2022年江苏省高邮市第一中学高一下学期教学质量检测（二）英语试题

2021-2022学年江苏省高邮市第一中学高一下学期教学质量检测（二）英语试题考生在答题前请认真阅读本注意事项及各题答题要求1.答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号、考场号、座位号填写在答题卡上。2.回答选择题时，达出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，请用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题纸卡上，写在本试卷上无效。3.考试结東后，将本试卷和答题纸卡一并交回。第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题；每小题25分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。AUnitedWorldColleges(UWC)isaglobaleducationmovement.UWCconsistsof18internationalschoolsandcollegesonfourcontinents.Allofthemprovideatwo-yearpre-universityeducationforstudentsagedbetween13and19.TheacademiccurriculuminthesefinaltwoyearsofsecondaryschoolistheIBDP.Therearetwomainwaysthatyoucanapplytojointheprogram:■ThroughtheUWCnationalcommitteeinyoucountryofresidence(居住)orcitizenship.Thenationalcommitteesystemisauniquenetworkofover3,000volunteersworkinginmorethan158countriestoselectstudentsfortheIBDPatUWC.TheindividualsincludeUWCalumni(校友)parentsofalumni,educationprofessionals,andcommunityleaderswhohaveembracedUWC’smissionandvalues.■ThroughtheUWCGlobalSelectionProgram(GSP).Itisdesignedforcandidateswhowouldliketoapplyninetotwelvemonthsbeforethebeginningoftheschoolyear,whichusuallybeginsinAugust.PleasenotethatyoumaynotapplythroughtwodifferentUWCnationalcommitteesorthroughaUWCnationalcommitteeandtheUWCGlobalSelectionProgramatthesametime.ChoosingyourapplicationroutetostudytheIBDPatUWCfor2023-2025:NationalcommitteeselectionsUWCGlobalSelectionProgramWhenarepositionsofferedtosuccessfulapplicants?January-April2023WithintwoweeksofattendingaGlobalSelectionWeekendIsthenumberofpositionsavailablelimited?YesYesArescholarshipsavailable?65%ofstudents(basedontheirneedsandfinancialassessment)NoAmIabletoapplyforaparticularUWCschoolorcollege?No(applicantsmay,however,listtheirpreferences)Yes(mostapplicanschooseatleastfourcampuses)CanIapplyinalanguageotherthanEnglish?Inmostcases,yes20HowcanIapply?Theapplicationprocessvaries.Itgenerallyincludes:awrittenapplication,anessay,aseriesofinterviewsconductedinpersonoronline,groupactivities,communityservices,anexamandaweekendcamp.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutUWCaccordingtothepassage?A.ItenlistsonlyEnglish-speakingnatives.B.Ithascampusoneverycontinentoftheworld.CItoffersapre-universityprogramtoteenagestudents.D.Itselectspotentialstudentswiththehelpofitsownstaff.2.IfEmilyplanstostudytheIBDPatUWCinthe2023schoolyear,shehasto________.A.haveparentsofalumniwithprofessionaleducationB.makeafullassessmentofherfinancialsituationC.sendontheapplicationbeforeDec.2022throughtheGSPD.attendaface-to-faceinterviewwithcommunityleaders3.WherearethetwoapplicationroutestostudytheIBDPmainlydifferent?①whenthenewschoolyearbegins②whentheresultfromadmissionsisreleased③whethertheapplicantcanwinascholarshiptotheprogram④whethertheapplicantcanchoosewhichcampustostudyinA.①②③ B.①②④ C.①③④ D.②③④【答案】1.C2.C3.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要讲述了UWC的两种申请方式及区别。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句话“UnitedWorldColleges(UWC)isaglobaleducationmovement.（UWC是一项全球教育运动）”以及第二句话“Allofthemprovideatwo-yearpre-universityeducationforstudentsagedbetween13and19.（他们都为13岁至19岁的学生提供为期两年的大学预科教育。）”可知，联合世界学院为青少年提供预科课程。C项“它为青少年学生提供大学预科课程”符合题意。故选C项。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句话“Itisdesignedforcandidateswhowouldliketoapplyninetotwelvemonthsbeforethebeginningoftheschoolyear,whichusuallybeginsinAugust.（它专门为希望在学年开始前九个月至十二个月申请的候选人设计，学年通常在八月份开始。）”可知，最迟在2022年8月开学，往前推九个月，即2021年11月提交申请。如果艾米丽计划在2023学年在UWC学习IBDP，她必须在2022年12月之前通过GSP申请。故选C项。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据表格第一行“Whenarepositionsofferedtosuccessfulapplicants?”可知，Nationalcommitteeselections是January-April2023，而UWCGlobalSelectionProgram是WithintwoweeksofattendingaGlobalSelectionWeekend；根据表格第三行“Arescholarshipsavailable?（有奖学金吗？）”可知，Nationalcommitteeselections是65%ofstudents(basedontheirneedsandfinancialassessment)，而UWCGlobalSelectionProgram是No；根据表格第四行“AmIabletoapplyforaparticularUWCschoolorcollege?（我可以申请特定的UWC学校吗？）”可知，Nationalcommitteeselections是No(applicantsmay,however,listtheirpreferences)，UWCGlobalSelectionProgram是Yes(mostapplicantschooseatleastfourcampuses)。综上，学习IBDP的两条申请途径有以上三点不同。故选D项。BInMacau’sColoaneVillage,thedelicioussmellofbuttergentlywaftsthroughtheair,attractingcustomersintoasmall,unassuming(不张扬的)shop.ItisLordStow’sBakery,famedforitsPortugueseeggtarts.Theyhaveaflaky(酥脆的)texture,whilethecustard(牛奶蛋糊)isnottoosweet.ThebakerywasstartedbyAndrewStow32yearsago.OriginallyfromEssexineasternEngland,AndrewworkedforBritishdrugstorechainBootsasanindustrialpharmacist(工业药剂师)HemovedtoMacauin1979toworkforAngloFrenchLaboratories.Whenthecompanyleftafewyearslater,Andrewdecidedtostayandsetuphisownbusinesssellinghealthfoods,whichwasofcourse20yearsaheadofitstime.Thebusinessdidnotdowell.Tomakeendsmeet,AndrewtookasidejobmanagingAlfonso’sRestaurantattheHyattRegencyHotel.Hegotthename“LordStow”fromhisPortuguesefriends,wholaughedathimforlordingitoverthem.Althoughhishealthfoodbusinessnevertookoff,Andrewfoundanicheimportingflourforexpatriates(侨)whowantedtomaketheirownbread.WhenhewenttoPortugal,Andrewsawtheroadsidebakeriessellingpasteisdenata(Portugueseeggtarts).HethoughtaboutintroducingittoMacau.TheonlyproblemwasthatAndrewdidnothavearecipeforpesteisdenata,buthewasnotdiscouraged.Hestartedexperimenting.WiththehelpofacheffriendattheHyattRegency,hedevelopedhisownversionofpastiesdenata.ItfeaturedaPortuguesepastry(油酥面皮)casefilledwithaBritishcustardthatisslightlyburnedonthetop.AfterAndrewdiedsuddenlyofasthma(哮喘)inOctober2006,hissisterEileencontinuedmanagingthebusiness.“Ican’tbelievethebusinesshasgrownthismuchin32years.AndIdoubtwhetherAndrewexpectedthatitwouldhavealonghistory,”shesays.TheMacaugovernmenthonoredAndrewwithagoldmedalforhisservicestotourism.Theyrecognizedthathehadcreatedaniconic(标志性的)pastrythatwouldbeforeverlinkedwithMacau.4.WhatcanweinferfromthepassageaboutAndrewStow?A.HegotalongwellwithhisPortuguesefriendsinMacau.B.Hemadeafortunebyimportingflourtoexpatriates.C.HedidnotexpecthiseggtartstobewildlypopularinMacau.D.HehadnotledaneasylifebeforedecidingtosettleinMacau.5.WhichwordscanbestdescribeAndrewStowaccordingtothepassage?A.Ambitiousandcreative. B.HardworkingandcautiousC.Hardworkingandcaring D.Determinedandgenerous6.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?A.①—②③—④⑤—⑥⑦ B.①—②③④—⑤⑥—⑦C.①—②③—④⑤⑥—⑦ D.①②—③④—⑤—⑥⑦7.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheLegendLifeofAndrewStow B.LordStow’sSweetStoryC.AFamousBakeryinMacau D.PopularityofthePortugueseeggtarts【答案】4.C5.A6.B7.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了AndrewStow在澳门创办了一家著名的蛋挞店，介绍了其生平以及创办的过程。【4题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段他妹妹的话“Ican’tbelievethebusinesshasgrownthismuchin32years.AndIdoubtwhetherAndrewexpectedthatitwouldhavealonghistory(我不敢相信我们的生意在32年里增长了这么多。我怀疑Andrew是否料到它会有这么长的历史)”可知，Andrew并没有想到自己蛋挞会在澳门流行这么久。故选C。【5题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“”Whenthecompanyleftafewyearslater,Andrewdecidedtostayandsetuphisownbusinesssellinghealthfoods,whichwasofcourse20yearsaheadofitstime.(几年后，这家公司离开了，Andrew决定留下来，创办自己的公司，销售健康食品，这当然超前了20年。)可推断，Andre是个有志向的人；再根据第五段“Hestartedexperimenting.WiththehelpofacheffriendattheHyattRegency,hedevelopedhisownversionofpastiesdenata.ItfeaturedaPortuguesepastry(油酥面皮)casefilledwithaBritishcustardthatisslightlyburnedonthetop.(他开始尝试。在凯悦酒店一位厨师朋友的帮助下，他发明了自己版本的蛋挞。它的特色是一个葡萄牙油酥面皮，里面装满了顶部微微烧焦的英国蛋奶冻。)”可推断，他极具创造力。故选A。【6题详解】推理判断题。根据文章结构可知，第一段主要是引出主题：澳门的一家葡式蛋挞店；第二、三、四段介绍了该家店的创始人AndrewStow的早年经历；第五、六段介绍了AndrewStow如何发明自己的蛋挞配方并取得成功；第七段对AndrewStow的贡献做出总结。故选B。【7题详解】主旨大意题。根据全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了澳门葡式蛋挞的创始人AndrewStow的生平以及他如何发明蛋挞配方并取得成功。从文中第三段“Hegotthename“LordStow”fromhisPortuguesefriends,wholaughedathimforlordingitoverthem.(他从他的葡萄牙朋友那里得到了“斯托勋爵”的称号，他们戏称他对他们发号施令。)”可知，LordStow指的就是AndrewStow，而文章讲的是他和他的蛋挞的故事。故选B。CFoodallergieshavebeenontherise.IntheUS,itisnowestimatedthatover10percentoftheadultpopulationhasanallergytopeanuts,shellfish,dairyoranothertypeoffood.IntheUK,thepastthreedecadeshaveseenhospitaladmissionsforfoodallergiesrisefivetimes.Thankfully,wearebuildingupthearmoury(宝库)neededtoreverse(逆转)thistrendsothatoneday,suchpotentiallydeadlyreactionsbecomeathingofthepast.Themostcommontypesoffoodallergiesarecausedbyantibodiesthatwemakecalledimmunoglobulin(免疫球蛋白)EorIgE.Theseantibodieswerediscoveredinthemid:1960sandstartedaneraofallergyresearchthatisstillgoingstrongtoday.Theearlyfindingshaveledtothousandsofstudiesthatpaintacomplicatedpictureofhowallergieswork,suggestingwaysinwhichwecanpreventandtreatthem.Theoldsaying“preventionisbetterthanthecure”holdstrueforfoodallergies.Mycolleaguesandlusetheso-calledsixDsasaguideopreventativemeasuresduringchildhood:diet,dirt,dogs,dryskin,detergents(清洁剂)andvitaminD.Studieshavefoundthatpeoplehavealowerriskofdevelopinganallergywhen,asyoungsters,theyeatadiversedietanddosooften,havehealthyvitaminDlevels,liveinahomewithadog,avoiddryskinandareexposedtodirt,allowingthemtodevelopagoodmicrobiome(微生物组)TheuseofharshdetergentshasalsobeenassociatedwithanincreaseinIgE.Clearly,formanypeoplethathavefoodallergies,suchearlylifepreventionisnolongeranoption.However,otherapproachesaretakingshape.Mostofthewayswecurrentlyusetargetthesysteminanefforttocontrolitsresponsetoallergens(过敏原).Onetechnique,knownasallergenimmunotherapy(免疫疗法),involvesslowlybuildingupexposuretoaproblemfood.Bystartinginverysmalldoses,thebodyappearstoabletobecontrolledtonolongerseeitasathreat.However,immunotherapyneedsregularexposuretoallergens.whichcancausesideeffects.Therearealsoanti-lgEdrugsthatcanblocktheeantibodiesinvolved.Thesecanbeparticularlyusefulwhenusedwithallergenimmunotherapytohelppeoplebecomeinsensitivetotroublesomeingredients.Allergyvaccinesareanotheroption.Theseworkbyreshapingthebody’simmuneresponsetoaparticularfoodsoitdoesn’tendinillness.Aswegainevidenceandexperiencewitheachoftheseapproaches,wearemovingclosertobeingabletotreatallfoodallergies.Manyofusaroundtheworldareaimingtocreateanewera,oneinwhichthistroubleisathingofthepast.8.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,wecantellthatA.onein10peopleisallergictopeanutsB.immunoglobulinEtakeseffectwhenwehavefoodallergiesC.theresearchofallergieshadn’tbeenconducteduntilmorerecentyearsD.morepeopleintheUKnowsufferfromfoodallergiesthan30yearsago9.WhydidtheauthormentionsixDs?A.ToshowacomplicatedpictureofhowallergiesworkB.ToconvincereadersofhisuniquemethodtodevelopfoodallergiesC.TodiscusstheeffectivenessofthismethodforcuringfoodallergiesD.Tosupportthebeliefthatpreventionismoreimportantthanthecure10.WhatcanwelearnaboutthetreatmentsaccordingtoParagraph5and6?A.Peoplecangetridoffoodallergiesthroughgradualadaptation.B.Anti-IgEdrugsraisepeople’ssensitivitytocertainingredients.C.Immunotherapyisbelievedtobringmoreharmthangood.D.Allergyvaccinesarethesafestmethodforthecuringoffoodallergies.11.What’stheauthor’stoneinthelastparagraph?A.Objective. B.Promising. C.Critical. D.Doubtful.【答案】8.D9.D10.A11.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了目前人们对食物过敏的现象正在不断增加，人们也在采取各种措施让它成为过去。文章还解释了过敏的原因和目前的治疗方式。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“IntheUK,thepastthreedecadeshaveseenhospitaladmissionsforfoodallergiesrisefivetimes.(在英国，在过去的三十年里，因食物过敏入院的人数增加了五倍。)”可知，相比30年前，现在的英国有更多的人患有食物过敏。故选D。【9题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段第二句“Mycolleaguesandlusetheso-calledsixDsasaguideopreventativemeasuresduringchildhood:diet,dirt,dogs,dryskin,detergents(清洁剂)andvitaminD.(我和我的同事们用所谓的6Ds作为儿童时期预防措施的指南:饮食、污垢、狗、皮肤干燥、清洁剂和维生素D。)”可知，作者使用6Ds是为了预防过敏，而之所以提到这个方法是为了印证段首句“Theoldsaying“preventionisbetterthanthecure”holdstrueforfoodallergies.(俗话说：“预防胜于治疗”，这句话适用于食物过敏。)”。故选D。【10题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段第二句“Onetechnique,knownasallergenimmunotherapy(免疫疗法),involvesslowlybuildingupexposuretoaproblemfood.Bystartinginverysmalldoses,thebodyappearstoabletobecontrolledtonolongerseeitasathreat.(一种技术，被称为免疫疗法，需要慢慢不断接触问题食物。从很小的剂量开始，身体似乎就能重新训练对这种食物的反应从而不再认为它是一种威胁。)”可知，人们可能会通过逐渐适应特定的问题事物来摆脱食物过敏。故选A。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Aswegainevidenceandexperiencewitheachoftheseapproaches,wearemovingclosertobeingabletotreatallfoodallergies.(随着我们从这些方法中获得证据和经验，我们离能够治疗所有食物过敏更近了一步。)”可推断，作者对将来治疗食物过敏是积极乐观的。故选B。DIhavealwayslovedfood.Athome,Idothethingsthateveryfoodiedoes.Iregularlyattendfoodfestivals,Icookfive-coursemealsformyfriends,andIwatchTopChefanddreamofanotherlifeinwhichImighthavebecomeachef.Howeveritwasnotuntilfiveyearsago,whenmyhusbandandItraveledtoSouthAfrica,thatIcombinedmylovefortravelingwithfood.SouthAfricancuisineisamixtureofmanydifferentsubcultures.Ifwehaveonlybeentheretoseetheelephants.wewouldnothavelearnedasmuchaswedidaboutthevastanddynamiccultureofthecountryifwehadnottakenintoaccountitsfood.Sure,wecouldhaveopenedatextbookandreadofthehistorythatbroughtalloftheseculturestogether,butwewouldnothaveexperienceditfirsthandandtakenhomeallofthepricelessmemorieswedid.Untilthen,Ihadnoideaaboutthelimitlessbenefitsthatonecouldgainfromtravelingforfood.Youarewonderinghowfoodcanbepowerful.right?Itissimple.Eatingusedallfivesense.Notonlydowetasteourfood,wealsotouchit,smellit,seeitwithoureyes,andlistentoitsizzling(咝咝作响)inthepan.Weareinaheightenedstateofbeingwheneverweinteractwithfood.Personally.thetasteofMalbectransportsmetoatastingroom(品酒室)inArgentina.Thesmelloflime(酸橙)instantlybringstomindtheThaicookingclassItookinChiangMai.Yousee,foodhastheabilitytoshapeyourjourneysanddefineyourmemories.Foodisalsoanessentialparoflifeandcommunity,ItiswhatmakesuswhoweareasapeopleIreadalotoftravelarticlesabouthowtosavemoneyonfoodwhiletravelingandhowtoavoidstreetfoodsoasnottogetsick.Iseriouslyquestionwhetheryoucanexperiencetheauthenticsideofaculturewithouttryingsomeofitslocalfood.Afterall,whatisThailandwithoutaplateofPadThai,Canadawithoutpoutine(肉汁乳酪薯条),andMexicowithouttacos(玉米薄饼卷)?Iamexaggeratingalittle.butyougetthepoint.Theworldisfullofincrediblefoodsbeckoningtobeeatenandtheyarealljustaplanerideorroadtripaway.Evenifyouarenotafoodie,well,youstillhavetoeat.Sowhynoteatalittle,learnalittle,andtakehometheleftovers?12.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dynamic”inparagraph2mean?A.Popular. B.TraditionalC.Energetic. D.Political13.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribes“eating”accordingtoparagraph3?A.Demanding. B.Multi-sensoryC.Powerful D.Well-received.14.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4?A.Tastingallowvisitorsabetterunderstandingofitsculture.B.It'swiseofyoutostayawayfromstreetfoodwhiletraveling.C.Foodshouldbelastthingtoconsiderinordertosavemoney.D.Withoutcharacteristicfoods,countriesmusloseappealtovisitors.15.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthispassage?A.Toencouragepeopletoenjoyfood.B.Tostresstheculturebehindlocalfoods.C.Toadvocatetravelinginvolvinglocalfoods.D.Toexplainthebenefitswegainfromfoods.【答案】12.C13.B14.A15.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的一次南非之旅，彻底地改变了作者对食物的看法，作者认为食物蕴含了当地的文化并让自己的旅行更有意义。【12题详解】词句猜测题。根据下文“Sure,wecouldhaveopenedatextbookandreadofthehistorythatbroughtalloftheseculturestogether,butwewouldnothaveexperienceditfirsthandandtakenhomeallofthepricelessmemorieswedid.(当然，我们可以打开一本教科书，阅读把所有这些文化融合在一起的历史，但我们不会亲身体验，并把所有无价的记忆带回家。)”可知，亲身感受带来的回忆是无价的，体验到的文化是有活力的。所以dynamic为“有活力的”之意。选项A“popular(流行的)”；选项B“Traditional(传统的)”；选项C“Energetic(有活力的)”；选项D“Political(政治的)”。故选C。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Eatingusedallfivesense.Notonlydowetasteourfood,wealsotouchit,smellit,seeitwithoureyes,andlistentoitsizzling(咝咝作响)inthepan.(吃东西用到五种感官。我们不仅品尝食物，我们还触摸它，闻它，用我们的眼睛看到它，听它在锅里滋滋作响。)”可知，在作者看来，吃东西是多感官的。选项A“Demanding(要求多的)”；选项B“Multi-sensory(多感官的)”；选项C“Powerful(强有力的)”；选项D“Well-received(受到好评的)”。故选B。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Iseriouslyquestionwhetheryoucanexperiencetheauthenticsideofaculturewithouttryingsomeofitslocalfood.Afterall,whatisThailandwithoutaplateofPadThai,Canadawithoutpoutine(肉汁乳酪薯条),andMexicowithouttacos(玉米薄饼卷)?Iamexaggeratingalittle.butyougetthepoint.(我严肃地怀疑，你是否可以在不尝试当地食物的情况下体验到一种文化的真实一面。毕竟，没有泰式炒河粉的泰国算什么，没有肉汁乳酪薯条的加拿大算什么，没有玉米薄饼卷的墨西哥算什么?我有点夸张了。但你懂的。)”可推断，作者认为品尝当地食物才能更好地感受当地的文化。故选A。【15题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Theworldisfullofincrediblefoodsbeckoningtobeeatenandtheyarealljustaplanerideorroadtripaway.Evenifyouarenotafoodie,well,youstillhavetoeat.Sowhynoteatalittle,learnalittle,andtakehometheleftovers?(世界上充满了令人难以置信的食物，它们都在招手，只要坐飞机或自驾游就可以吃到。即使你不是吃货，你还是要吃。所以为什么不吃一点，学一点，然后把剩下的带回家？)”可推断，作者写此文的目的是倡导人们在旅行时品尝当地的食物。故选C。第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。BeaWiseConsumerWhenyoubuyacupofcoffee,youhaveprobablynoticedthethreedifferentsizeoptions:small,mediumandlarge.Themedium-sizedservingoftencostsalmostasmuchasthelargeone.Giventheapparentbargain,haveyoueverchosenthebiggestandmostexpensiveoption?Ifso,youhavebeendrivenbyacognitivebias(认知偏差)knownasthe“decoyeffect(诱饵效应).”___16___Consideranotherexample.Imagineyouarechoosingflightsfromthefollowingoptions:■FlightAcosts$400withastopoverof60minutes.■FlightBcosts$330withastopoverof150minutes.■FlightCcosts$435withsstopoverof60minutes.TheresearchersfoundthatmostpeoplewouldchooseFlightA.___17___ComparedwithFlightBithasashorterwaitingtime-eventhoughitisconsiderablymoreexpensive.Nowlookatadifferentsetofflights:■FlightAcosts$400withastopoverof60minutes.■FlightBcosts$330withastopoverof150minutes.■FlightCcosts$330withastopoverof195minutes.Inthiscase,mostpeople'spreferencewasFlightB.Ineachcase.FlightC(thedecoy)wasdesignedtoappearsimilarto,butslightlylessattractivethan,oneoftheotheroptions(thetarget).___18___Experimentshavefoundtheuseofawell-designeddecaycanchangetheopinionbetweentheothertwooptions(选择)byasmuchas40percent—showinghoweasilyourdecisionscanbeinfluencedbythewaytheyaredesigned.Thedecoyeffectwasfirstinvestigatedasapotentialmarketingstrategytoinfluenceconsumerchoices.However,bylearningaboutityoumayBecomelesslikelytobeaffectedbythisinfluence.___19___Ifyouarediscussingtravelplanswithfriends,forinstance,andhavenotdecidedyetwheretogo.Youmightpresenttwoalternativearrangementsatyourcityofchoice,butonewithaslightlymoreexpensivehotel.Thecomparisonmayleadthemtoyourpreferredoption.___20___Askyourselfwhetheryouarereallychoosingtheoptionyouneedorwant,orwhetheryouarebeingattractedbyanintentionallyunappealingchoice.Likeanexpertsniper(狙击手)trainedtoavoidfalsetargets,youmayfindthatyourjudgementsuddenlybecomesalotmoreaccurate.A.Itischeaperthanthelastone.B.Thereismuchdebateaboutitsreasons.C.Remembertostayawayfromthedecoyeffect.D.Youmayevendiscoverwaystouseitasatoolforpersuasion.E.Thatcomparisonchangedthewaypeoplefindtheotherpossibilities.F.Theadditional,slightlylessattractiveoptionpushesyoutopaymoremoney.G.Thelatestresearchshowsthatitcouldalsohavestrongeffectsonemployment.【答案】16.F17.A18.E19.D20.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了商家惯用的促销伎俩“诱饵效应”。【16题详解】根据上文的“Ifso,youhavebeendrivenbyacognitivebiasknownasthe“decoyeffect”.（如果是这样，那你就是受到了一种被称为“诱饵效应”的认知偏见的驱使。）”可知，文章首次提到了诱饵效应，F选项“额外的、吸引力稍差的选项会促使你支付更多的钱。”是对诱饵效应进一步的解释，符合语境，后文又引出一个例子说明人们会上当。故选F。【17题详解】根据上文的“TheresearchersfoundthatmostpeoplewouldchooseFlightA.（研究人员发现，大多数人会选择A航班。）”和下文的“ComparedwithFlightBithasashorterwaitingtime-eventhoughitisconsiderablymoreexpensive.（与航班B相比，它的等待时间更短，尽管它的价格要贵得多。）”可知，A选项“它比最后一个便宜。”是将A航班与另外两种航班进行对比，说明乘客选择A航班的一个原因，符合语境。故选A。【18题详解】根据空前的“Ineachcase.FlightCwasdesignedtoappearsimilarto,butslightlylessattractivethan,oneoftheotheroptions.（在每种情况下。航班C的设计看起来与其他选项之一相似，但吸引力稍差。）”可知，这是在将C航班与目标航班作对比，E项“这种比较改变了参与者对其他可能性的感知方式。”符合语境，其中的“thatcomparison”指的就是前文的对比。故选E。【19题详解】根据空前的“However,bylearningaboutityoumaybecomelesslikelytobeaffectedbythisinfluence.（然而，通过了解它你可能会变得不太可能受到这种影响。）”可知，D选项“你甚至可能发现把它作为说服别人的工具来使用的方法”承接上文，是在继续说学习后可能带来的好处。下文的“Ifyouarediscussingtravelplanswithfriends,forinstance,andhavenotdecidedyetwheretogo.youmightpresenttwoalternativearrangementsatyourcityofchoice,butonewithaslightlymoreexpensivehotel.Thecomparisonmayleadthemtoyourpreferredoption.（例如，如果你正在与朋友讨论旅行计划，但尚未决定去哪里。你可能会在你选择的城市提出两种替代安排，但一种是酒店稍贵一些。比较之下可能会导致他们选择你的首选。）”是在为D选项进行举例说明如何将它作为劝说工具来使用。故选D。【20题详解】根据下文的“Askyourselfwhetheryouarereallychoosingtheoptionyouneedorwant,orwhetheryouarebeingattractedbyanintentionallyunappealingchoice.Likeanexpertsniper(狙击手)trainedtoavoidfalsetargets,youmayfindthatyourjudgementsuddenlybecomesalotmoreaccurate.（问问你自己，你是否真的选择了你需要或想要的选择，或者你是否被一个故意不吸引人的选项吸引了。就像训练有素的狙击手一样，你可能会发现自己的判断突然变得更加准确。）”可知，这里是在提醒人们要保持清醒的头脑，不要被诱饵效应欺骗，C选项“不要让自己成为诱饵效应的另一个受害者。”切题。故选C。第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。TheNobelPrizeisconsideredoneofthemostrecognizableandadmirableawardspossible___21___peopleoftheworldfortheiroutstandingachievementsindifferentfields.AlfredNobelwasbornin1833toafamilyofengineersin.Sweden.In1850,hemetAscanioSobrero,theinventorofnitroglycerin(硝酸甘油)inParis.Interestedinitsirregular___22___ofexplodingunderpressureorheat,Nobelstartedtofindawaytocontrolitandmakea___23___explosive(爆炸物).Afteryearsof___24___,in1867,theageof34,Nobelinventeddynamite(炸药),whichismucheasierandsafertocontrolthannitroglycerin.Duringhislifetime,Nobelinventedandpatentedvariousexplosives.He___25___hiswealthfromhis355inventions,amongwhichdynamitewasthemostimportant.WhenAlfred’sbrotherLudwigdiedin1888,aFrenchnewspaper___26___publishedAlfred’sobituary(讣告).Readinghisownobituary,Nobelwas___27___tofindouthispublicimage.Thennewspaperstrongly___28___Nobelforinventingdynamite,givinghimthenicknameof“themerchantofdeath”andsaying“Dr.AlfredNobel,whobecame___29___byfindingwaystokillmorepeoplefasterthaneverbefore,diedyesterday.”ToAlfred,thisobituarywasa(n)____30____.Hespenthislifetimealone____31____thingsandwasdeeplyconcernedwithhowhewouldberemembered.Thisunfortunateeventinspiredhimtomakechangesinhiswill.soasto____32____hispublicimage,andtoberememberedforagoodcause.In1895,oneyearbeforehisdeath,Nobelmadethelast____33____,sayingclearlythathiswealthwouldbeusedtocreateaseriesofprizesforthosewhohavemadegreat____34____tomankindinphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,andpeace.Towidespreadastonishment,Dr.AlfredNobel____35____94%ofhistotalwealthtofoundthefiveNobelPrizes.21.A..remembering B.honouring C.crediting D.negating22.A.nature B..conduct C.flavour D.benefit23.A.deadly B.bitter C.usable. D.mild24.A.innovations B.efforts C.hesitation D.association25A.broughtup B.putup C.brokeup D.builtup26.A.mistakenly B.purposefully C.unintentionally D.scientifically27.A.satisfied B.relieved C.impressed D.disappointed28.A.praised B.blamed C.appreciated D.favoured29.A.greedy B.essential C.rich D.sufficient30.A.error B.warning C.threat D.consequence31.A.destroying B.inventing C.combining D.stimulating32.A.improve B.establish C.illustrate D.secure33.A.request B.illustration C.will D.fortune34.A.choices B.decisions C.profits D.contributions35.A.gaveaway B.gaveback C.gaveoff D.gaveout【答案】21.B22.A23.C24.B25.D26.A27.D28.B29.C30.B31.B32.A33.C34.D35.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了诺贝尔一生发明了无数的爆炸物品，却因此受到了人们的诟病，为了提升自己的公众形象，他将自己一生的大部分财产捐献了出去成立了诺贝尔奖用来奖励在物理、化学、医学等方面做出突出贡献的人。【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔奖被认为是最有辨识度和最令人钦佩的奖项之一，表彰了世界各地在不同领域取得的杰出成就的人们。A.remembering记得；B.honouring尊敬、表彰；C.crediting相信；D.negating否认。根据最后一段“In1895,oneyearbeforehisdeath,Nobelmadethelast___13___,sayingclearlythathiswealthwouldbeusedtocreateaseriesofprizesforthosewhohavemadegreat___14___tomankindinphysics,chemistry,physiologyormedicine,literature,andpeace.”可知，诺贝尔奖是用来表彰这些杰出的人。故选B。【22题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔对其在压力或热量下爆炸的不规则性质很感兴趣，他开始寻找一种方法来控制它，并制造一种可用的炸药。A.nature自然、性质；B.conduct行为、举动；C.flavour味道；D.benefit利益。根据空后的“explodingunderpressureorheat”可知，这是硝酸甘油的性质。故选A。【23题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：诺贝尔对其在压力或热量下爆炸的不规则性质很感兴趣，他开始寻找一种方法来控制它，并制造一种可用的炸药。A.deadly致命的；B.bitter苦涩的；C.usable可用的；D.mild温和的。根据下文的“in1867,theageof34,Nobelinventeddynamite(炸药),whichismucheasierandsafertocontrolthannitroglycerin.”可知，诺贝尔想发明一种可使用的炸药。故选C。【24题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：经过多年的努力，1867年，34岁的诺贝尔发明了比硝化甘油更易控制、更安全的炸药。A.innovations创新；B.efforts努力；C.hesitation犹豫；D.association协会。根据上文“Nobelstartedtofindawaytocontrolitandmakea___3___explosive(爆炸物).”可知，诺贝尔是开始寻找一种方法来控制它，并制造一种可用的炸药。所以他是在为制造炸药而努力。故选B。【25题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：他通过355项发明积累了财富，其中炸药是最重要的。A.broughtup抚养长大；B.putup张贴、提供食宿；C.brokeup结束、关系破裂；D.builtup建立、积累。根据空后的“hiswealth”可知，空处指的是积累财富。故选D。【26题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：1888年阿尔弗雷德的弟弟路德维希去世时，一家法国报纸错误地刊登了阿尔弗雷德的讣告。A.mistakenly错误地；B.purposefully故意地；C.unintentionally无意地；D.scientifically科学地。根据上文“Whe