《物联网专业英语教程》课件第1章

Unit1InternetofThings[1] TextA InternetofThings[13] TextB ApplicationsofIoT[19] 参考译文 物联网

TheInternetofThingsreferstouniquelyidentifiableobjects(things)andtheirvirtualrepresentationsinanInternet-likestructure.ThetermInternetofThingswasfirstusedbyKevinAshtonin1999.TheconceptoftheInternetofThingsfirstbecamepopularthroughtheAuto-IDCenterandrelatedmarketanalystspublications.InternetofThingsTextARadio-FrequencyIDentification(RFID)isoftenseenasaprerequisitefortheInternetofThings.Ifallobjectsofdailylifewereequippedwithradiotags,theycouldbeidentifiedandinventoriedbycomputers.However,uniqueidentificationofthingsmaybeachievedthroughothermeanssuchasbarcodesor2D-codesaswell.

Withallobjectsintheworldequippedwithminusculeidentifyingdevices,dailylifeonEarthwouldundergoatransformation.Companieswouldnotrunoutofstockorwasteproducts,asallinvolvedpartieswouldknowexactlywhichproductsarerequiredandconsumed.Mislaidandstolenitemswouldbeeasilytrackedandlocated.

1.Alternativedefinitions

DifferentdefinitionsfortheInternetofThingshaveappearedandthetermisevolvingasthetechnologyandimplementationoftheideasmoveforward.Hereareseveralpartiallyoverlappingdefinitions.

Aglobalnetworkinfrastructure,linkingphysicalandvirtualobjectsthroughtheexploitationofdatacaptureandcommunicationcapabilities.ThisinfrastructureincludesexistingandevolvingInternetandnetworkdevelopments.Itwillofferspecificobject-identification,sensorandconnectioncapabilityasthebasisforthedevelopmentofindependentcooperativeservicesandapplications.Thesewillbecharacterizedbyahighdegreeofautonomousdatacapture,eventtransfer,networkconnectivityandinteroperability.1.1CASAGRAS

Aworldwherephysicalobjectsareseamlesslyintegratedintotheinformationnetwork,and

wherethephysicalobjectscanbecomeactiveparticipantsinbusinessprocesses.Servicesareavailabletointeractwiththese'smartobjects'overtheInternet,queryandchangetheirstateandanyinformationassociatedwiththem,takingintoaccountsecurityandprivacyissues.1.2SAP

Thenetworkformedbythings/objectshavingidentities,virtualpersonalitiesoperatinginsmartspacesusingintelligentinterfacestoconnectandcommunicatewiththeusers,socialandenvironmentalcontexts.1.3EPoSS

InternetofThings(IoT)isanintegratedpartofFutureInternet.Itcouldbedefinedasadynamicglobalnetworkinfrastructurewithselfconfiguringcapabilitiesbasedonstandardandinteroperablecommunicationprotocols.IntheIoT,physicalandvirtual'things'haveidentities,physicalattributes,andvirtualpersonalitiesanduseintelligentinterfaces,andareseamlesslyintegratedintotheinformationnetwork.IntheIoT,'things'areexpectedtobecomeactiveparticipantsinbusiness,informationandsocialprocesses.1.4CERP-IoTTheyareenabledtointeractandcommunicateamongthemselvesandwiththeenvironmentbyexchangingdataandinformation'sensed'abouttheenvironment,whilereactingautonomouslytothe'real/physicalworld'eventsandinfluencingitbyrunningprocessesthattriggeractionsandcreateserviceswithorwithoutdirecthumanintervention.Interfacesintheformofservicesfacilitateinteractionswiththese'smartthings'overtheInternet,queryandchangetheirstateandanyinformationassociatedwiththem,takingintoaccountsecurityandprivacyissues.

ThefutureInternetofThingslinksuniquelyidentifiablethingstotheirvirtualrepresentationsintheInternetcontainingorlinkingtoadditionalinformationontheiridentity,status,locationoranyotherbusiness,socialorprivatelyrelevantinformationatafinancialornon-financialpay-off.Itexceedstheeffortsofinformationprovisioningandoffersinformationaccesstonon-predefinedparticipants.1.5OtherTheprovidedaccurateandappropriateinformationmaybeaccessedintherightquantityandcondition,attherighttimeandplaceattherightprice.TheInternetofThingsisnotsynonymouswithubiquitous/pervasivecomputing,theInternetProtocol(IP),communicationtechnology,embeddeddevices,itsapplications,theInternetofPeopleortheIntranet/ExtranetofThings,yetitreliesonalloftheseapproaches.Theassociationofintelligentvirtualrepresentations(e.g.:calledavatarsandembedded,hostedintheCloudorcentralized)andphysicalobjectsaresometimescalled"cyberobjects".Cyberobjectsarethenconsideredasautonomousactorsofthevaluechainstheyareinvolvedin:abletoperceive,analyzeandreactinvariouscontexts;althoughactingundertheguidanceofhumanbeingsasprogrammed.Cyberobjectscanthenbeassistants,advisors,decisionmakers,etc;andcanbeconsideredastrueagent(economics),helpingtochangeexistingeconomicororganizationmodels.Insuchascenario,theconceptionofavatarsreferstoArtificalIntelligenceandcomplexsystem.

2.Uniqueaddressabilityofthings

TheoriginalideaoftheAuto-IDCenterisbasedonRFID-tagsanduniqueidentificationthroughtheElectronicProductCode.

Analternativeview,fromtheworldoftheSemanticWeb,focusesinsteadonmakingallthings(notjustthoseelectronic,smart,orRFID-enabled)addressablebytheexistingnamingprotocols,suchasURI.Theobjectsthemselvesdonotconverse,buttheymaynowbereferredtobyotheragents,suchaspowerfulcentralizedserversactingfortheirhumanowners.TheElectronicProductCode(EPC)isdesignedasauniversalidentifierthatprovidesauniqueidentityforeveryphysicalobjectanywhereintheworld,foralltime.

ThenextgenerationofInternetapplicationsusingInternetProtocolversion6(IPv6)wouldbeabletocommunicatewithdevicesattachedtovirtuallyallhuman-madeobjectsbecauseoftheextremelylargeaddressspaceofIPv6.Thissystemwouldthereforebeabletoidentifyanykindofobject.

AcombinationoftheseideascanbefoundinthecurrentGS1/EPCglobalEPCInformationServicesspecifications.ThissystemisbeingusedtoidentifyobjectsinindustriesrangingfromAerospacetoFastMovingConsumerProductsandTransportationLogistics.

3.Trendsandcharacteristics

AmbientIntelligenceandAutonomousControlarenotpartoftheoriginalconceptoftheInternetofThings.AmbientIntelligenceandAutonomousControldonotnecessarilyrequireInternetstructures,either.However,thereisashiftinresearchtointegratetheconceptsoftheInternetofThingsandAutonomousControl.3.1IntelligenceInthefuturetheInternetofThingsmaybeanondeterministicandopennetworkinwhichauto-organizedorintelligententities(Webservices,SOAcomponents),virtualobjectswillbeinteroperableandabletoactindependently(pursuingtheirownobjectivesorsharedones)dependingonthecontext,circumstancesorenvironments.

Embeddedintelligencepresentsan"AI-oriented"perspectiveofIoT,whichcanbemoreclearlydefinedas:leveragingthecapacitytocollectandanalyzethedigitaltracesleftbypeoplewheninteractingwithwidelydeployedsmartthingstodiscovertheknowledgeabouthumanlife,environmentinteraction,aswellassocialconnection/behavior.

ThesystemwilllikelybeanexampleofEvent-DrivenArchitecture,bottom-upmade(basedonthecontextofprocessesandoperations,inreal-time)andwillconsideranysubsidiarylevel.Therefore,modeldrivenandfunctionalapproacheswillcoexistwithnewonesabletotreatexceptionsandunusualevolutionofprocesses.3.2Architecture

Insemi-openorclosedloops,itwillthereforebeconsideredandstudiedasaComplexsystemduetothehugenumberofdifferentlinksandinteractionsbetweenautonomousactors,anditscapacitytointegratenewactors.Attheoverallstage(fullopenloop)itwilllikelybeseenasachaoticenvironment.3.3Complexsystem

TheInternetofObjectswouldencode50to100trillionobjects,andbeabletofollowthe

movementofthoseobjects.3.4Sizeconsiderations

InthisInternetofThings,madeofbillionsofparallelandsimultaneousevents,timewillnomorebeusedasacommonandlineardimensionbutwilldependoneachentity(object,process,informationsystem,etc.).ThisInternetofThingswillbeaccordinglybasedonmassiveparallelITsystems(Parallelcomputing).3.5Timeconsiderations

InanInternetofThings,theprecisegeographiclocationofathing—andalsotheprecisegeographicdimensionsofathing—willbecritical.Currently,theInternethasbeenprimarilyusedtomanageinformationprocessedbypeople.Therefore,factsaboutathing,suchasitslocationintimeandspace,hasbeenlesscriticaltotrackbecausethepersonprocessingtheinformationcandecidewhetherornotthatinformationwasimportanttotheactionbeingtaken,andifso,addthemissinginformation(ordecidenottotaketheaction).3.6Spaceconsiderations(NotethatsomethingsintheInternetofThingswillbesensors,andsensorlocationisusuallyimportant.)TheGeoWebandDigitalEartharepromisingapplicationsthatbecomepossiblewhenthingscanbecomeorganizedandconnectedbylocation.However,challengesthatremainincludetheconstraintsofvariablespatialscales,theneedtohandlemassiveamountsofdata,andanindexingforfastsearchandneighbouroperations.IntheInternetofThings,ifthingsareabletotakeactionsontheirowninitiative,thishuman-centricmediationroleiseliminated,andthetime-spacecontextthatweashumanstakeforgrantedmustbegivenacentralroleinthisinformationecosystem.JustasstandardsplayakeyroleintheInternetandtheWeb,geospatialstandardswillplayakeyroleintheInternetofThings.

4.Frameworks

InternetofThingsframeworksmighthelpsupporttheinteractionbetween"things"andallowformorecomplexstructureslikedistributedcomputingandthedevelopmentofdistributedapplications.Currently,InternetofThingsframeworksseemtofocusonrealtimedataloggingsolutionslikePachube:offeringsomebasistoworkwithmany"things"andhavetheminteract.FuturedevelopmentsmightleadtospecificsoftwaredevelopmentenvironmentstocreatethesoftwaretoworkwiththehardwareusedintheInternetofThings.

1. Retail

ThefirstlargescaleapplicationoftheInternetofThingstechnologieswillbetoreplacethebarcodeinretail.Themainbarrierssofarhavebeenthemuchhighercostofthetagoverthebarcode,someneededtechnologyimprovementforwhatconcernstransmissionofmetalsandliquiditems,andprivacyconcerns.Nonetheless,

ApplicationsofIoTthereplacementhasalreadystartedinsomepilotprojectsandalthoughonemayexpecttoseecoexistenceofthetwoidentificationmechanismsformanyyearsintothefuture,advancesintheelectronicsindustrywillrendertheRFIDtagevercheaperandmoreattractiveandaccessibletotheretailers.

Theelectronictagsoffermultiplebenefitsoverthebarcodeforboththeretailersandtheconsumers.Theretailerswillhaveitemidentificationunifiedfromtheproducer,throughthestorage,theshopfloor,cashierandcheckout,aswellastheftprotection.

Theymayalsosavecostbyallowingcustomerstocheckouttheproductsthemselvesandwithouthavingtoputtheboughtitemsonaconveyerbelt.Theshelvesmaybeintelligentissuingarefillorderautomaticallytothestorageasitemsaresoldofferingprecisedeliveryfromthewholesalerdirectlytotheshelf.Furthermore,thehistoryofanyitemfromproductiontotheshelfcanbestoredofferingincreasedqualitymanagementalongthesupplychain.

Fortheconsumersthisoffersthepossibilityofavoidinglongcheck-outlinesandhavingtheproducthistoryavailable,whichwillimprovefoodsafetyandprotectconsumerrightsincaseoffailingproducts.Yet,RFIDinretailhascreatedconsumerconcerns,althoughit'shardtoseehowanelectronictagmayinfringeprivacyanymorethanthebarcode.Anyitempaidwithapaymentcardinsomebody'snamemaybeconnectedtotheownerintheshop'sdatabase.Theonlydifferenceisthattheelectronictagcouldbereadpost-saletoidentifydateandlocationofthepurchase.Ontheotherhand,thiscouldbeusedtoproverightfulownershipandsortoutguaranteedisputes.Thechallengeistoputthisintoausefulcontextfortheuserandtoprovidetherightincentivestoincreaseacceptance.Similartothewaysecurityequipmentincarsgivesadiscountoninsurance,havingthecapitalgoodsinahouseholdmarkedwithelectronictagsmakingitmoredifficulttoselltheitemsillegallyandeasiertorecoverstolengoodscouldgivediscountsonthehouseinsurance.Similartothewayoneregisterthesaleofacaramongprivatepersons,onlineaccesstotheitemsregistrycouldallowlawfultransactionstobestoredintheitem'shistory.

TodayalmosteveryphonesoldisequippedwithsomekindofshortrangeradiocommunicationlikeBluetooth,ormorespecificallyNearFieldCommunication(NFC)[1]specificallydesignedforreadingRFIDtags.Predictionsindicatethattherecouldbeasmanyas2billionNFCenabledmobilephonesby2012.Soontheconsumerwillnolongerneedtoconsultashopfloorreadertoknowthehistoryofaproduct,andtheshoppinglistcanbecreatedasthewrappingofusedgoodsarediscarded.

[1]NearFieldCommunication(NFC)isasetofstandardsforsmartphonesandsimilardevicestoestablishradiocommunicationwitheachotherbytouchingthemtogetherorbringingthemintocloseproximity,usuallynomorethanafewcentimetres([5senti7mi:tE]n.厘米，公分).Presentandanticipatedapplicationsincludecontactlesstransactions,dataexchange,andsimplifiedsetupofmorecomplexcommunicationssuchasWiFi.CommunicationisalsopossiblebetweenanNFCdeviceandanunpoweredNFCchip,calleda"tag".Thisopensforautomatedwarehouseswheretheshoppinglististransmittedwhenthecustomerleavesthehousetocollectareadymadeshoppingbagalreadycheckeduponarrivaltothewarehouse.Withtheabilityofdirectlyreadingthetags,theinventoryofyourbelongingsmaybestoredinyoumobilephone,whichwillmakeinsuranceclaimseasierandfacilitatetheprivatesalesofgoodssinceacentralisedregistryofthingswillnolongerbeneeded.

2.Logistics

Itisimportanttorememberthatinnovationinlogisticsnormallydoesnotchangetheindustryfundamentallybutallowsimprovingefficiencyofprocessesorenablesnewvalueaddingfeatures.Thefirstobservationtobemadefromtheprecedingdiscussionisthatthewarehouseswillbecomecompletelyautomaticwithitemsbeingcheckedinandoutandordersautomaticallypassedtothesuppliers.Thiswillallowbetterassetmanagementandproactiveplanningonbehalfofthetransporter.Goodsmaybetransportedwithouthumaninterventionfromproducertoconsumerandthemanufacturerswillhaveadirectfeedbackonthemarket'sneeds.Inthiswaytheproductionandtransportationcanbeadapteddynamicallythussavingtime,energy,andtheenvironment.

Theexecutablecodesinthetagsenablethethingintransittomakeintelligentdecisionsonitsroutingbasedoninformationreceivedeitherviareadersorpositioningsystems.Thiswillhelpoptimizingtheforwardingoftheitemanddelegateroutingauthorityfromthetransportertothemanufacturerorthecustomer.Thething

couldcheckbackwiththesenderifitshouldcontinuetowardstheintendedrecipient,oralternativelymovetoanotherrecipientpayingbettertohavethethingquickly.

Presentdaylogisticsisbasedonestablishedsupplychainsfrommanufacturertoconsumer.Supplychainsarebasedonlegalagreementandexistingovertime.ItispossibletoenvisionthatthethingsintransitformamarketplaceandthataconsumercouldplacearequestontheInternetofThings,receiveandacceptanofferfromathingfulfillingtherequest.EquivalenttoservicecompositioninthevirtualsoftwareworldwhereanapplicationisassembledofmultipleservicesavailableontheInternet,mayanassembledthingbeconstructedfrompartsautomaticallyidentifiedontheInternetofThings.Thiswillchangethewaybusinessdealsaremadesinceacustomermaynotplaceanorderforalargevolumeofthingswithamanufacturer,butbuytheminasequenceofindividualordersandpossiblyfromcompetingmanufacturers.

3.Pharmaceutical

Pharmaceuticalapplicationsarefundamentallynothingbutproduction,logistics,andretailofdrugsasalreadyoutlinedintheabovesections.Anaddedbenefitofanelectronictagisthatitmaycarryinformationrelatedtodrugusemakingiteasierforthecustomertobeacquaintedwithadverseeffectsandoptimaldosage.

Furthermore,smartbiodegradabledustembeddedinsidepillsmayinteractwiththeintelligenttagontheboxallowingthelattertomonitortheuseandabuseofmedicineandinformthepharmacistwhennewsupplyisneeded.Thesmartdust[1]inpillscouldknowincompatibledrugs,andwhenoneisdetectedcloseenoughthepillcouldrefusetoactivateorreleasetheactivesubstances.Thesamemechanismcouldofcoursebeusedtopreventoverdoses.Ifthereisanaccidentorwhensomeoneperishesfromdrugabuseormisuseitwillbepossibletoquicklyidentifythetakendrugbyaskingthesmartdust,whichmayalsoinformabouttherightantidoteanddosagetoenabletheemergencytreatmenttobegivenfasterandmorecorrectandtherebysavinglives.

4.Food

Europeistraditionallyspoiledwithexcellentfoodandwinewherethequestfortheperfecttastehasbeenongoingforcenturies.Frenchlawpioneeredtheideaofprotectingproduceofalimitedgeographicalorigin,andsimilarlawshavesincebeenestablishedinmanyEuropeancountries.TraceableidentitieswillhelptheconsumerstoverifytheoriginsoftheproductsandhelpEuropetopreserveagriculturaldiversityandrurallifestyles.

TheunfortunateoutbreaksofBSEor"madcowdeceases"havedrawnpublicattentiontofoodsafety.Therehavealsobeencaseswhereinfectiveagentshavebeendetectedincertainonelotoffood.Oftentheseagentscanonlybedetectedinlaboratoryassaysonsamplestakenfromthelot,andregrettablytheresultsmaybecomeavailableonlyaftertheproducehasreachedthemarket,whichmakesarecalldifficultandonehastoresorttoimprecisepublicwarnings.Knowingtheoriginofeachfooditemisthusessentialtoensurethatitisnotcarryingunwanteddeceases,andtoenableselectiverecallsofinfecteditemsavoidingtowastegoodfoodasasafetyprecaution.Itwillhelpassuringtheconsumersthatthefoodtheybuyisofcontrolledorigin,andthatthequalitycontroloftheshopandthepublicauthoritiesextendsfromthefarmtothetable.Shouldafoodrelateddiseasebedetectedthetraceabilityoftheeatenfoodwillenablefasterdetectionoftheoriginoftheinfectionandthuscurbingitsimpactbetterandfaster.

Finally,traceabilitymayprovidemarketfeedbacktotheproducersinasectorwheretheproductionisoftenplannedwellinadvanceaccordingtowholesaledealers'predictionofthemarketforcertainproduceandtheproducers'flexibilityislimitedbylongtermcontractsandpoliticallydecidedproductionsubsidies.Therecentglobalfoodcrisishighlightedthatthefeedbackmechanismsinfoodmarketdonotworkaswellasinothercommoditymarkets,whichmakesthefoodavailabilityoscillatebetweenperiodsofoverproductionandshortage.Allthemajorfoodproducersintheworldcouldhaveaugmentedtheirproductionhadtheyonlyseentheincreasingdemandearlier.Knowingwhatthemarketbuyscouldstimulatethefarmerstotimetheirproduceandofferingsbettertomarketdemandfluctuations.Thesocialimpactofimprovedfoodsupplystabilitycannotbeunderestimatedashungerisastrongdrivingforceforsocialunrestanduprising.

物联网是指可唯一标识的物体及其在类似因特网结构中的虚拟表现。物联网这一术语是KevinAshton于1999年首先使用的。物联网的概念通过Auto-ID中心及相关市场分析出版物首先流行开来。射频识别(RFID)通常被视为物联网的先决条件。如果生活中的所有物体都带有无线标签，那么它们就可以被计算机识别和存储。但是，物体的唯一标识也可以用其他方法来实现，如条形码或二维码。物联网如果世界上的全部物体都配备了微小识别设备，那么地球上的日常生活将经历一场变革。公司不会缺货或者浪费产品，因为相关的各方都可以准确地了解他们所需的和消耗的产品。配备微小识别设备也易于追踪和定位失窃的产品。

1.多重定义

目前已经出现了多种物联网的定义，且随着这些观点的实现和技术的发展，该术语也在发生变化。以下几种定义有部分重叠。

CASAGRAS是一个全球化的网络基础结构，它使用数据捕捉和通信功能把物理和虚拟物体链接起来。这个基础结构包括现有的和进化中的因特网以及网络发展。它将提供特殊的物体识别、传感器和连接能力，以此作为独立协作服务和应用的发展基础。因而CASAGRAS具有高度自治的数据捕捉、事件传输、网络连通与协同工作的特点。1.1CASAGRAS

SAP可看做是一个物理对象被无缝整合到信息网络的世界，在那里物理对象可以主动参与业务进程。SAP提供了可通过网络来与这些“智能物体”交互、查询和改变它们的状态以及与它们相关的任何信息的服务，并考虑了服务中的安全和私密问题。1.2SAP

EPoSS是由物/物体构成的一种网络。在其运行的智能空间中，这些物体具有身份和虚拟品质，它们通过智能接口与用户、社会和环境连接与通