大学英语作文的构建模式

大学英语作文的构建模式现代化的高楼大厦可以风格迥异，却也都是构建于最基本的建筑结构之上。英语写作也不例外，写好它，有一套常规整体构建模式。今天我们就奉献给大家一盘“丰盛的大餐”，花8分钟认真地读完它，你可能会提高2－3分，花15分钟仔细地研究一番，那么你的大作有可能一不小心就到了高分档啦！我们首先来分析段落结构模式。段落是由几个彼此衔接的句子组成的。根据这些句子的功能和作用，我们可将其分为：1．主题句（topicsentence）2．发展句（developingsentence）3．结论句（concludingsentence）一个段落只能有一个中心思想，代表这个中心思想的句子叫做主题句。英语的文章非常强调主题句，它通常位于段首。其他的句子必须紧紧围绕着主题句展开，对之加以阐明、补充、发挥、议论，或提供细节。这些为主题句服务的句子叫作发展句。有时，主题句也可先在段首一提，最后又在段末重述一遍，使段落中心思想占段落首尾两个显著位置。对于这样的段末句，我们称之为结论句。一个段落(尤其是作文的中间段/发展段)的结构可以图示如下。例如：Eversinceearlythiscentury，electricityhasbecomeanessentialpartofourmodernlife．Firstofall，withthedevelopmentofmodernindustry，industrialproductionneedsmoreandmoreelectricity．Next，thedevelopmentofmodernagriculturealsoreliesonelectricity．Lastbutnotleast，ourdailylifehasmuchtodowithit．Inaword，itcanbesaidthatinmodernsocietymancannotexistwithoutelectricity．如果我们把这段例文按上图进行分解，其结构便一目了然：下面我们开始分析英语作文宏观结构：英语写作一般包括一个开头段、一至两个扩展段（中间段或发展段）和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。开头段开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。开头段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。【写作要点】写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题:开头偏离主题太远；2)使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；3)内容不具体，言之无物；4)使用不言自明的陈述。【方法例释】写作文时，好多考生也是觉得开头难，其实，写开头段有多种表达方法，如主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法，等等，下面分别讲解开头的几种展开方法:主题句法：开篇点明主题，用主题句，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例如：Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceofacquiringamasteryofaforeignlanguage.Tothem,theknowledgeofaforeignlanguage,say,English,oftenmeansagoodopportunityforone’scareer,evenapassporttoaprosperousfuture.Manyofthemequatesuccessinlifewiththeabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguage.2.提问法：提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。例如：Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money?Promotions?Interestingchallenges?Continuallearning?Work？basedfriendships?Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials?Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidesmorethanmaterialthings.3.引语法：使用引语(useaquotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。例如：“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.4.数据法：使用具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。例如：Inthepast5years,therehasbeenamarkeddeclineinthenumberofyoungmarriedcoupleswhowanttohavechildren,coupledwithagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearing.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,in2003,about28percentofmarriedcoupleswithwivesunder35gavenobirthtochildren,comparedwiththe1993levelof8percent.5.背景法：给出背景，描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等.例如：OnceinanewspaperIreadofacrowdofpeoplewhoremainedappallinglyindifferenttothepleaofamother.Asshefailedtooffertherequiredamountofcashasapricetosaveherdrowningson,thewomanatlastwatchedhersonsinktodeath.ThestoryisnotrareinnewspapersandonTV,andthecasualnessanddetachmentourpeoplenowhavedevelopedhasarousednationwideconcern.6.定义法：针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。例如：Flexibilityisdefinedasbeingadaptabletochange.Inthecourseofyourlifetime,itisessentialthatyoulearntobendandflexaroundeverynewcircumstance,asrigiditydeprivesyouoftheopportunitytoseenewpossibilities.Paradigmschangeovertime,andsomustyou.Yourcompanymayrestructure,andyouwillhavetosurvive.Yourspousemaychoosetoleavethemarriage,andyouwillhavetocope.Technologywillcontinuetoadvanceandchange,andyoumustconstantlylearnandadaptorriskbecomingadinosaur.Flexibilityallowsyoutobereadyforwhatevercurveliesaheadinlifeinsteadofgettingblindsidedbyit.【他山之石】开头段常用核心句型开头段的常用核心句型，选一选适合你自己的“武器”：1)Thearguermayberightabout...,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat....2)Contrarytogenerallyacceptedviews,Iarguethat....3)Thereisanelementoftruthinthisargument,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat....4)Itistruethat...,butthisisnottosaythat....5)Themain/obviousproblemwiththisargumentisthatitisblindtothebasicfactthat....6)Itwouldbenatural/reasonabletothinkthat...,butitwouldbeabsurdtoclaimthat....7)Inallthediscussionanddebateover...,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked/neglected.8)Thereisabsolutelynoreasonforustobelievethat....9)Toassumethat...isfarfrombeingproved.10)Acloseinspectionofthisargumentwouldrevealhowflimsy(groundless)itis.11)Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),itmayseemanattractiveidea,butonsecondthought,wefindthat....12)Toomuchemphasisplacedon...mayobscureotherfacts....13)Theproblem/factisthat....14)Howeverlogicalthisargumentmaybe,itonlyskimsthesurfaceoftheproblem.15)AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethat....16)AlthoughIappreciatethat...,Icannotagreewith....17)Thosewhoobjectto...arguethat....Butpeoplewhofavor...,ontheotherhand,arguethat....18)Currently,thereisageneralconcernover....19)Nowitiswidelyacknowledgedthat....ButIwonderwhether....20)Thesedaysweoftenhearabout...,butisthisreallythecase?二、中间段/发展段/扩展段中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段的篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。【写作要点】中间段的具体写作要点如下：1)所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力；2)段落中一定具备主题句；3)段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节；4)内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；5)段落之间连贯自然；6)段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当；7)词与句型运用合理并且有变化。【方法例释】段落展开的基本方法很多，这里简要介绍三种中间段中常用的展开方法：列举法、因果法、例证法。1.列举法：用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章层次分明，眉清目秀，阅卷老师在疲惫不堪的状态下，看到这样的文章，往往会有种在清澈的小溪边小憩片刻的感觉，手一抬，分就高。下面这篇例文写的是“健身的几种方法”，脉络一目了然。例文如下：Thereareanumberofwaysforustokeepfit.First,nomatterhowbusyweare,weshouldhaveexerciseeverydaytostrengthenourmuscles.Second,itisimportanttokeepgoodhours.Forexample,ifweareinthehabitofgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly,wecanavoidoverworkingourselvesandgetenoughsleep.Finally,entertainmentisalsonecessarysothatwemayhavesomemomentsofrelaxation.Ifwefollowthoseinstructions,wewillcertainlybeingoodhealth.2.因果法：说明原因，论述事理。下面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”，第一段提出问题“为什么受欢迎呢？”接下来在说原因时，用到了上面的列举法，只不过不是“first,second,finally”而是“first,then,besidesthat”，让人感觉不落俗套。例文如下：ThehamburgeristhemostpopularfooditemintheUnitedStates.EveryyearAmericansconsumebillionsofthem.Theyaresoldinexpensiverestaurantsandinhumblediners.Theyarecookedathomeonthekitchenstoveoroverabarbecuegrillinthebackyard.Whyaretheysopopular?First,ahamburgerisextremelyeasytoprepare.Itisnothingmorethanapieceofgroundbeef,cookedforafewminutes.Thenitisplacedinaslicedbun.Nothingcouldbesimpler.Evenanunskilledcookcanturnouthundredsoftheminanhour.Besidesthat,thesimplehamburgercanbevariedinmanyways.Youcanmeltsomecheeseontopofthebeeftocreateacheeseburger.3.例证法：举具体的事例来证明观点，这是议论文最常用的方法，尽量找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点，给人说服力。请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的是拳击运动的例子。例文如下：Thesaying“Nopains,nogains”isuniversallyacceptedbecauseoftheplainyetphilosophicalmoralteaches:ifonewantstoachievesomething,hehastoworkandtoleratemorethanothers.Thesayingistrueofanypursuitmanseeks.Acaseinpointisboxing.Whileweheapcheersonthewinner,fewhappentoimaginethathisgoldbeltiswonatthecostofhissweat,tears,blood,evenlifeoveryearsbeforethearrivalofthatexcitingmoment.【他山之石】中间段常用核心句型中间段的常用核心句型，同样是20句！1)Thechangein...mainlyresultsfrom....2)Theincreasein...isduetothefactthat....3)Manypeoplewouldclaimthat....4)Oneofthereasonsgivenfor...isthat....Whatisalsoworthnoticingisthat....5)Thereareavarietyofreasonsforthisdramaticgrowthin....First,...Second,...Finally,...6)Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthat....7)Whyare(is/do/did)...?Foronething,....Foranother,....8)Therearenumerousreasonswhy...,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantones.9)Itwillexertremarkableeffecton....10)Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor(contributeto)thechangein....11)Withthedevelopmentof...,vastchangesawaitsthiscountry’ssociety.12)Historyisfilledwiththeexamplesof....13)Thestoryisnotrare(isolated/unique),itisoneofmanyexamples.14)Asisshowninthetablereleasedbythegovernment,itcanbelearnedthat....15)Thereis(no)goodevidenceto....16)Wemustadmittheundeniablefactthat....17)Noonecandeny(brushaside)thefactthat....18)Experience(Evidence)suggeststhat....19)Thesameistrueof....20)Asthesayinggoes,“....”三、结尾段【方法例释】结尾段要干脆利落，深化主题。结尾段的写作方法很多，常用的有如下四种：1.总结归纳：简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。例如：Inconclusion,Iwouldliketosaythatchangeisaproblemconfrontingmostofustoday.Thechangeswhichhavealreadytakenplaceineveryfieldofourlifeareirreversible.Continuationofthegrowthwhichhasalreadybegunisinevitable.Duringthisevolutiontherearegreatrewardstobewon？bythosewhoarewillingtotaketheopportunitiesbeingoffered.重申主题：再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。例如：Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman？senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.预测展望：立足当前，放眼未来。例如：Itistimethatthegovernmentshouldspeakoutagainstcorruptionandtakestrongactiontopunishwhoevertakesbribesorembezzlesfund.Forpresentofficialcorruption,ifpermittedtocontinue,willnotonlytarnishthegovernment？spopularity,butleadtoitsultimatedownfall.提出建议：提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。例如：Collegeathleticsplayssuchavitalrolethatitdeservescloseattentionandpersistenteffort.Itissuggestedthatphysicaltrainingshouldberegardedasarequiredcoursewedgedintocollegecurricula,howevercrowdeditmaybe,andthatafairshareofcollegebudgetshouldbedevotedtoathleticprograms.Wesincerelyhopethatthissuggestionwillbeacommitmentthatallcollegesanduniversitieswilltakeup.【他山之石】开了个好头，结尾也要漂漂亮亮。下面是结尾段的常用核心句型，总共归纳精选了20句。1)Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors,wemayreachtheconclusionthat....2)Judgingfromallevidenceoffered，wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat3)Itishightimethatweplacegreatemphasisontheimprovementof....4)Itishightimethatweputanendtotheunhealthysituation(tendency/phenomenon)of....5)Thereisnoeasysolutiontotheproblemof...,but...migh