Respecting free,prior and informed consent-此为英文文档

FoodandAgricultureorganizationofthe

unitedNations

3

GOVERNANCEOFTENURE

TECHNICALGUIDE

Respectingfree,prior

andinformedconsent

Practicalguidanceforgovernments,companies,NGOs,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesinrelationtolandacquisition

TheFAOGovernanceofTenureTechnicalGuidesarepartofFAO’sinitiativetohelpdevelopcapacitiestoimprovetenuregovernanceandtherebyassistcountriesinapplyingtheVoluntaryGuidelinesontheResponsibleGovernanceofTenureofLand,FisheriesandForestsintheContextofNationalFoodSecurity.TheFAOGovernanceofTenureTechnicalGuidesarepreparedbytechnicalspecialistsandcanbeusedbyarangeofactors.They:

•translateprinciplesoftheGuidelinesintopracticalmechanisms,processesandactions;

•giveexamplesofgoodpractice–whathasworked,where,whyandhow;

•provideusefultoolsforactivitiessuchasthedesignofpolicyandreformprocesses,forthedesignofinvestmentprojectsandforguidinginterventions.

FormoreinformationontheGuidelinesandFAO’sactivitiesongovernanceoftenurevisit:/nr/tenure

Rome,2014

GOVERNANCEOFTENURETECHNICALGUIDENo.3

Respecting

free,priorand

informedconsent

Practicalguidanceforgovernments,companies,NGOs,indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesinrelationtolandacquisition

FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS

ThispublicationisintendedtosupporttheuseoftheVoluntaryGuidelinesontheResponsibleGovernanceofTenureofLand,FisheriesandForestsintheContextofNationalFoodSecurity.ItisnotintendedtocontradictthelanguageoftheGuide-linesasendorsedbytheCommitteeonWorldFoodSecurityon11May2012northeroleofstatesintheirimplementation.

ThispublicationhasbeendevelopedwiththefinancialassistanceoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),andtheInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment(IFAD)andproducedwiththefinancialassistancefromtheEuropeanUnion(EU).TheviewsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialpoliciesorviewsofFAO,IFADortheEU.

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)concerningthelegalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,doesnotimplythatthesehavebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.

Theviewsexpressedinthisinformationproductarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpoliciesofFAO.

ISBN978-92-5-108000-9(print)E-ISBN978-92-5-108001-6(PDF)©FAO,2014

FAOencouragestheuse,reproductionanddisseminationofmaterialinthisinformationproduct.Exceptwhereotherwiseindicated,materialmaybecopied,downloadedandprintedforprivatestudy,researchandteachingpurposes,orforuseinnon-commercialproductsorservices,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementofFAOasthesourceandcopyrightholderisgivenandthatFAO’sendorsementofusers’views,productsorservicesisnotimpliedinanyway.

Allrequestsfortranslationandadaptationrights,andforresaleandothercommercialuserightsshouldbemadevia/contact-us/licence-requestoraddressedtocopyright@.

FAOinformationproductsareavailableontheFAOwebsite(/publications)andcanbepurchasedthroughpublications-sales@.

III

Acknowledgements

ThistechnicalguidehasbeenpreparedunderthedirectionofFrancescaRomanoincollaborationwithateamfromtheForestPeoplesProgrammeandSamuelNguiffooftheCentrepourl’EnvironnementetleDéveloppement(CED)inCameroon.TheguidewaswrittenbyMarcusColchesterandSophieChao,withcontributionsfromparticipantsinthedraftingworkshop:MesseVenant,AliKaba,AlfredBrownell,FrancisCollee,Jean-MarieMuanda,NormanJiwan,TangMenKon,ArunVenkatarman,AlexandraBooth,FrédéricParfaitHarold,NinaKoubahangoue,HenriMuyembeNgasili,Hon.DrWalterWisner,Hon.DrBrahimaKaba,Jean-MarieVianneyBendegue,PhilippeKarpe,JosephBisso,Jean-GuyMotto-MalloandAlainBernardAtanganaTabi.

Thisworkcouldnothavebeenrealizedwithouttheclosecollaborationofmanyothers;inparticular,attheForestPeoplesProgramme,TomLomax,EmmanuelFreudenthal,StéphanieVig,JohnNelson,JustinKenrick,ValérieCouillardandFergusMacKeyand,atCED,SamuelNguiffoandPaulineEbelleBessoka.

Thispublicationwaspeer-reviewedbyPaoloGroppo,MargretVidar,TheaHilhorst,ChristopherTanner,LorenzoCotula,LauraGerman,AntonellaCordone,JoannaAthlin,AlexandreGhelewandtheGermanWorkingGrouponLandhostedbytheGermanAgencyforInternationalCooperation(GIZ).ItwaseditedbyAnnaBarnettandlaidoutbyLucaFeliziani.

FAOwouldliketothanktheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights(OHCHR)andtheSpecialRapporteurontheRightsofIndigenousPeoplesforcommentsandadviceprovidedduringthereviewphase.

TheresearchforanddraftingofthispublicationwasfundedbyFAOandtheInternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopment(IFAD),andtheprintingwasfundedbytheEuropeanUnionthroughtheImprovedGlobalGovernanceforHungerReductionProgramme.

IV

RESPECTINGFREE,PRIORANDINFORMEDCONSENT

Foreword

Tenureanditsgovernancearecrucialelementsindeterminingifandhowpeople,communitiesandothersareabletoacquirerightstouseandcontrollandandothernaturalresources.Responsiblegovernanceoftenurepromotessustainablesocialandeconomicdevelopmentthatcanhelperadicatepovertyandfoodinsecurityandencouragesresponsibleinvestments.ImprovinggovernanceoftenureistheobjectiveoftheVoluntaryGuidelinesontheResponsibleGovernanceofTenureofLand,FisheriesandForestsintheContextofNationalFoodSecurity(Guidelines),whichserveasareferenceandsetoutprinciplesandinternationallyacceptedstandardsforresponsiblepractices.

Weakgovernanceoflandandnaturalresources,coupledwithlackofsecuretenure,inthecontextofrisingglobalpopulations,increasinglivingstandards,risingcommodityprices,globaltradeandtheuseoffoodcropssuchasagro-fuels,areplacingheavypressureonfarmlandsandforests.Ill-regulatedlandacquisitionhasbecomeamajorproblemespeciallyinsub-SaharanAfricaandSoutheastAsia,posingthreatstofoodsecurity,locallivelihoodsandsustainablenaturalresourcemanagement,andtriggeringlandconflictsandhumanrightsabuse.Particularlyatriskaremarginalizedsocialgroups,includingindigenouspeoples,othercustomarylandowners,women,lower-castepeopleandethnicminorities.

Concernaboutthelong-termsocialandenvironmentalimplicationsofacceleratedlandacquisitionhasgrown,andinternationalhumanrightsandstandard-settingbodieshavebeguntoexploreandapplynewnormsandproceduresdesignedtohelpregulatethisprocess.Theaimisnottodiscourageinvestmentandpreventthedevelopmentofnewfarmlands,butrathertoensurethatsuchexpansionoccursinwaysthatrespectrights,securefavourableandsustainablelivelihoods,anddivertpressureawayfromareasthatarecrucialtolocallivelihoodsandhavehighconservationvalue.

TheGuidelinesstatethatresponsibleinvestmentsshoulddonoharm,safeguardagainstdispossessionoflegitimatetenurerightholdersandenvironmentaldamage,andshouldrespecthumanrights.

ThistechnicalguideonRespectingfree,priorandinformedconsent(FPIC)setsoutpracticalactionsforgovernmentagenciestorespectandprotectFPICandforcivilsocietyorganizations,landusersandprivateinvestorsgloballytocomplywiththeirresponsibilitiesinrelationtoFPIC,asendorsedbytheGuidelines.

MariaHelenaSemedo

DeputyDirector-General

CoordinatorNaturalResources

V

Contents

Acknowledgements III

Foreword IV

Introduction1

WhyyoumightneedthisPracticalGuide 3

Dutiesandresponsibilities 7

FromwhomshouldFPICbeobtained? 9

BenefitsofFPIC 10

Practicalguidance11

Layingthegroundforimplementation 13

Howprioris‘prior’? 16

Identifyingrights-holders 16

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 17

Ascertainingthelegalstatusoftheland 19

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 20

Mappingclaimstoandusesofland 22

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 22

Whattoconsider 24

Completingthemappingprocess 25

Identifyingdecision-makinginstitutionsandrepresentatives 25

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 26

Carryingoutiterativeconsultationsandinformation-sharing 28

Providingaccesstoindependentsourcesofinformationandadvice 33

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 33

Reachingagreementandmakingiteffective 34

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 34

Monitoringandverifyingagreements 35

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 36

Establishingagrievanceprocess 36

Providingaccesstoremedyandconflictresolution 37

Howshouldthisbeimplemented? 38

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RESPECTINGFREE,PRIORANDINFORMEDCONSENT

Annexes39

AnnexI:SuggestedstepsintheprocessofrespectingFPIC.....

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AnnexII:Usefulquestions...............

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Questionstoaskyourself:indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunities

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Questionstoaskyourself:companiesandinvestors......

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Questionstoaskyourself:governmentofficials........

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Questionstoaskyourself:NGOs,civilsocietyorganizations

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AnnexIII:Referencesandfurtherreading..........

Textboxes

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FPICandtheGuidelines 4

Elementsoffree,

priorandinformed

consent 5

TheIndigenousPeoples’RightsAct(IPRA)inthePhilippines 7

FPICisaboutresultsaswellasprocess 10

FactorsaffectingtimeandresourcesnecessarytorespectFPIC 14

Whatarecustomaryrights? 16

TheGuidelinesontheculturalvalueofland

andnaturalresources 18

TheGuidelinesonaccessibilityofinformationandnon-discrimination 28

TheGuidelinesonfoodandlivelihoodsecurity 31

Informedconsent 33

Tenureandshareholderoptions 34

Fundamentalsofeffectivenegotiation 35

TheGuidelinesongrievances,remedyandconflictresolution 36

Therighttoremedy 38

Introduction

3

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

WhyyoumightneedthisPracticalGuide

Large-scaleinvestmentsinlandarespreadingfasterthaneverbeforeacrosstheglobalsouth.Oftentheseinvestmentstargetlandsgovernedbycustomaryrightsthatarenotadequatelyrecognizedandprotectedundernationallaws,orsiteswheregovernmentslackthecapacitytoenforcethelaw.Landdealsthatchangetheuseoflandandnaturalresourceshavewideimplicationsforindigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitieswhodependprimarilyontheseresourcesfortheirlivelihoods,welfareandculturalidentity.Ill-regulatedlandacquisitionhasbecomeamajorproblem,especiallyinsub-SaharanAfricaandSoutheastAsia,whereitthreatensfoodsecurity,locallivelihoodsandsustainablenaturalresourcemanagement,andhastriggeredlandconflictsandhumanrightsabuse.Marginalizedsocialgroupsareparticularlyatrisk,includingindigenouspeoples,othercustomarylandowners,women,lower-castepeopleandethnicminorities.

InMay2012,theCommitteeonWordFoodSecurity(CFS)endorsedtheVoluntaryGuidelinesontheResponsibleGovernanceofTenureofLand,FisheriesandForestsintheContextofNationalFoodSecurity(hereafterreferredtoastheGuidelines).TheGuidelinesprovidepracticalguidancetostates,civilsocietyandtheprivatesectoronresponsiblegovernanceoftenureandconstituteaframeworkforpolicies,legislationandprogrammes.Inparticular,theGuidelinesencouragerespectforrights,goodgovernanceandequitableoutcomesthatsecurelocalpeople’slivelihoodsandpromotelong-termcommunity-baseddevelopment.

Thispaperisatechnicalguideonfree,priorandinformedconsent(FPIC).ItsetsoutpracticalactionsforgovernmentagenciestorespectandprotectFPICandforcivilsocietyorganizations,landusersandprivateinvestorsgloballytocomplywiththeirresponsibilitiesinrelationtoFPIC,asendorsedbytheGuidelinesinSection9.9.Theguidealsodescribeshowconsultationandparticipationcanbecarriedoutwiththoserights-holdersaffectedbyland-usechanges,inlinewithparagraph3B.6oftheGuidelines(see“FPICandtheGuidelines”).

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RESPECTINGFREE,PRIORANDINFORMEDCONSENT

FPIC andtheGuidelines

TheGuidelineslayoutresponsibilitiesinrelationtoFPICinthefollowingsections:

Source:FAO,2012.

3B.6Consultationandparticipation:engagingwithandseekingthesupportofthosewho,havinglegitimatetenurerights,couldbeaffectedbydecisions,priortodecisionsbeingtaken,andrespondingtotheircon-tributions;takingintoconsiderationexistingpowerimbalancesbetweendifferentpartiesandensuringactive,free,effective,meaningfulandinformedparticipationofindividualsandgroupsinassociateddeci-sion-makingprocesses.

9.9Statesandotherpartiesshouldholdgoodfaithconsultationwithindigenouspeoplesbeforeinitiatinganyprojectorbeforeadoptingandimplementinglegislativeoradministrativemeasuresaffectingthere-sourcesforwhichthecommunitieshold.Suchprojectsshouldbebasedonaneffectiveandmeaningfulconsultationwithindigenouspeoples,throughtheirownrepresentativeinstitutionsinordertoobtaintheirfree,priorandinformedconsentundertheUnitedNationsDeclarationofRightsofIndigenousPeo-plesandwithdueregardforparticularpositionsandunderstandingsofindividualStates.Consultationanddecision-makingprocessesshouldbeorganizedwithoutintimidationandbeconductedinaclimateoftrust.Theprinciplesofconsultationandparticipationassetoutinparagraph3B.6shouldbeappliedinthecaseofothercommunitiesdescribedinthissection.

12.7Inthecaseofindigenouspeoplesandtheircommunities,Statesshouldensurethatallactionsareconsist-entwiththeirexistingobligationsundernationalandinternationallaw,andwithdueregardtovoluntarycommitmentsunderapplicableregionalandinternationalinstruments,includingasappropriatefromtheInternationalLabourOrganizationConvention(No169)concerningIndigenousandTribalPeoplesinIndependentCountriesandtheUnitedNationsDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeoples.Statesandotherpartiesshouldholdgoodfaithconsultationwithindigenouspeoplesbeforeinitiatinganyin-vestmentprojectaffectingtheresourcesforwhichthecommunitiesholdrights.Suchprojectsshouldbebasedonaneffectiveandmeaningfulconsultationwithmembersofindigenouspeoplesasdescribedinparagraph9.9.TheprinciplesofconsultationandparticipationoftheseGuidelinesshouldbeappliedforinvestmentsthatusetheresourcesofothercommunities.

Whatisfree,priorandinformedconsent?

FPIChasemergedasaninternationalhumanrightsstandardthatderivesfromthecollectiverightsofindigenouspeoplestoself-determinationandtotheirlands,territoriesandotherproperties.Forthepurposesofthisguideitshouldbeconsideredasacollectiverightofindigenouspeoplestomakedecisionsthroughtheirownfreelychosenrepresentativesandcustomaryorotherinstitutionsandtogiveorwithholdtheirconsentpriortotheapprovalbygovernment,industryorotheroutsidepartyofanyprojectthatmayaffectthelands,territoriesandresourcesthattheycustomarilyown,occupyorotherwiseuse.

Itisthusnotastand-alonerightbutanexpressionofawidersetofhumanrightsprotectionsthatsecureindigenouspeoples’rightstocontroltheirlives,livelihoods,landsandotherrightsandfreedoms.FPIChasbeendescribedasastandardthatsupplementsandisameansofeffectuatingthesesubstantiverights.1Itthusneedstoberespectedalongsideotherrights,includingrightsrelatingtoself-governance,participation,

1ReportoftheSpecialRapporteurontherightsofindigenouspeoples,JamesAnaya.A/HRC/21/47(6July2012),atpara.51.Likewise,TheInter-AmericanCommissiononHumanRightsexplains,“Therequirementofconsentmustbeinterpretedasa

heightenedsafeguardfortherightsofindigenouspeoples,givenitsdirectconnectiontotherighttolife,toculturalidentity

andotheressentialhumanrights,inrelationtotheexecutionofdevelopmentorinvestmentplansthataffectthebasiccontentofsaidrights.Thedutytoobtainconsentresponds,therefore,toalogicofproportionalityinrelationtotherighttoindigenouspropertyandotherconnectedrights.”IndigenousandTribalPeoples’RightsovertheirAncestralLandsandNaturalResources,OEASer.L/V/II.Doc.56/09,30December2009,atpara.333.

5

INTRODUCTION

representation,culture,identity,propertyand,crucially,landsandterritories.Notonly

shouldFPICberespected,butinaddition,nomeasureshouldundermineindigenous

peoples’enjoymentofhumanrights,evenininstanceswheretheirFPIChasbeen

obtained.

TheUnitedNationsDeclarationontheRightsofIndigenousPeople(UNDRIP)makesclearthatstateshaveadutytoobtaintheFPICofindigenouspeoplesformeasures

Elementsoffree,priorandinformed

thatmayrequireremovalofindigenouspeoples(art.10)orthestorageofhazardousmaterialsonindigenouslands(art.29(2)).Furthermore,bearinginmindtheprinciple

consent

ofself-determinationandtheprovisionsoftheUNDRIPasawhole,statesshould

obtainconsentonmattersoffundamentalimportancefortherights,survival,dignity

Source:UNPFII,

2005;EMRIP,2011.

andwell-beingofindigenouspeoples.FPICshould

beappliedinconjunctionwithalldecisionsthatmayaffecttheirrights,andthisdutyisboundtothestate’sdutytorespectindigenouspeoples’widerrightstoberepresentedthroughtheirowninstitutions;toexercisecustomarylaw;totheownershipofthelands,territoriesandnaturalresourcesthattheytraditionallyown,occupyorotherwiseuse;toself-identification;tomanifesttheircultures;and,morefundamentally,toself-determination.

FPICalsorelatestoandincludestherighttoparticipationaswellasotherrightscontainedinlegallybindingdocuments,includingthefollowing:

•InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR)

•InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR)

•InternationalConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofRacialDiscrimination(ICERD)

•ConventionConcerningIndigenousandTribalPeoplesinIndependentCountries(ILOconvention169)

•AmericanConventiononHumanRights

•AfricanCharteronHumanandPeoples’Rights(ACHPR)

•ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD)

BoththeICCPRandICESCRprotectpeoples’righttoself-determination.WhiletheseuniversallybindinginstrumentsdonotexplicitlymentiontheprincipleofFPIC,theHumanRightsCommitteethatmonitorscompliancewiththeICCPRand

Freeimpliesnocoercion,intimidationormanipulation.

Priorimpliesconsentissoughtfarenoughinadvanceofanyauthorizationorcommencementofactivities,andthetimerequirementsofindigenousconsultationandconsensusprocessesarerespected.

Informedimpliesthatallinformationrelatingtotheactivityisprovidedtoindigenouspeoplesandthattheinformationisobjective,accurateandpresentedinamannerorformthatisunderstandabletoindigenouspeoples.Relevantinformationincludes:

1.thenature,size,pace,duration,reversibilityandscopeofanyproposedproject;

2.thereason(s)orpurposeoftheproject;

3.thelocationofareasthatwillbeaffected;

4.apreliminaryassessmentofthepossibleeconomic,social,culturalandenvironmentalimpacts,includingpotentialrisksandbenefits;

5.personnellikelytobeinvolvedintheimplementationoftheproject;

6.proceduresthattheprojectmayentail.

Consentimpliesthatindigenouspeopleshaveagreedtotheactivitythatisthesubjectoftheconsultation.Indigenouspeoplesalsohavetheprerogativetowithholdconsentortoofferitwithconditions.Consultationandparticipationarekeyelementsofaconsent-seekingprocess.Consultationmustbeundertakeningoodfaith,which,amongotherthings,requiresthatindigenousviewsareaccommodatedintheprocessorobjectivejustificationsareprovidedastowhysuchaccommodationisnotpossible.Thepartiesmustestablishadialogueallowingthemtoidentifyappropriateandworkablesolutionsinanatmosphereofmutualrespectandfullandequitableparticipation,withampletimetoreachdecisions.Indigenouspeoplesandlocalcommunitiesmustbeabletoparticipatethroughtheirownfreelychosenrepresentativesandcustomaryorotherinstitutions.Theparticipationofwomen,youthandchildrenispreferablewhereappropriate.

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RESPECTINGFREE,PRIORANDINFORMEDCONSENT

theCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightsthatmonitorscompliancewiththeICESCRhavefrequentlyinterpretedthesecovenantsasrequiringFPICasanexpressionofself-determination.2TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationthatmonitorscompliancewiththeICERDhasalsobeenvocalinrelationtoindigenouspeoples’rightstolandsandhasrepeatedlycalleduponstatestorecognizeandprotecttheserightsandtoapplyFPIC.3ILO169prohibitstheremovaland/orrelocationofindigenousandtribalpopulationsfromtheirterritorieswithouttheirfreeandinformedconsent.Thestandardof‘approvalandinvolvement’intheCBDhasalsobeenequatedwithFPIC,andaffirmedintheCBD’sAkwé:Konvoluntaryguidelines.

Inaddition,theseinstrumentsrequirerespectforindigenouspeoples’customsandtraditions,includingindigenousinstitutionsandmodesofrepresentationthatpertaintodecision-makingprocessessuchasFPIC.Therefore,theprecisemannerinwhichdecision-makingprocessesrelatingtoFPICthattakeplacewilllikelyvarydependingonthecustomsandtraditionsoftheaffectedpeopleorcommunity.

2SeeinteraliaAngelaPomaPomav.Peru,CCPR/C/95/D/1457/2006,24April2009;ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommittee,Togo:CCPR/C/TGO/CO/4,11March2011,atpara.21;ConcludingobservationsoftheHumanRights

Committee,Colombia:CCPR/C/COL/CO/6,4August2010,atpara.25;CommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,

GeneralcommentNo.21,Rightofeveryonetotakepartinculturallife(art.15,para.1(a),oftheInternationalCovenanton

Economic,SocialandCulturalRights),adoptedattheCommittee’s43rdsession,2–20November2009,UNDoc.E/C.12/GC/21,

21December2009,atpara.36-7.

3Seee.g.GeneralRecommendationXXIIIonIndigenousPeoples,adoptedbytheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial

Discriminationatits51stsession,18August1997,para.4(d);Australia:CERD/C/AUS/CO/14,14April2005,para.11;Guyana:CERD/C/GUY/CO/14,4April2006,para.19;Cambodia:CERD/C/304/Add.54,31March1998,para.13,19;Guatemala:CERD/C/GTM/CO/11,15May2006,para.19;Suriname:Decision1(67),CERD/C/DEC/SUR/4,18August2005,para.3.

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INTRODUCTION

Dutiesandresponsibilities

Manycountrieshavenationallawsmeanttoensurejustprocessesoflandtransfer,consistentwitharequirementtoobtainFPIC,butfewhaveyetadoptednationallawsthatexplicitlymentionanFPICobligation.AnotableexceptionisthePhilippines,wheretheIndigenousPeoples’RightsActrequiresFPICforanyactivitythatmayaffectindigenouspeoples’landsandresourcerights.ProceduresforobservanceofthisdutyareoverseenbythePhilippinesNationalCommissiononIndigenousPeoples,whichhasdeployedandreviewedseveralversionsofregulationsthatsetouttherequiredprocessforFPIC.ThekeylessonsfromthisexperiencearethatproceduresforrespectingFPICmustgivefullscopeforindigenouspeoplestoexercisetheircustomarylawandrepr