

byaforcecalledgravity.TheMoonandtheSunalsohaveagravitationalpulloftheirown.As

theMoonpassesaroundtheEarthitattractsthewatersoftheoceansonthesidefacingit,

pullingthemawayfromtheEarth,andcausingthemtorise.Ontheoppositesidefromthis

tidalrise,thereisanotheronebecauseonthatside,thelandisclosertotheMoonthanthe

waters,andthelandispulledawayfromtheseas,leavingarisebehind.Thesetworises

remaininthesamepositioninreactiontotheMoon,buttherotationoftheEarthmeansthat

eachofthemappearstomovearoundtheEarth.Theserisesarecalledhighwater,andthe

gapsbetweenthemarecalledlowwater.

Therearetwootherfactorswhichhelpintheformationofthetides.Youknowthatifyou

causethewaterinyourbathtorock,itmayriseandfallagainstthesideofthebathforsome

time.Inthesameway,oncethetideshavebegun,thewaterstendtocontinuetorockupand

downandtheyaregivenanextrapushbytheattractionoftheMoon.TheSunalsotendsto

attracttheEarth'soceanstowardsitself,butbecauseitissomuchfurtheraway,the

attractionislessimportant.Atcertaintimesoftheyear,however,theSun,theMoon,andthe

Earthareallinastraightline.Whenthishappens,theattractionoftheSunisaddedtothe

attractionoftheMoonandtidesareextrahigh.

Wavesarealmostwhollytheresultofwindblowingacrossthesurfaceofthewater.Thewind

pullsthewatertoformwaveswhichmoveslowlyforward,andgetlarger.Althoughthewave

shapemovesforward,eachbitofwatermovesroundincirclesanddoesnotchangeits

averageposition.Theheightofawavedependsonthreefactors:howhardthewindis

blowing,howlongthewindhasbeenblowing,andthefetch.Theword“fetch“meansthe

lengthofthestretchofopenwateroverwhichthewindisblowing.

INEachtidalriseseemstomovearoundtheEarthbecauseof.

r

.thepositionsofthetworises

r..

.thegravitationalpulloftheMoon

r

.therelationshipbetweentheMoonandtheEarth

.therotationoftheEarthU

2、WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

r

,Tidesaredifferentfromwaves.

.Whenthewavemovesforward,thewatermovesforward,too."

r.

.Theheightofawaveisrelatedtowindspeed.

r

,Wavesareusuallytheresultofwindblowing.

3、Accordingtothepassage,howmanyhoursdoesatidalrisepassthesameplaceonEarth?

r

.About18hours.

r

.About24hours.

r

,About6hours.

,About12hours.或

4、Tidesreachtheirhighestlevelwhen.

r

.thewaterscontinuetorockupanddown

theSun,theMoon,andtheEarthareinline

thewatersaregivenanextrapushbythegravitationaloftheMoon

r

theSunalsotendstoattracttheEarth'soceans

5、Whatisthemajorcauseoftheformationofthetides?

TheattractionoftheMoontotheoceansandland./

r

ThegravityoftheEarth.

r

ThepulloftheSunandtheMoon.

r

ThegravitationalpulloftheMoontotherise.

18、FormingAdultFriendshipsinModernSocietyIsaNecessityandaChallenge

byDavidBrook

SomebodyrecentlyaskedmewhatIwoulddoifIhad$500milliontogiveaway.Myfirst

thoughtwasthatFdbecomeamoderateversionoftheKochbrothers.I'dpayfor

independentcandidatestorunagainstDemocraticorRepublicanmembersofCongresswho

veeredtoofarintotheirparty'sfeverswamps.

ButthenIrealizedthatifIreallyhadthatmoney,I9dwanttoaffectasmallernumberof

peopleinamorepersonalandprofoundway.Thebig,establishedcharitiesarealready

fightingdiseaseandpovertyasbestastheycan,soinsearchofnewdirectionsIthought,

oddly,offriendship.Friendshipisapersonalrelationshipthathasradiatingsocialand

politicalbenefits.

Inthefirstplace,friendshiphelpspeoplemakebetterjudgments.Somuchofdeepfriendship

isthinkingthroughproblemstogether:whatjobtotake;whomtomarry.Friendshipallows

youtoseeyourownlifebutwithasecondsympatheticself.

Second,friendsusuallybringoutbetterversionsofeachother.Peoplefeelunguardedand

fluidwiththeirclosefriends.Ifyou'rehangingaroundwithafriend,smarterandfunnier

thoughtstendtocomeburblingout.

Finally,peoplebehavebetteriftheyknowtheirfriendsareobserving.Friendshipisbased,in

part,oncommontastesandinterests,butitisalsobasedonmutualadmirationand

reciprocity.Peopletendtowanttoliveuptotheirfriends9highregard.Peopledon'thave

closefriendshipsinanyhopeofselfishgainbutsimplyforthepleasureitselfoffeelingknown

andrespected.

IfsalsotruethatfriendshipisnotingreatshapeinAmericatoday.In1985,peopletendedto

haveaboutthreereallyclosefriends,accordingtotheGeneralSocialSurvey.By2004,

accordingtoresearchdoneatDukeUniversityandtheUniversityofArizona,theywere

reportingtheyhadonlytwocloseconfidants.Thenumberofpeoplewhosaytheyhaveno

closeconfidantsatallhastripledoverthattime.

Peopleseemtohaveahardertimebuildingfriendshipsacrossclasslines.Associetybecomes

moreunequalandsegmented,invitationscometopeopleonthebasisoftheirjobstatus.

Middle-agedpeoplehaveparticularproblemsnurturingfriendshipsandbuildingnewones.

Theyaresobusywithworkandkidsthatfriendshipgetssqueezedout.

So,inthefantasyworldinwhichIhave$500million,Fdtrytosetupplacesthatwould

cultivatefriendshipsandmakethemlesscareerorientedandmoreprofound.

Todothat,youhavetogetpeopleoutoftheirnormallifeandgivethemchallengingactivities

todotogether.Nothinginspiresfriendshiplikeselflessnessandcooperationinmomentsof

difficulty.Youalsowanttogivethemmomentswhentheycanshareconfidences,aboutbig

ideasandsmallworries.

SoIenvisionastringofadultcampsorretreatcentres(myoldestfriendshipswereformedat

summercamp,soIthinkinthoseterms).Groupsof20or30wouldbebroughttogetherfrom

allsocialanddemographicgroups,andsecludedfortwoweeks.They'dprepareandcleanup

alltheirmealstogether,andeatingthemealswouldgoonforawhile.Inthemorning,they

wouldreadaboutanddiscussbigtopics.Intheafternoons,they'dplaysports,takehikesand

buildsomethingcomplicatedtogether.Atnight,there9dbeabarandmusic.

Youcouldn'tbuildaclosefriendshipinthattime,butyoucouldplanttheseedsforone.The

goaloftheseintensityretreatswouldbetosparkbondsbetweendisparateindividualswho,in

theoutsideworld,wouldbecompletelyunlikelytoknoweachother.Thebenefitsofthatsocial

bridging,whileunplannable,wouldrippleoutinwayslongandfar-reaching.

1、From1985to2004,thenumberofpeoplewhosaytheyhavenocloseconfidantsatall

.remainsthesame

r

.hasdoubled

.hastripledO

r

.hasdecreased

2、Whatpeoplehaveparticularproblemsnurturingfriendshipsandbuildingnewones?

r

.Oldandretiredpeople.

r,

.Teenagers.

r

.Newly-weds.

,Middle-agedpeople.U

3、Whatinspiresfriendshipbest?

r

.Mutualadmirationandreciprocity.

r

.Buildingfriendshipsacrossclasslines.

r

.Activitiesthatarelesscareerorientedandmoreprofound.

Selfishnessandcooperationinmomentsofdifficulty.

4、WhatisRIGHTaboutthecampsandretreatcentersproposedbythewriter?

r

.Youcoulddiscussbigtopicsatnightinthebarwithmusicon.

,Youcouldplanttheseedsforaclosefriendship.守

r

.Youcouldbuildaclosefriendshipinthattime.

r

.Youcouldplaysportsandbuildsomethingtogetherinthemorning.

5、WhichisNOToneofthereasonsthatthewritergivesforchoosingfriendshiptogiveaway

theimaged$500million?

.Friendshipallowsyoutoseeyourlifewithasecondsympatheticself.3

r..

.Friendshiphelpspeoplemakebetterjudgments.

r.

.Peoplebehavebetteriftheyknowtheirfriendsareobserving.

r.

.Friendsusuallybringoutbetterversionsofeachother.

19、Moresurprising,perhaps,thanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefact

thatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotes,Americansareamarrying

people:relativetoEuropeans,moreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreover,

afteradeclineinthe1970s,therateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Even

thedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorced

individualsremarry.Thus,marriageremains,byfar,thepreferredwayoflifeforthevast

majorityofpeopleinoursociety.

Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsago,the

typicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusband,awife,andtwoorthreechildren.Now,there

aremanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andthereare

manymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarethewife'spreviousmarriage,orthe

husband's,orboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromthe

formermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses.

Thus,onecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithout

children;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswith66ftill-timew

childrenfromthepresentmarriageand“part-time“childrenfromformermarriages.There

arestep-fathers,step-mothers,half-brothers,andhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualfora

childtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthe

traditionalnuclearfamily.Butevenso,eveninthemidstofallthis,thereremainsone

constant:mostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried.

1、^Part-time^children(Para.3).

.aresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses

r.

,arequiteunusualeveninAmerica

r.

,spendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromthepreviousmarriage

r

.dopart-timejobstoearntheirliving

2、BycallingAmericans“marryingpeople”，theauthormeansthat.

,moreAmericansprefermarriageandatayoungeragethanEuropeans或

r.

.mostdivorcedindividualsremarry

r

.therearemoremarriedcouplesintheU.S.A.thaninEurope

r

,marriageisthemostimportantpartofAmericanlife

3、Fromthefirstparagraphwecanknowthat・

r

.marriagerateinEuropeisratherlow

r

.Europeansmarrywhentheyarequiteold

r

.marriageratehasbeenrisingsincethe1970s

.traditionalmarriagenowrunsintodifficulty

4、AsgreatchangeshavetakenplaceinthestructureofAmericanfamilies,.

r

.mostAmericansdon'tmindasecondmarriage

r

.thefunctionsofmarriageremainunchanged

r

.theconceptofnuclearfamilyismodernized

.mostAmericansstillhavefaithinmarriageU

20>Nowletuslookathowweread.Whenwereadaprintedtext,oureyesmoveacrossapage

inshort,jerkymovement.Werecognizewordsusuallywhenoureyesarestillwhenthey

fixate.Eachtimetheyfixate,weseeagroupofwords.Thisisknownastherecognitionspan

orthevisualspan.Thelengthoftimeforwhichtheeyesstop—thedurationoftheHxation一

variesconsiderablyfrompersontoperson.Italsovarieswithinanyonepersonaccordingto

hispurposeinreadingandhisfamiliaritywiththetext.Furthermore,itcanbeaffectedb