全大学英语(第二版)综合教程-第1册-Unit-3-课堂笔记

BeforeReading»Warm-upExercises

LJourneyonthePaper

Nowlet'sgoonajourneythroughthemostspectacular100yearsinthehistoryofscience

andtechnologytohaveanoverviewofhowourunderstandingoftheworldhasgrownfrom1900

totoday.

MATTERSOFLIFEANDDEATH—MedicineandHealth

1900:

Patientsbattleillness,whiledoctorscandolittlemorethancounsel（劝告）andcomfortthem

andkeepthemclean.

Today:

Doctorstreatandoftencurepatientswithavastarray（一大批）ofmedicinesandmedical

technologies,butsomediseasesarestillincurable.

MYSTERIESOFTHEUNIVERSE—PhysicsandAstronomy

1900:

TheMilkyWaygalaxy（星系）（includingsomeunexplainednebularclouds（星云））istheknown

universe.Newton'slawsexplainthephysicalworld.Matteriscomposedofatoms.

Today:

TheMilkyWayisjustonegalaxyamongcountlessmillionswehaveobservedintheuniverse.

Thereisnosetoflawsthatexplainsallphenomenainthephysicalworld,althoughthereare

manytheories.Atomsarecomposedofmanysubatomicparticles,allofwhichderivefrom（来

自于）energy.

RESEARCHINTOOURSELVES-HumanBehavior

1900:

Thereisnocureforthementallyill,whoareconfinedtoinsaneasylums（精神病院）."Mind"

and"body"arethoughtofastwoseparatethings.

Today:

Mentalillnesscanbetreatedwitharangeoftherapies（治疗）andmedications.Weknowa

greatdealaboutthechemistryandthepartsofthebrainthatcontrolourbehaviorand

thoughts.

FASTER,CLOSER,BETTER—Technology

1900:

TheonlywaytoviewtheOlympicGamesinParisisinperson.NewsabouttheGamestravels

toAmericavia（通过）telegraphandisprintedinnewspapers.

Today:

Millionsworldwidewatchthe2008BeijingOlympicsontelevision,transmittedinstantaneously

（瞬间地）bysatellite.Thenewsspreadsaswellbyradio,newspaper,andtheWorldWideWeb.

ORIGINS—EarthandLifeScience

1900:

Thereisnogoodexplanationforcatastrophiceventssuchasearthquakes.TheEarthisthought

tobeamere50millionyearsold,andtheevolutionofspeciesishotlydebated.

Today:

Theplates（板块）thatmakeuptheEarth'scrust（地壳）moveovertime,causingearthquakes

andvolcanoes.TheEarthisknowntobe4,500millionyearsold.ThegeneticcodeofDNA,

whichdrivesevolution,isbetterunderstoodeveryday.

II.Brainstorming

Brainstormsomeofthescientificandtechnologicalinventions

（cellphone,e-mail,clone,nuclearweapons,nanotechnology（纳米技术），laptop（笔1己本电月囱）,

geneticengineering）

Discussion

Doalltheseinventionsalwayschangeourlivesforthebetter?Giveexamplestoexplainyour

opinion.

III.Clone

i.News

News1InFeb.1997

InFebruary1997agroupofgeneticists（遗传学家）ledbyIanWilmutattheRoslinInstitute

inEdinburgh,Scotland,announcedthattheyhadclonedasheepfromthemammaryglandtissue

（乳腺组织）ofasix-year-oldewe（母羊），thefirsttimescientistshavebeenabletocloneanadult

mammal（哺乳动物）.

News2InApr.1998

Dolly,thefirst-evermammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcell,withherfirstlamb,

namedBonnie,isseenattheRoslinInstituteinEdinburgh,ScotlandinthisimageonApril23,

1998.Dolly,whowasnaturallymatedattheendoflastyearwithaWelshMountainram（公羊）,

gavebirthtoBonnieonApril13,provingthatdespiteherunusualorigins,sheisabletobreed

normallyandproducehealthyoffspring.

News3InFeb.2003

Dolly,thesheep,thefirstmammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcell,hasbeenput

downaftershewasfoundtohavealungdisease,theRoslinInstituteinScotland'scapital

EdinburghsaidonFeb17,2003.

“Shewassufferingfromanincurabledisease/saidDr.HarryGriffin,afterRoslinreleaseda

statementsayingthedecisionhadbeentakentoputDollydownaftershecontracted（感染）

progressivelungdisease.

ii.Discussion

Whatisyourattitudetowardsclone?

Cloneisamemberofagroupoforganismsorplantsproducednon-sexuallyfromoneancestor.

Thesuggestedethicalandpracticalargumentsbothforandagainstcloning:

For:

1.Animalsfromendangeredspeciescouldbeclonedtopreventextinction.

2.Cloningwouldbeagoodsourcefororganandbonemarrow（骨髓）transplants.

3.Sterile（不育的）coupleswillbeabletohaveoffspringwhowillhaveeitherthemother'sor

father'sgeneticpattern.

Against:

1.Technologyisnotwelldeveloped.Ithasalowfertilityrate（出生率）.IncloningDolly,277

eggswereused,30startedtodivide,nineinducedpregnancy,andonlyonesurvivedtoterm（临

产）.

2.Clonesmaybetreatedassecond-classcitizensandtheunknownpsychosocialharmwith

impactsonthefamilyandsociety.

3.Lossofgeneticvariation.

iii.AdsDesigning

Decideforyourselfwhichsideoftheissuetosupportandthenplanapublicservice

advertisementcampaignfororagainstcloning.

1.Useattention-grabbingimagesandsnappy（简洁）yetinformativelanguageinyourads.

2.Youmightfindmodelsofsuchimagesandlanguageinotherpublicserviceadvertisements,

suchastheonesthatdiscouragepeoplefromsmoking.（图略）（Afewgoodexamplescanbe

foundatand.）

BeforeReading»BackgroundInformation

I.StephenHawking

i.BriefIntroductiontoStephenHawking

StephenHawking（1942~）:Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematician

ii.ChronologyofStephenHawking

-1942

BorninOxford,England.

-1958

EnteredOxfordUniversityandbecameespeciallyinterestedinthermodynamics（热力学）,

relativitytheory,andquantummechanics（量子力学）.

-1962

Receivedabachelor'sdegreeinphysicsandthenenrolledasaresearchstudentingeneral

relativityattheUniversityofCambridge.

-1966

EarnedhisPh.D.degreeattheUniversityofCambridge.StayedattheUniversityofCambridgeto

dopost-doctoralresearch.DiagnosedashavingAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis（ALS）（肌萎缩性脊

髓侧索硬化）.

（Quote:a\amquiteoftenasked:HowdoyoufeelabouthavingALS?Theansweris,notalot.Itry

toleadasnormalalifeaspossible,andnotthinkaboutmycondition,orregretthethingsit

preventsmefromdoing,whicharenotthatmany/)

-1977

Becameaprofessorofphysics.

-1979

AppointedLucasianProfessorofMathematicsatCambridge,apostonceheldbyIsaacNewton.

-1988

Publishedhisfamousbook/BriefHistoryofTime:FromtheBigBangtoBlackHoles.

-1993

WroteBlackHolesandBabyUniversesandOtherEssays.

-1996

Co-authoredabookwithSirRogerPenrosetitledTheNatureofSpaceandTime.

iii.MainAchievementsofStephenHawking

singularity:

(Apointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature(曲率)becomesinfinite.)

blackhole:

(Aregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescape

becausegravityissostrong.)

Withthehelpofthefollowingwordsandexpressions,listentoarecordingofmoreinformation

onblackhole.

KeyWords:

object:n.物体

emit:v.放射，吐露

theeventhorizon:事件视界，即黑洞的边界

entropy:n.嫡，热力学概念。

fatal:a.重大的，致命的

motivate:v.激发

irritation:愤怒

misuse:v.误用，错用

turnout:结果是

manner:n.方式，风格

Script:

Bytheirverydefinition,blackholesareobjectswhicharenotsupposedtoemitanything.It

thereforeseemedthattheareaoftheeventhorizonofablackholecouldnotberegardedasits

entropy.Infactin1972,IwroteapaperonthissubjectwithBrandonCarterandanAmerican

colleagueJimBardeen.Wepointedoutthat,althoughthereweremanysimilaritiesbetween

entropyandtheareaoftheeventhorizon,therewasthisapparentlyfataldifficulty.Imustadmit

thatinwritingthispaperIwasmotivatedpartlybyirritationwithBeckenstein,becauseIfelthe

hadmisusedmydiscoveryoftheincreaseoftheareaoftheeventhorizon.However,itturnedout

intheendthathewasbasicallycorrect,thoughinamannerhehadcertainlynotexpected.

ABriefHistoryofTime:

(Oneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.)

MedalofFreedom:

Script:

Persistentinhispursuitofknowledge,StephenHawkinghasunlockednewpathwaysof

discoveryandinspiredpeoplearoundtheworld.Hehasdedicatedhislifetoexploringthe

fundamentallawsthatgoverntheuniverse,andhehascontributedtosomeofthegreatest

scientificdiscoveriesofourtime.Hisworkhasstirredtheimaginationofexpertsandlaypersons

alike.Livingwithadisabilityandpossessinganuncommoneaseofspirit,StephenHawking's

attitudeandachievementsinspirehope,intellectualcuriosity,andrespectforthetremendous

powerofscience.

II.AlbertEinstein

i.MonologueofEinstein

AlbertEinstein(1879~1955)

Script:

IwasborninUlm,Germanyin1879.

Asyoumayknow,1905wasabigyearforme.That'swhenIturnedtheworldupsidedown,

atleastforscientists,withseveralnewideas.Iproposedthatspaceandtimehadtobelookedat

inawholenewway—thatNewton'sviewofspaceandtimewasinaccurate.Theseideasbecame

knownasthespecialtheoryofrelativityandintroducedtheequationE=mc2.

TenyearslaterIpresentedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.Thegeneraltheoryshowedthat

gravityisnotaforce,asNewtonhadthought.Itisinsteadacurvature(曲率)ofthespace-time

continuum.

ii.AlbertEinstein'sSpecialTheoryofRelativity

Listentotherecordingandchoosethebestanswer.

1)WhichofthefollowingdoesnotchangeaccordingtoEinstein?(C)

A.TimeB.MassC.SpeedoflightD.Length

2)Thetwospaceshipsmentionedareexactlyalikeexceptfor.(B)

A.speedB.colorC.massD.motion

3)Whatdoesthescientistinthespaceshipmeasure?(B)

A.Thespeedofthespaceship.

B.Thetimeneededforabeamoflight'stravelinthespaceship.

C.Thespeedoftheotherspaceship.

D.Thetimeneededforabeamoflight'stravelintheotherspaceship.

4)Whatdidthescientistintheredshipseeorconclude?(D)

A.Hisbeamoflightdoesnotappeartogostraightup.

B.Thebeamoflightintheblueshipappearstocomestraightdown.

C.Timepassedmoreslowlyintheredship.

D.Theblueshipisshorterthantheredone.

Script:

ThemostimportantofAlbertEinstein'stheoriespublishedthatyearbecameknownashis

“SpecialTheoryofRelativity/'Hesaidthespeedoflightisalwaysthesame—almost

three-hundred-thousandkilometersasecond.Wherethelightiscomingfromorwhois

measuringitdoesnotchangethespeed.However,hesaid,timecanchange.Andmasscan

change.Andlengthcanchange.Theydependonwhereapersonisinrelationtoanobjectoran

event.

Imaginetwospacevehicleswithascientisttravellingineachone.Onespaceshipisred.One

isblue.Exceptforcolor;bothspaceshipsareexactlyalike.Theypassoneanotherfaroutinspace.

Neitherscientistfeelsthathisshipismoving.Toeach,itseemsthattheothershipismoving,

nothis.Astheypassathighspeed,thescientistineachshipmeasureshowlongittakesabeam

oflighttotravelfromthefloortothetopofhisspaceship,hitamirrorandreturntothefloor.

Eachspaceshiphasawindowthatletseachscientistseetheexperimentoftheother.

Theybegintheirexperimentsatexactlythesamemoment.Thescientistintheblueship

seeshisbeamoflightgostraightupandcomestraightdown.Butheseesthatthelightbeamin

theredshipdoesnotdothis.Theredshipismovingsofastthatthebeamdoesnotappeartogo

straightup.Itformsapathupanddownthatlookslikeanupsidedown"V〃.

Thescientistintheredshipwouldseeexactlythesamethingashewatchedtheexperiment

bytheotherscientist.Hecouldsaythattimepassedmoreslowlyintheothership.Eachscientist

wouldbecorrect,becausethepassingoftimeislinkedtothepositionoftheobserver.

Eachscientistalsowouldseethattheotherspaceshipwasshorterthanhisown.Thehigher

thespeedsthespaceshipsweretravelling,theshortertheothershipwouldappear.Andalthough

theothershipwouldseemshorter,itsmasswouldincrease.Itwouldseemtogetheavier.The

ideasweredifficulttoaccept.YetotherscientistsdidexperimentstoprovethatEinstein'stheory

wascorrect.

iii.AlbertEinstein'sGeneralTheoryofRelativity

Listentothepassage,andfillintheblankswiththemissingword(s)youhear.

Tenyearsafterhispaperonthespecialtheoryofrelativity,AlbertEinsteinfinishedworkon

anothertheory.Itdescribedwhathecalledhis“GeneralTheoryofRelativity/'Itexpandedhis

specialtheorytoincludethemotionofobjectsthataregainingspeed.Thistheoryofferednew

ideasaboutgravityandthecloserelationshipbetweenmatterandenergy.Itbuiltontheideas

aboutmasshehadexpressedin1905.

Einsteinsaidthatanobjectlosesmasswhenitgivesofflight,whichisakindofenergy.He

believedthatmatterandenergyweredifferentformsofthesamething.Thatwasthebasisofhis

famousmathematicalstatementE=MC2(Energyequalsmasstimesthespeedoflightsquared).

Thisstatementorformulaexplainedthatagreatamountofenergycouldcomefromasmall

pieceofmatter.Itexplainedhowthesuncouldgiveoffheatandlightformillionsofyears.This

formulaalsoledtothediscoveryofatomicenergy.

Inhisgeneraltheoryofrelativity,Einsteinsaidthatgravity,liketime,isnotalwaysthesame.

Gravitychangesasobserversspeeduporslowdown.Healsosaidthatgravityfromverylarge

objects,suchasstars,couldturnthepathoflightwavesthatpassednearby.Thisseemed

unbelievable.Butin1919,Britishscientistsconfirmedhistheorywhenthesunwascompletely

blockedduringasolareclipse.AlbertEinsteinimmediatelybecamefamousaroundtheworld.

III.Frankenstein

i.AGeneralIntroduction

Frankenstein,orTheModernPrometheus,generallyknownasFrankenstein,isanovel

writtenbyMaryShelley.Thetitleofthenovelreferstoascientist,VictorFrankenstein,who

learnshowtocreatelifeandcreatesabeinginthelikenessofman,butlargerthanaverageand

morepowerful.Inpopularculture,peoplehavetendedincorrectlytorefertothemonsteras

“Frankenstein".

ii.AClipintheNovel-Frankenstein

1.Whatwastheauthorinterestedin?

(Themanwasinterestedinhumanbodies.)

2.Whatdidtheauthorbegintodo?

(Theauthorbegantoworkwithdeadbodies.Hestudiedtheprogressoftheirdecay,and

examinedthechangefromlifetodeath,anddeathtolife.)

3.Whatdidtheauthorfinallydiscover?

(Hefinallydiscoveredhowlifewascreated.)

4.Whatwastheauthor'sattitudetowardsknowledge?

(Knowledgeisdangerous.)

5.Whatistheauthor'sfirsttask?

(Thefirsttaskistocreateabody.)

GlobalReading

GlobalReading»PartDivisionoftheText

PartsPara(s)MainIdeas

Tomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasic

1

understandingofscience.

24~6Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience.

37Withaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.

GlobalReading»FurtherUnderstanding

I.ForPart1QuestionsandAnswers

1.Whatistheattitudeofsomepeopletowardsthechangesbroughtaboutbyscienceand

technology?

(Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerand

simplerage.)

2.Whatwaslifelikebeforescienceandtechnologybegantochangeourwayoflife?

(Forthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.)

3.Whatwouldhappenifallgovernmentmoneyforresearchwerecutoff?

(Theforceofcompetitionwouldstillbringaboutadvancesintechnologyifallgovernmentmoney

forresearchwerecutoff.)

4.Isitpossibletopreventscienceandtechnologyfromfurtherdevelopment?Whyorwhynot?

(No.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressed

anythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldnotsucceed.)

5.Whataregeneralpublic'sattitudestowardsscienceandtechnology?

(Theyexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceand

technologyhavebroughttocontinue,buttheyalsodistrustsciencebecausetheydon't

understandit.Besides,thepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience.)

ILForPart2Skimming

1.SkimPart2tofindoutamini-exposition.

Topicsentence:Howtoeducatethepublicinscience?

Supportingpoint1:scienceeducationinschools

Supportingpoint2:replacingequationswithwordsanddiagrams

Supportingpoint3:makinguseofpopularmediasuchasnewspapers,magazinesandaboveall

TV

2.Thispartisfullofcomparisonandcontrast,readthispartandfillinthefollowingtablewith

informationobtainedfromthispart.

GlobalReading

SidesAuthor'spreferenceReasons

EquationsTheauthorpreferred1.Expertsneedequationsforprecisevaluesofquantities.

vs.wordsconveyingscienceby2.ThepubliconlyneedsaqualitativeRraspofscientific

1

andwordsanddiagrams.concepts.

diagrams

ScienceTheauthorpreferred1.Sciencelessonsdon'tincludelatestdevelopmentand

lessonsvs.noneofthem.scientificprogress.

magazine2.Eventhoughthesepublicationscouldhelpputacross

2

articlesandnewdevelopments,theyareonlyreadbyasmall

popularprocortiocofpopulation.

books

MagazineTheauthorpreferred1.Itcanreachatrulymassaudience.

andbookstelevision.2.Itcontainsmanvverygoodscienceprograms.

3

vs.

television

III.ForPart3TrueorFake

1.Ourcivilizationismoreadvancedthanotheraliencivilizationsaccordingtothejoke.(T)

2.Wehavenotbeencontactedbyanaliencivilizationbecauseoftheinsufficientdevelopmentof

thescienceandtechnology.(F)

(Wehavenotbeencontactedbyanaliencivilizationbecauseanyaliencivilizationtendsto

destroythemselveswhentheyreachourstage.)

3)Theauthorhashadsufficientevidencetoprovethatthejokeiswrong.(F)

(Theauthorhasnothadsufficientevidence,buthebelievesthatthegoodsenseofthepublic

mightprovethejokeiswrong.)

DetailedReading

DetailedReading

I.DifficultSentences

1.Norcanonepreventfurtheradvancesinthefuture.(Para.2)

Whyisthissentencereversed?

(Theword〃nor“hereappearsatthebeginningofthesentencetogiveforcetothenegation.

-NorwillIdenythat.)

2.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressed

anythingnew,andhumaninitiativevndinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn'tsucceed.

(Para.2)

1)Whatisthegrammaticalfunctionofthefirst"that"?

(Here"that"bringsaboutanattributiveclause.)

2)Whatdoesthestructure“suchthat"heremean?

(Thestructureisusedtogiveanexplanationforsomething.

-Hismannerwassuchthathewouldoffendeveryonehemet.)

3)Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?

(Nowaycansuppressanythingnew,ashumaninitiativeandinventivenessdoexist.)

3.Allitwoulddoisslowdowntherateofchange.(Para.2)

Whyisthereno"to〃between"is"and"slow"?

(When"do"appearsinthesubjectofasentence,thesign"to"ofaninfinitivewhichisusedas

thepredicativecanbeomitted.

-Thefirstthinghedidwas(to)lookforaguide.

-Allwecoulddonowis(to)remaincool-headed.)

4.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.(Para.3)

1)Whatdoes“intwomindsabout"mean?

(Unabletodecidewhetherornotyouwantsth.orwanttodosth.

-1thinkshe'sintwomindsaboutwhethertoaccepthispresentornot.)

2)Whatcanwelearnfromthesentence?

(Thepublicfindsitselfholdingtwocontradictoryviewpointsaboutscience.Ontheonehand,it

expectstheimprovementinthestandardoflivingthathasbeenbroughtbyscience;onthe

otherhand,italsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesnotunderstandit.)

5.ItisalsosnimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.(Para.3)

1)Whatdoes"it"referto?

(Thepublic'sdistrustofscience)

2)Whatpartofspeechis“support"here?

(Itisanoun.)

6.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestinimanner.(Para.4)

Paraphrasethesentence.

DetailedReading

(Butinschoolsscienceisoftentaughtinadullandboringway.)

7.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwicecsmanycopieswithoutit.(Para.4)

TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.

(如果不用这个公式的话，也许我能多卖出一倍的书。)

8.ButIhavesufficientfaithinthegoodsenseofthepublictobelievethatwemi「htprovethis

wrong.(Para.7)

1)Whatdoes“sense“heremean?

(Powerofjudging.)

2)Whatdoesthissentenceimply?

(Theauthorbelievesthatthepublicwillhaveagoodunderstandingaboutscienceandcan

makeinformedjudgmentsbyitself.)

II.Words&Expressions

likely:

1.adj.probable

-AnincidentlikelytoleadtowarisreportedonTV.（电视报导出一可能导致战争的事件。）

2.adv.probably

-1shallverylikelybehereagainnextmonth.

Pattern:

Itislikelythat...很可能…

-Itishighlylikelythathewillsucceed.

CF:likely,possible&probable

这些词都有“可能的”意思。

likely系常用词，指从表面迹象来看很有可能。例如：

-Thelikelyoutcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment.（比赛结果每分钟可能都在

变化。）

possible指由于有适当的条件和方法，某事可能发生或做到，强调客观上有可能，但常含有

实际希望很小的意思。例如：

-Isitpossibletogettothecitybytrain,ormustItakeabus?（坐火车可以到这个城市去吗？还

是我必须得坐公共汽车？）

probable语气比possible强，指有根据、合情理、值得相信的，带有大概、很可能的意思。

例如：

-Itisprobablethathehasforgottenourappointment.（彳艮可能他是忘了我们的约会了。）

dowithout:managetosurvive,continue,orsucceed,althoughyoudonothavesth.youneed

-1haven'tenoughmoneytobuyacar,so111justhavetodowithout.

-Hecan'tdowithouttheservicesofasecretary.

Collocation:

doawaywith摆脱；废除，取消

doup系上，扣上；修理；打扮

havesomethingtodowith和…有关系

havenothingtodowith和…没有关系

DetailedReading

highly:adv.

1)very

-Mr.Smithwasahighlysuccessfulsalesman.

2)toahighdegree

-Hespeaksveryhighlyofyou.

-出席这次会议的大部分人是受过高等教育的女性。(Mostofthepeoplepresentatthe

meetingarehighlyeducatedwomen.)

CF:highly&high

这两个词都表示“高高地”。

highly指的是抽象意义上的“高例如：

ahighlypaidofficial薪俸优厚的官员

thinkhighlyofsb.器重某人

high用作副词时，一般指的是具体意义上的“高例如：

aimhigh向高处瞄准

searchhighandlow至1处寻找

其他类似的例子还有：

closely&close

closely细心地，严密地。例如：

-WatchwhatIdoclosely.(仔细观察我所做的。)

-Theprisonerswerecloselyguarded.(囚犯被严密看守着。)

close邻近。例如：

-Helivesclosetotheschool.(他住得离学校很近。)

put/turntheclockback:returntoasituationthatusedtoexist,usuallybecausethepresent

situationisunpleasant

-Theemploymentbillinwhichwomenarenotallowedtotakejobswillputtheclockbackfifty

years.

-Forgetallaboutitandlooktothefuture;youcan'tturntheclockback.

bringabout:causetohappen

-这是怎么发生的？(Whatbroughtitabout?)

-Someeducatorsarehopingtobringaboutmajorchangesintheeducationalsystem.

Collocation:

bringforth产生；提出

bringforward提前；提出

bringup教育；养育；提出

Fillintheblankswiththeabovephrasesandchangetheformwherenecessary.

1.Theyproposedthatthedateofthecongressbebroughtforwardafewmonths.

2.Thetreesintheorchardbroughtforthmanyapples.

3.Hewaswellbroughtup.

4.Atthemeetingthenextmorning,theybroughtup/forward/forthmanyproblemsand

discussedthemonebyone.

DetailedReading

inquire:

1.vt.asktobetold

-Heinquired(ofher)thereasonforbeinglateagain.

-Heaskedforhiskeyandinquiredwhethertherehadbeenanymessageforhim.

2.vi.seekinformationbyquestioning

-我打电话询问有关火车时刻的事情。(Iranguptoinquireabouttraintimes.)

Collocation:

inquireafter问候

inquirefor求见

inquireinto查究，调查

CF:inquire,ask&question

这些词都有“问，询问”的意思。

inquire是较正式的书面用词，渴望知道某人或某事的确实情况。例如：

-Heinquiredyourtelephonenumber.(他询问你的电话号码。)

ask是最常用词，指为了了解某人或某事而提出问题，请别人解答或向别人打听消息。例如：

-Excuseme.MayIaskyouaquestion?(对不起，我能问你一个问题吗？)

question指对某事不断提出问题，以便了解详细情况。例如：

-Thesuspectwasquestionedbythepolice.(警察审讯嫌疑人。)

initiative:n.

1)abilitytomakedecisionsandtakeactionwithoutthehelpofothers

-Ifyoushowthatyouhaveinitiative,youwillsoonerorlaterbepromoted.

-Theworkersareabletosolvetheproblemontheirowninitiative.

2)usedinthephrase“taketheinitiative":bethefirstpersontotakeactiontoimproveasituation

orrelationship,esp.whenotherpeoplearewaitingforsb.elsetodosth.

-Hetooktheinitiativeinorganizingapartyafterhisbrother'swedding.

rate:n.

1)value,cost,speed,etc.measuredbyitsrelationtosomeotheramount

-Theworld'sforestsaredisappearingatanevenfasterratethanexpertshavethought.

-出生率是出生数与人口数之比。(Thebirthrateisthenumberofbirthscomparedtothe

numberofthepeople.)

2)ofthe(numbered)quality

afirst-rateperformer;asecond-ratecomic

ensure:vt.makesure;guarantee

-Thenewtreatywillensurepeace.

-我不能确保他能及时到这儿。(Ican'tensurethathewillbehereintime.)

informed:adj.knowingthings;havingalltheinformation

-随时告诉我新的发展。(Keepmeinformedoffreshdevelopment.)

-He'sawell-informedman.

CF:inform,tell&instruct

这些词都有“把某消息或某件事传达给别人”的意思。

DetailedReading

inform向某人传递信息，特别适用于告知所发生的情况或有关资料（可以用于上级对下级，

也可以用于下级对上级的通知）。例如：

-Ihavejustreceivedaletterfrommyoldschoolinformingmethatmyformerheadmaster,Mr.

ReginaldPage,willberetiringnextweek.（我刚接到母校的一封信，通知我说我的老校长雷金

纳德•佩奇先生将于下星期退休。）

tell最通用，最不正式。指把某事告诉某人。例如：

-Glancingatherscornfully,hetoldherthatthedresswassold.（他轻蔑地看了她一眼,告诉她说

那