高三英语教学导学案之如何写好一篇英语作文

高三英语教学导学案之如何写好一篇英语作文HowtowriteagoodEnglishcomposition主备人：彭学宏2009-4-2Teachingaimsanddemands:ShowthestudentshowtowriteagoodEnglishcomposition.①Analyzethesubject ②Arrangethematerials③Organizethelanguage ④Adoptpowerfulwordsandphrases⑤Usingcomplicatedpatternsandstructures ⑥WritecarefullyandbeautifullyⅠ.题例展示我们都知道高中生的学习是非常紧张的。那么对于他们来说周末是否应该上课呢？最近你校学生、家长展开讨论，各抒己见，有的赞成，有的反对。你对此有何看法？请根据下表内容写一篇英语短文，40%赞成60%反对你的看法学生需要充足的时间准备高考。很多家长认为应该对孩子的将来负责。学生没有自控能力。学生需要素质教育，而不是高分低能。学生可以发展自己的兴趣和爱好。学生应注意学习方法，提高学习效率。┅┅写作框架主题开头已给出内容要点1.40%thinkitgood(1)enoughtimetostudy(2)parents,responsiblefor,children’s’future(3)lackself-control2.60%thinkitnotuseful(1)needqualityeducation,notgoodscoresbutlowquality(2)developindividualinterests(3)improvestudyefficiency,useefficientmethod看法或建议1.restandstudyarebothimportant2.notonlystudy,butalsotakepartinsocialactivities(主题)Recently,ourschoolhasheldadiscussionaboutwhetherseniorstudentsshouldhaveclassesonweekends.Therearedifferentopinionsaboutit.(内容要点)Fortypercentofthemthinkitgoodforthem.(理由)First,asseniorstudents,theymusthaveenoughtimetopreparefortheCollegeEntranceExamination,whichisofgreatimportanceforeveryone.Second,manyparentsthinktheyshouldberesponsiblefortheirchildren’sfuture.Lastbutnotleast,someofthestudentslackself-control.Incontrast,theothersthinkitisnotuseful.(理由)Withthedevelopmentofeducation,weneedqualityeducation,insteadofgoodscoresbutlowqualities.Besides,atwo-dayweekenddivesstudentsmoretimetogooutdoors,wheretheycanrelaxanddevelopindividualinterests.What’smore,timelimitonstudyrequiresstudentstoimprovestudyefficiencybyusingeffectivemethods.(观点看法)AsfarasIamconcerned,studyandrestarebothimportantforstudents.Weshouldnotonlymakeuseofeveryminutetostudy,butalsodevelopoursocialactivities.Ⅱ.总体介绍指导高考英语作文中，议论文是常见的考察体裁。审题时，首先要明确议论的主题是什么，然后列举现象，最发表观点或看法（论点、论证、论据）。要注意主题一定要明确，内容要点一定要全面，观点一定要明朗。1.审题：把握中心与范围，确定文章体裁，找出文章主题。尤其是开放性文章，作文是很少给出首句，必须把握好主题。如：2006年山东高考的有关公民道德的一道漫画题，开头就引入主体：Hereisacartoonaboutcivicvirtue.2008年山东高考一道有关新来的学生李明一时无法融入新的班集体话题的书信作文，开头是：Iknowyouarenowhavingtroublecommunicatingwithothers,andyoumayoftenfeellonely.2.列提纲：即将试题要求的要点或开放性作文中能想到的要点列成提纲，以防遗漏。3.扩展成文：将所列内容按下列要求组成文章。（1）选用正确的时态，如所展示的文章主题是现在时。（2）尽量选用常用词汇、短语及句型，句子表达要正确。（3）要注意以下原则：①主题句原则：文章一定有一个主题句，放在文章的开头或结尾，让读者一目了然。That’sbecauseyouarenewhereandpeopledon’tknowaboutyou.ButIthinkyoucanmakeitifonlyyoucanfollowtheadvicebelow.②条理性原则：段落分明，形如流水，结构严谨，条理自然。如反问展示的作文分成了四段，每段有主题，句句有衔接。我们可以参照下列词串来进行结构条理的整合。A.Tobeginwith….Then….Furthermore….Finally…B.Tostartwith…Next…Inaddition…Finally…C.Mostimportantofall…Moreover…Finally…D.Ontheonehand…Ontheotherhand…（适用于两点的列举）E.Foronething…Foranother…现在很少用下列较俗的说法A.First…Second…LastB.Firstly…Secondly…Thirdly…Finally…C.Thefirst…Thesecond…Thethird…Thelast…D.Inthefirstplace…InthesecondPlace…inthethirdplace…Lastly…③上下文衔接原则：句与句不是孤立的，而是先互联系，相互作用的，这是我们需要一些连接词作为纽带将它们串连起来，形成一个有理有据的整体。常用的起连接作用的表达方法有：1)．平行、对等或选择关系：and,both…and,aswellas,neither...nor,also,notonly…butalso2)．时间、顺序关系：before,after,then,afterwards,atlast,intheend,next,finally,eventually,inthemeantime/meanwhile,first/second…last,foronething…foranotherthing,3)．因果关系：therefore，so,thus，asaresult,owingto,dueto,thanksto,onaccountof4)．转折关系：but,yet，however，nevertheless,inspiteof,although,otherwise,while5)．解释与说明的关系：forexample,forinstance,namely,actually,thatistosay,inotherwords,andsoon,totellyouthetruth,accordingto6)．递进关系：besides，inaddition,and,whatismore,infact,asamatteroffact,furthermore,moreover7)．概括关系：inshort，inaword，allinall,inbrief,ingeneral,onthewhole,asaresult,asfarasIknow,asyouknow8)．推断关系：else,orelse,then,otherwise,inthatcase9)．强调关系：aboveall,afterall,mostimportantofall,tomakethingsworse,worsestill,whatis(was)worse,evenso,inanycase，anyhow,still10)．比较对比关系：：onthecontrary,insteadof,ononehand...,ontheotherhand,justlike,unlike④多变句式原则：尽量使用定语从句，名词性从句，装语从句，强调句式，倒装句，非谓语动词等高级句式。1)Itisthepressureofexaminationthatdeprivesthesestudentsofnoonrest,Ithink.(强调句式)2)Onlyifwehaveenoughrestatnooncanweraiseourspiritsup.(倒装句)3)Withthesunshiningbrightlyandthebirdssingingsweetly,Iwenttoschoolinhighspirits.(with结构)4)A.Somechildrenevenbegintoshowtheirhatredtowardsthis,makingtheirparentsfeeldoubtful.B.Consideringtheirchildren’sfuture,parentshavetoforcetheirchildrentotakepartinpart-timeclass,eventhoughtheirchildrenarereluctant.(非谓语动词)5)Severalreasonsshouldbetakenintoconsideration.(被动句)6)Asweallknow,moreandmoreparentsforcetheirchildrentoattendclasseswhichtheirchildrendon’tgoinfor.(定语从句)7)Whatweshoulddoistoimproveourpassionandefficiencytoadjustourselvestostudy.(名词性从句)8)Theweatherbeingfine,alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbthemountain.(独立主格结构)9)A.Indeed,themorebrilliantthemanis,themoreopportunityhewillhave.B.Resolvingthewaterismoreandmoreimportant.(比较级的特殊结构)10)A.Heisalwaysshallourhappinessaswellasoursadness(适当的短语结构)B.Withhishelp,wecangetnotonlyknowledge,butalsoamoderatewayoflearn.⑤高级词汇原则：1)Everyonewhogottothesummitgetagoodviewofthesunrise.→Everyonewhogottothesummitwasrewardedagoodviewofthesunrise.2)Greenhouseeffectcausesthesespeciestodieout.→Greenhouseeffectcontributestotheextinctionofthesespecies.3)Oneofthereasonisthattheyarelackingoodteachers.→qualifiedteachers.另外，在写作时，能用短语表达就不用单词表达，即使文章增加两点，又可以凑字数。如present→standfor,realize→beawareof,replace→taketheplaceof,bear→putupwith,want→beinneedof。Ⅲ.检查修改(1)要点是否有遗漏；（2）时态是否正确，与态是否恰当；（3）拼写是否有错误；（4）大小写、标点符号是否清楚、准确，不能像WemustlearnEnglishwell.Becauseitisaninternationalworkinglanguage.（5）最重要的是，句子的表达是否准确无误；不要写出汉语式的英语。如：Therearemoreandmorepeoplebuycars,andmoreaccidentsarehappenedontheroad./Idon’tknowusingwhatmethodtostudyEnglishwell.（6）文章是否连贯；（7）字数是否符合要求（120-150）。Ⅳ.书写要工整：一篇好的文章要想得高分，离不开自己工整，卷面整洁。英语写作六要：身体要准确；要点要全面；句子要正确；行文要连贯；字数要达标；卷面要整洁。写作的目标：一般（18-21分），良好（22-25分）优秀（26-29分）Ⅴ.实际演练：1.一个背着孩子的贫穷的母亲，在专心致志地给另一个富有的男孩擦皮鞋。社会上还有贫富的差别，这是不争的事实；目前也还无法立即改变。这张照片的现实意义，并不在于它揭示了社会上有贫富的区别，小男孩母亲的这种做法对他以后的成长会有什么样的影响？请根据图片展示的现象，谈谈你的看法。（120-150）下面是为竞争力的草稿，请你根据对英语写作的认识，对下列短文进行整合。Inthepicture,awomanispolishingtheshoesforalittleboy.Herbabywassleepingonherback.Shehastoworktomakealiving.Thisisacommonsightaroundus.Somewealthypeoplecanenjoythepleasureoflife.Somepeoplecannotmakeendsmeet.Thepleasuretheboyenjoyswillhaveabadeffectonhim.Theyarerich,butparentsshouldnotencouragetheirchildrento“buy”suchkindofpleasure.Childrenshouldbetaughttogetpleasurefromtheirownwork.Theyshouldformthegoodhabitofdoingeverythingtheycan.Theyshouldshowloveandconsiderationforothers.Onlyinthiswaycantheyknowthevalueoflabor.Inthisway,theywillworkhardattheirlessonsandlearntooperatewithothers,andtheywillbecomesuccessfulinthefuture.整合后的作文。(150words)Thepictureshowsusalittleboyhavinghisshoespolishedbyawomanwithherbabysleepingonherback.Obviously,shehastodosotomakealiving.Thisisacommonsightaroundus.Somewealthypeoplecanenjoythepleasureoflifewhilesomecannotmakeendsmeet.Inmyopinion,thepleasuretheboyenjoyswillhaveabadeffectonhim.Richastheyare,parentsshouldnotencouragetheirchildrento“buy”suchkindofpleasure.Instead,childrenshouldbetaughttogetpleasurefromtheirownworkandformthegoodhabitofdoingwhatevertheycanthemselves.What’smore,theyshouldshowloveandconsiderationforothers.Onlyinthiswaycantheyknowthevalueoflabor.Inthisway,theywillworkhardattheirlessonsandlearntooperatewithothersandbecomesuccessfulinthefuture.2.借鉴范文展示，写一篇文章。现在很多家庭都有电脑，但对电脑在教育孩子方面的影响却褒贬不一。根据下表内容，以此为话题，写一篇英语短文并阐述自己的观点。70%赞成的理由30%反对的理由你的看法电脑虽然昂贵，但他可以辅导孩子学习，又可以开拓孩子事业，这个投资很有必要。大多数孩子只是利用电脑来玩游戏，不但起不到辅助作用，还因沉迷于游戏而耽误了学习。┅┅______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅵ.课后作业：1小时地球都发生了些什么：3个物种灭绝；12140580平方米森林消失；660顷沙漠化。这都是温室效应导致的地球变暖所带来的后果。2009年3月28日晚8点半到9点半，全球80多个国家和地区3000多个城市将响应“地球一小时”(全球关灯一小时)活动。结合实际，谈谈你的认识与看法。（120-150）开头已给出，不计入总词数。OnSaturday,March28,2009from8:30pm–9:30pmlocaltime,EarthHourisbeingtakentothenextlevelwithagoalof1billionpeopleinover3000citiesinmorethan80countriesswitchingofftheirlights.TurnoffyourlightforanhourOnSaturday,March28,2009from8:30pmto9:30pmlocaltime,EarthHourisbeingtakentothenextlevelwithagoalof1billionpeopleinover3000citiesinmorethan80countriesswitchingofftheirlights.Ashasbeenreported,injustanhour,3speciesontheearthdieout,12140580squaremetersofforestsdisappearand660qinglandbecomesdesert,allofwhich,surprisingly,resultfromglobalwarmingcausedbygreenhouseeffect.Lightsgiveoutheat,soIamstronglyfortakingEarthHour,which,inmyopinion,willbringusgreatbenefits.First,EarthHour,iftakenregularly,willsaveusmanynaturalresourcesburnttoproduceelectricity,andaboveall,reducetheemissionofgreenhousegas.Second,takingEarthHourregularly,cansaveusalotofmoney,whichcanbeusedtodomanyothermeaningfulthings,suchascontrollingenvironmentpollutionandhelpingthepoortomakepeopleliveinpeaceandharmony.IhopemoreandmorepeoplewillbecomeawareofthesignificanceofEarthHourandparticipateinthemovementstomakecontributiontoourearth.(150words)英语常用句型转换1．名词+定语从句→名词+单词或短语作定语Ihavesomethingthatisimportanttotellyou.→Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.我有些重要的事情要告诉你。ThemanwhoisstandingthereisourEnglishteacher.→ThemanstandingthereisourEnglishteacher.站在那边的人是我们的英语老师。IknowthestudentwhoiscalledTom．→IknowthestudentcalledTom.我知道那个叫汤姆的学生。Thebuildingwhichistobebuiltwillbeahospital．→Thebuildingtobebuiltwillbeahospital.要建造的那座楼房是一所医院。注意：非谓语动词作定语时，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作，过去分词作定语表示被动。且多表示己经发生的动作。2.Itis＋表语+that引导的主语从句→Itis＋表语＋(forsb.)todosth.ItisimportantthatweshouldlearnEnglishwell．→ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishwell.我们学好英语是重要的。ItisagoodideathatwewillvisittheGreatWall.→ItisagoodideatovisittheGreatWall去参观长城是个好主意。3.1tseems/happensthat+sb..→Sb.seems/happenstodosth.Itseemsthatthemanhaslostsomething．→Themanseemstohavelostsomething.那人似乎丢了什么东西。ItseemsthatthebookwillbetranslatedintoChinese.→ThebookseemstobetranslatedintoChinese.好象这本书将要译成中文。Ithappenedthathewaslearningthenewwordsbyheart.→Hehappenedtobelearningthenewwordsbyheart.碰巧他正在记单词。注意：不定式tohavedong表示己经发生的动作，tobedoing表示正在进行的动作，todo表示将要发生或正在进行的动作。4.宾语,+宾语补足语→宾语从句Iprovedhimtobewrong.→Iprovedthathewaswrong.我证明他有错。Ithoughthimtobeagoodteacher.→Ithoughtthathewasagoodteacher.我认为他是个好老师。Ifeelitnousestayinguptoolatetolearn．→Ifeelthatitisnousestayinguptoolatetolearn.我感到熬夜学习没有用。5.Sth.is＋形容词＋todo→Itis＋形容词＋todosth.Thepathsweredifficulttowalkon．→Itwasdifficulttowalkonthepath.在小路上行走非常困难。Thistypeofmusicisverygoodmusictodanceto.→Itisverygoodtodancetothistypeofmusic.这是一首伴舞的好曲子。Theiceisverydangeroustoskateon．→Itisverydangeroustoskateontheice.溜冰是很危险的。6．主语+be+表语从句→主语+be+how/when/where/why/whethertodosth.MysuggestionisthatIshouldgoatonce.→Mysuggestionistogoatonce.我的建议是立刻出发。Myquestioniswhenwewillholdthisimportantmeeting.→Myquestioniswhentoholdthisimportantmeeting.我的问题是什么时候召开这次重要的会议。MyquestioniswhetherIwouldgoornot.→Myquestioniswhethertogoornot.我的问题是我是否去。注意：若表语从句由that引导，转换为不定式时，that去掉。另外，由于转换为不定式作表语时，其逻辑主语没有出现，故该句型的转换必须在不会让人误解的前提下进行。7．谓语动词＋作目的状语的todosth.→由and连接的一两个并列谓语Hestoppedtolisten.→Hestoppedandlistened.他停下来，听了听。Thelittlegirlcametotakesomefood.→Thelittlegirlcameandtooksomefood.那小姑娘进来拿了点吃的。8.too十形容词或副词＋todosth.→not+形容词或副词的反义词+enoughtodosth./so+形容词或副词+that...can'tdosth.．Heistooyoungtogotoschool.→Heisnotoldenoughtogotoschool．→Heissoyoungthathecantgotoschool.他太小，不能上学。Herantooslowlytocatchupwiththem．→Hedidn'trunfastenoughtocatchupwiththem.→Heransoslowlythathecouldn'tcatchupwiththem.他跑得太慢，赶不上他们。9.sothat/inorderthat引导的目的状语从句→soasto/inordertodosth.Hegotupearlysothat/inorderthathecouldcatchtheearlybus.→Hegotupearlysoasto/inordertocatchtheearlybus.他起得很早，为的是赶上头班汽车．Iraisedmyvoicesothat/inorderthateverybodycouldhearmeclearly.→Iraisedmyvoicesoas/inorderforeverybodytohearmeclearly.我提高了嗓门，为了使每个人都能清楚地听到．10.宾语从句一特殊疑问句十todosthIdon’tknowwhatIshoulddo.→Idon’tknowwhattodo.我不知道该做什么。Hedoesn’tknowwhichheshouldchoose.→Hedoesn’tknowwhichtochoose.他不知道该选哪一个。Theboyhasrememberedwhenhewillgotoschool.→Theboyhasrememberedwhentogotoschool.那男孩已经记住什么时候该上学。注意：这两个句型转换的前提是，宾语从句中的主语要与主句的主语一致。11．分词做状语→状语从句1)分词在句中可以作时间状语．这时它们可以与时间状语从句互换使用。例如：Seenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.→Whenitisseenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.从太空上看地球是蓝色的。Whenaskedabouthislastjob,hesaidthathehadbeenateacher,→Whenhewasaskedabouthislastjob,hesaidthathehadbeenateacher.有人问他最近的职业时，他说是个教师。Hearinghissteps,IturnedoffTVquickly.→When/AssoonasIhearinghissteps,IturnedoffTVquickly.听见他的脚步声，我赶紧把电视关了。2)分词在句中可以作原因状语．这时它们可以与原因状语从句互换雀妙月．例如．Disturbedbythenoise,wehadtofinishthemeetingearly.→Becauseweweredisturbedbythenoise,wehadtofinishthemeetingearly.由于我们受到噪音的干扰，我们不得不终止会议．Takenbysurprise,theenemysoldierssurrendered.→Becausetheyweretakenby,surprise,theenemysoldierssurrendered.敌军遭到突然袭击，举手投降。Beingateacher,Imustbestrictwithmystudents.→As/BecauseIamateacher,Imustbestrictwithmystudents.由于我是一名教师，我必须对学生严格要求。3)分词在句中可以作条件状语，这时它们可以与条件状语从句互换使用。例如：Bittenbyasnake,youshouldsendforhelpandnotwalk.→Ifyouarebittenbyasnake,youshouldsendfordoctorandnotwalk.如果你被蛇咬了，你应寻求帮助，而不能到处走动。Givenmoretime,hewouldcertainlyhavedonemuchbetter.→Ifshehadbeengivenmoretime,shewouldcertainlyhavedonemuchbetter.如果有更多的时间，她一定会干得更好些。4)分词主句中可以作让步状语．这时它们可以与让步状语从句互换使用．例如：Thoughwarnednottosmoke,heissillaheavysmoker.→Thoughheiswarnednottosmoke,heisstillaheavysmoker.虽然有人提醒他不要抽烟，但他仍然是个瘾君子。Thoughthinkingofthedanger,hestillwentonwithhiswork.→Thoughhethoughtofthedanger,hestillwentonwithhiswork虽然想到了危险．可是他仍继续工作。注意：分词在句中可以作伴随状语．这时它们可以变为and＋并列谓语Hecontinuedtowalkupanddown,lostinthought.→Hecontinuedtowalkupanddownandwaslostinthought.他继续来回走动着，沉思着。Isatuntileleven,absorbedinabook.→Isatuntilelevenandwasabsorbedinabook.我一直坐到11点多，全神贯注地读书。Followingtheteacher,thestudentswentintothelab.→Thestud