高教自考英语二完整讲

高教自考英语二完整讲义：第十二章精讲(一)TextALetYourMindWander课文简介从传统的观点出发，白日做梦一直被认为是有害的，或者至少是无用的。然而科学研究表明，白日做梦是日常生活必不可少的部分，它对保持情绪平衡、身体松弛、智力发展、注意力集中和同他人的交往和沟通有着极大的好处。本文通过许多名人及有成就者的成功都同以前的梦幻有关的实例。说明把自己幻想成一个胜利者有助于你取得成就。文章的最后一部分，号召大家学会幻想未来，并朝着此目标努力，最终可造就一个更有独创性，更富想象力，更加心满意足和一个更踌躇满志的你。Para.1ThetraditionalideaaboutdaydreamingParas.2-10TheadvantagesofdaydreamingParas.11-13LearntodaydreamNewWords1daydreamvi./n.白日做梦2symptomn.症状，征兆3habituala.习惯性的，习以为常的4maladjustmentn..失调的，不适应环境的5compensatorya.赔偿的，补偿的6equilibriumn.平衡，均衡，平均7intellectualn./a.知识分子，智力的，理智的8detailn./vt.细节，详情；详述，详细说明9enhancevt.提高，增强10spurvt./n.激励，鼓舞11initiala./n.最初的，开始的；词首的，首字母12inventorn.发明者，创造者13waylayvt.伏击；拦住…问讯14musevt./vi./n.沉思，冥想15confrontvt.面对，遭遇；正视，对抗16paintern.漆工；画家17sensitivityn.敏感性，灵敏度18innera./n.内部的，里面的；内部，里面19reflectionn.反射，反映；深思，考虑20creativityn.创造性21effortlessa.不作努力的；不费力的，容易的22dreamlikea.梦一般的，梦幻的23surroundingn./a.周围的事物；环境；周围的24charactern.性格，品质；特性，特征；人物，角色25thinkern.思想家，思考者26steadilyad.稳固地，稳定地27vividlyad.鲜明地，生动地28driftn./vi./vt.漂流，趋势，倾向；漂流；漂泊29tracen./vt.痕迹，踪迹；跟踪，查找30undisturbeda.不受干扰的；宁静的31tunen./vt.曲调，曲子；和谐，协调32midstn./prep.中间，当中33impoverisheda.贫困的，赤贫的34well-beingn.健康；福利，幸福35modesta.谦虚的，谦恭的；适中的36investmentn.投资；投入37excitementn.刺激；兴奋词组：1toexcess过分，过度，过量2tosubstitute…for用…代替…3becontraryto与…相反4inreality实际上，事实上5toputoff延期；消除；阻碍6toletgoof放手；放开7beconfrontedwith面临，面对8todrawon用做来源，依靠；9togazeat凝视，注视10beunawareof不知道…,没察觉到11todreamof梦见，梦想12inone’smind’eye在脑海里13atsea在海上，在航海中14togoover越过，渡过15toimpress…on使铭记，牢记16befreefrom没有…的；不受…的17toputaside放在一边，撇开18bebeneficialto对…有益19toaddupto总和是tocomeupwith提出，提供，赶上，来临，流行（起来）词汇精讲：1.symptom：n.症状，征兆Mostinfectionsarecontagiousbeforeanysymptomsarenoticed.大多数传染病在症状被发现之前已具有传染性。Herecognizesthesymptoms，butrefusestoadmitthathehasmaritalproblems.他承认这些征兆，但不愿承认自己的婚姻发生了问题。2.habitual：a.习惯性的，习以为常的Iceandsnowareahabitualsightinthenorth.冰雪在北方是常见的。3.detail：n./vt.详情，细节，详述Youcangetdetailsofnurseryschoolsfromthelocalauthority.你可向地方当局了解有关托儿所的详细情况。Wehaven‘tyethadachancetodiscussthematterindetail.我们还没有机会详细讨论这一问题。4.enhance：vt.提高，加强（increase，improve）Themoonlightenhancedthebeautyofthescene.月光更增添了景色的秀美。Thepraiseoftheteacherenhancedhisconfidence.老师的赞赏增强了他的信心。5.initial：a.最初的，开始的派生词：initiativen.创始，首创精神；initiatev.开始，创始；发起，发动Myinitialsurprisewassoonreplacedbydelight.我最初的惊奇不久便被喜悦替代了。6.confront：vt.使面对，使面临，使遭遇Thenewsystemwasconfrontedwithdifficultiesatthestart.新体制起初遇到很多困难。Pronunciationisjustoneofthemanyproblemsthatconfrontthelanguagelearner.发音只是学语言的人所面临的诸多问题之一。Weshouldconfrontthedifficultiesinlifeinsteadoftryingtoescapethem.我们应该正视生活中的困难，而不是逃避它们。7.sensitivity：n.敏感性，灵敏度派生词：sensitivea.敏感的，灵敏的Hissensitivitytothecurrenteventsmadeussurprised.他对时事的敏感性使我们感到惊讶。8.inner：a./n.内部的，里面的反义词：outera.外部的，外面的Thelabelisontheinnersideofthebox.标签位于盒子的内侧。Ifshehadinnerdoubts，itwasnotapparenttoanyoneelse.她若心中生疑亦不形之于色。9.reflection：n.反射；映像，倒影派生词：reflectv.反射，反映Hegavemuchreflectionontheproblembutstillhadnoanswer.他对那个问题思考了很久，但仍未找到答案。Ittookhimtwoyearstofinishhisbook“Reflectionsonthepast”他用两年时间写完一本书，叫做《往事反思》10.creativity：n.创造力，创造性派生词：createv.创造；creativea.有创造力的11.trace：n./vt.跟踪，查找Didthepolicefindanytraceofthemurderer？。警方发现凶手的行踪了吗？。ThepracticeofgivingeggsatEastercanbetracedbacktofestivalsinancientChina.复活节送鸡蛋的习俗可以追溯到古代中国的一些节日。12.modest：a.谦虚的，谦恭的；适中的，不过分的反义词：immodesta.傲慢的，不谦虚的，不正派的，下流的Sheisverymodestabouttheprizesshehaswon.她对自己得奖非常谦虚。Hisneedsarequitemodest.他的需求一点也不过分。（Hedoesn‘taskfortoomuch.）13.investment：n.投资，投入派生词：investv.投资，投入Stocksareregardedasgoodlong-terminvestments.\o"股票"股票被认为是理想的长期投资。Hisinvestmentinthatbusinesshavedonewell.他在那家商行的投资收益很好。词组：phrases1.toexcess过分，过度，过量Theybotheattoexcess.他们俩都吃得过多。Theheavyrainfilledthelakestoexcess.大雨使湖水超过了湖的容量。2.tosubstitute…for：用…替代Youcansubstitutevegetableoilforbutterinthisrecipe.在这一食谱中，你可以用植物油代替黄油。3.becontraryto：与……相反Hisactionsarecontrarytotherules.他的行为与这些规则相违背。Contrarytoallourexpectationshe‘sactuallyfoundawell-paidjobandanicegirlfriend.与我们大家的预料相反，他竟然找到了一份报酬优厚的工作和一个很好的女朋友。4.toputoff：延期；阻碍Themeetinghasbeenputoffforaweek.会议延期一周。Ican‘tputoffgoingtothedentistanylonger.我得去看医生，不能再耽搁了。5.togazeat：凝视，注视近义词：tostareat瞪着，怒视Whatareyougazingat？你在盯着看什么？6.toimpress…on：使铭记，牢记Myfatherimpressedonmethevalueofhardwork.父亲要我铭记努力工作的重要性。7.befreefrom：没有…的；不受…的Hewishedtolivealifeentirelyfreefromtroubles.他希望能过上一种无忧无虑的生活。8.toputaside：把…放在一边Sheputthenewspaperasideandpickedupabook.她把报纸放下，拿起了一本书。EveryweekIputasideabitofmoneyforarainyday.每周我都存点钱，以备不时之需。9.bebeneficialto：对…有益，对…有利Freshairisbeneficialtoone‘shealth.新鲜的空气有益健康。Daydreamingishighlybeneficialtoyourhealth.梦幻非常有益于你的健康。Tocomeupwith提出课文精讲：LetYourMindWanderUntilrecentlydaydreamingwasgenerallyconsideredeitherawasteoftimeorasymptomofneurotictendencies，andhabitualdaydreamingwasregardedasevidenceofmaladjustmentoranescapefromlife‘srealitiesandresponsibilities.Itwasbelievedthathabitualdaydreamingwouldeventuallydistancepeoplefromsocietyandreducetheireffectivenessincopingwithrealproblems.Atitsbest，daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife.①1.句中asitsbest是一个词组，意思是“最好也不过”；daydreaming是动名词，在句中作主语；acompensatory…inlife作wasconsidered的主语补足语。本句意思是：白日做梦最好也不过被认为是对生活中实际事物的一种补偿性的替代。Aswithanythingcarriedtoexcess，daydreamingcanbeharmful.Therearealwaysthosewhowouldsubstitutefantasylivesfortherewardsofrealactivity.Butsuchextremesarerelativelyrare，andthereisagrowingbodyofevidencetosupportthefactthatmostpeoplesufferfromalackofdaydreamingratherthananexcessofit.②2.本句中由and连接的两个并列句；该句中to引起的不定式结构一直到句尾，作evidence的后置定语；在这一结构中，thefact后又接由that引起的同位语从句。本句意思：“但是这类极端的情况较为罕见，愈来愈多的证据却支持这样一种现象，即大部分人受白日做梦过少而不是过多之苦。”Wearenowbeginningtolearnhowvaluableitreallyisandthatwhenindividualsarecompletelypreventedfromdaydreaming，theiremotionalbalancecanbedisturbed.③3.该句中的how和that引起一个名词性从句作动词learn的宾语。在that引起的从句中，when又引导一个从句作状语。本句意思：“现在我们开始了解，白日做梦如何真有价值。并且人如果白日完全不做梦，他们的情绪平衡会被打乱。”Notonlyaretheylessabletodealwiththepressuresofday-to-dayexistence，butalsotheirself-controlandself-directionbecomeendangered.④4.本句是由notonly和butalso连接的两个并列分句。“notonly”否定词放在句首，因此句子要倒装。本句意思：“不仅他们应付每日生活的压力的能力会变差，他们的自我控制和自我导向能力也会受到损害。”Recentresearchindicatesthatdaydreamingispartofdailylifeandthatacertainamounteachdayisessentialformaintainingequilibrium.⑤5.本句indicate后接两个由that引导的宾语从句。本句意思：“最近研究表明，白日做梦是日常生活的一部分，每天白天做一定的梦对保持情绪平衡是必不可少的，科学已经发现，白日做梦是一种有效的松弛办法。”Daydreaming，sciencehasdiscovered，isaneffectiverelaxationtechnique.Butitsbeneficialeffectsgobeyondthis.⑥6.togobeyond超出，不止该句意思是：“但它的好处不止这些？quot；Experimentsshowthatdaydreamingsignificantlycontributestointellectualgrowth，powersofconcentration，andtheabilitytointeractandcommunicatewithothers.⑦equilibrium是指多项平衡，balance是两项平衡7.本句中contributeto之后是三个名词词组作并列宾语，即“智力发展”、“集中注意的能力”和“与他人交往、沟通的能力”。本句意思：“试验证明白日做梦对智力发展、注意力集中和同别人的交往和沟通有相当大的好处。”InanexperimentwithschoolchildreninNewYork，Dr.JoanFreybergobservedimprovedconcentration：“Therewaslessrunningaround，morehappyfeelings，moretalkingandplayinginthegroup，andmoreattentionpaidtodetail.”InanotherexperimentatYaleUniversity，Dr.JeromeSingerfoundthatdaydreamingresultedinimprovedself-controlandenhancedcreativethinkingability.⑧8.在由that引导的宾语从句中，resultedin意为“造成，导致”，improved和enhanced都是过去分词作定语，分别修饰self-control和creativethinkingability.按照汉语习惯应译为：“有助于自我控制的改善和创造性思维能力的增？quot；Pupil当名词讲的时候，它是“小学生”。它的另外一个意思是眼睛里的瞳孔。小学有两种说法：primaryschool、elementaryschool.Daydreaming，Singerpointedout，isonewayindividualscanimproveuponreality.Itis，heconcluded，apowerfulspurtoachievement.Butthevalueofdaydreamingdoesnotstophere.Ithasbeenfoundthatitimprovesaperson‘sabilitytobebetteradaptedtopractical，immediateconcerns，tosolveeverydayproblems，andtocomeupmorereadilywithnewideas.⑨9.句中ability后接三个由to引起的不定式短语作后置定语，本句的意思是：“人们已经发现，它能改善一个人的能力，使他能更好地适应实际的紧迫的事务，解决日常问题并且更容易地提出新的想法。”Contrarytopopularbelief，constantandconsciouseffortatsolvingaproblemis，inreality，oneofthemostinefficientwaysofcopingwithit.Whileconsciousinitialeffortisalwaysnecessary，effectivesolutionstoespeciallysevereproblemsfrequentlyoccurwhenconsciousattemptstosolvethemhavebeenputoff.⑩Inabilitytorelax，toletgoofaproblem，oftenpreventsitssolution.Comeup………with赶上；提出，拿出10.句中while引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然，尽管”的意思。句子的主句中又有一个when引导的时间状语从句。在时间状语从句中consciousattempt是主语，attempt后面的tosolvethem是动词不定式短语作定语修饰attempt，从句的谓语是havebeenputoff.本句意思：“虽然最初的有意识的努力永远是必要的，但对特别困难问题的有效解决办法常常在这种有意识的努力遇到了阻碍的时候才会出现。”Historically，scientistsandinventorsareonegroupthatseemstotakefulladvantageofrelaxedmoments.⑾11.句中that是引导定语从句修饰group本句意思：“在历史上，科学家和发明家是似乎能充分利用松弛时刻的一类人。”Theirbiographiesrevealthattheirbestideasseemtohaveoccurredwhentheywererelaxinganddaydreaming.Itiswellknown，forexample，thatNewtonsolvedmanyofhistoughestproblemswhenhisattentionwaswaylaidbyprivatemusings.ThomasAlvaEdisonalsoknewthevalueof“halfwaking”states.Wheneverconfrontedwithataskwhichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith，hewouldstretchoutonhislaboratorysofaandletfantasiesfloodhismind.⑿12.句中whenever加confronted引导的过去分词短语作时间状语，也可以认为这是一个时间状语从句省略了hewas.“task”后whichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith是定语从句修饰task.其中“too…to”表示“太…。以至于不…。”。本句意思：“无论什么时候他遇到一个似乎解决不了的问题时，他会躺在沙发上四肢舒展，让各种幻觉涌满他的脑海。”Painters，writers，andcomposersalsohavedrawnheavilyontheirsensitivitytoinnerfantasies.DebussyusedtogazeattheRiverSeineandthegoldenreflectionsofthesellingsuntoestablishanatmosphereforcreativity.Brahmsfoundthatideascameeffortlessonlywhenheapproachedastateofdeepdaydreaming.AndCesarFrankissaidtohavewalkedaroundwithadreamlikegazewhilecomposing，seeminglytotallyunawareofhissurroundings⒀13.句中的“whilecomposing”是现在分词结构作时间状语从句；“seeminglytotallyunawareofhissurroundings是形容词短语作伴随状语。其中”…issaidtodosth“表示”据说某人做某事“。本句意思：”据说赛萨尔·弗兰克在作曲的时候，走来走去，朦胧凝眸，仿佛毫不意识周围的一切。“unawareof没有意识到Longbefore，Beforelong对比例题：Thefaceofthecitywillbechangedbeforelong.（城市的面貌不久将被改变。）Manysuccessfulpeopleactuallydaydreamedtheirsuccessesandachievementslongbeforetheyrealizedthem.HenryJ.Kaisermaintainedthat“youcanimagineyourfuture，‘’andhebelievedthatagreatpartofhisbusinesssuccesswasduetopositiveuseofdaydreams.HarryS.Trumansaidthatheuseddaydreamingforrest.ConradHiltondreamedofoperatingahotelwhenhewasaboy.Herecalledthatallhisaccomplishmentswerefirstrealizedinhisimagination.“Greatlivingstartswithapicture，heldinsomeperson‘simagination，ofwhathewouldlikesomedaytodoorbe.⒁14.句中“picture”后有两个后置定语，一个是held分词短语，另一个是ofwhat名词从句。本句意思：“伟大的生活起始于一个人在想象中幻想自己有朝一日能做出什么事业或成为什么人物。”FlorenceNightingaledreamedofbeinganurse.Edisonpicturedhimselfaninventor；allsuchcharactersescapedthemerepushofcircumstancebyimaginingafuturesovividlythattheyheadedforit.⒂15.此句中的两个常用词的词性都是动词picturev.想象headv.前进，前往本句意思：“爱迪生把自己想象成一名发明家。所以这些人都如此生动地幻想自己的未来，朝着这个既定方向前进，从而避免了单纯的受环境的推动。”“Thesearethewordsofthewell-knownthinkerDr.HarryEmersonFosdick，andtheyshowthatpeoplecanliterallydaydreamthemselvestosuccess.Fosdick，awareofthewonderfulpowerofpositivedaydreaming，offeredthisadvice：”Holdapictureofyourselflongandsteadilyenoughinyourmind‘seye，andyouwillbedrawntowardit.⒃16.awareof部分是形容词词组作原因状语。引号中的祈使句相当于一个条件状语从句：ifyouholdapicture…本句意思：“福斯迪克知道积极的白日梦的神奇作用，提出了如下的意见：”如果你经久地、坚定地在你的想像中给自己描绘一个形象，你将会被引往这个形象。你如果把自己生动地幻想成一个战败者，单单这一点就能使胜利成为不可能。你要把自己幻想成一个胜利者，这将显著地有助你取得成就。你要是什么也不幻想自己，你将像一条被遗弃的船，在大海上四处漂泊。“Pictureyourselfvividlyasdefeatedandthatalonewillmakevictoryimpossible.Pictureyourselfaswinningandthatwillcontributeremarkablytosuccess.Donotpictureyourselfasanything，andyouwilldriftlikeanabandonedshipatsea.“Togettheresults，youshouldpictureyourself-asvividlyaspossible-asyouwanttobe……Theimportantthingtorememberistopicturethesedesiredobjectivesasifyouhadalreadyattainedthem.⒄17.本句用了虚拟语气，本句有一个由asif引导的方式状语从句，在asif引导的从句中谓语动词经常用虚拟语气形式，表示对过去发生的事情的假设，并非事实，因此用了had+过去分词的形式。本句意思：“重要的是要记住，你幻想这些期望的目标时就好像你已经实现了他们那样。”Gooverseveraltimesthedetailsofthesepictures.Thiswilldeeplyimpressthemonyourmemory，andthesememorytraceswillsoonstartinfluencingyoureverydaybehaviortowardtheattainmentofthegoal.Whileexercisingyourimagination，youshouldbealoneandcompletelyundisturbed.Someindividualsseemtohavetheabilitytotuneintotheirprivateselvesinthemidstofthenoisiestcrowdsorcompany.⒅18.tune原指“调音，调谐”在这里是比喻用法，意为：“调整，调节”本句意思是：“有些人能做到在非常喧闹的人群中调节自己，进入自我。”noisy-noisiest（最高级）Butmostofus，especiallywhentheexperienceisnew，requireanenvironmentfreefromoutsidedistraction.Alifelivedwithoutfantasyanddaydreamingisaseriouslyimpoverishedone.Eachofusshouldputasideafewminutesdaily，takingshort10-or15-minutevacations.Daydreamingishighlybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalwell-being，andyouwillfindthatthismodest，inexpensiveinvestmentintimewilladduptoamorecreativeandimaginative，amoresatisfied，andamoreself-fulfilledyou.⒆19.句中that引导宾语从句.intime“迟早，最后”本句意思是：“白日做梦对你的身心健康大为有益。你会发现这份小小的花费不多的时间投资最终带来的是一个更有创造性，更富有想像力，更心满意足和更踌躇满志的你。它时时使我们更充分地意识到强烈的活力，这当然会大大有助于我们生活的激奋和欢乐。”Itoffersusafullersenseofbeingintenselyalivefrommomenttomoment，andthis，ofcourse，contributesgreatlytotheexcitementandjoyofliving.高教自考英语二完整讲义：第十二章精讲(二)TextBToSleep，PerchancetoDreamNewWords1perchancead.[古]1.偶然，意外地；2.可能，或许2miserablea.悲惨的；可怜的3far-fetcheda.1.牵强的；2.未必会的，靠不住的4veterann.1.老兵，老手；2.[美]退伍军人a.老练的；经验丰富的5administrationn.1.管理，经营；2.行政，行政机关6sleepya.困倦的，嗜睡的7linkn.环节，联系vt.用环连接；联系8eludevt.（巧妙地）逃避，躲避elusionelusive（形容词）9respectivelyad.各自的，分别地10definitivea.1.决定的，确定的；2.限定的，明确的infinitive（不明确的，不确定的。）11evolvevt.1.使发展，使形成，制定；2.引申出，推论vi.1.进展；2.进化evolution（进化论）12differvi.1.不同，相异（from）；2.与…意见不同（from，with）different（形容词）difference（名词）13surprisinglyad.惊人地；出乎意料地surprise（动词）14namelyad.即，也就是15plusprep.加，加上a.1.正的；2.附加的minus（减）16acronymn.首字母缩略词17eyeballn.眼球18correlationn.相互关系，关联19physiologyn.生理学20unhappyn.1.不快乐的，愁苦的；2.不幸的21dreamern.1.做梦的人；2.空想家22volunteern.志愿者；志愿兵a.志愿的vi.志愿23identityn.1.同一，一致；2.身份，本体IDcard（身份证）24primarilyad.1.首先，起初；2.首要地，主要地25merrya.欢乐的，愉快的26psychologyn.1.心理学；2.心理27locationn.1.定位，测位；2.位置，场所locate（动词）28reinforcevt.1.增援，支援；2.加强，增加；3.进一步证实PhrasesandExpressions1influenceon对…的影响2tobreakinto分成（部分）3tocheckinto调查accountfor占……（部分），说明……原因inturn反过来，依次，轮流重点词汇：1.link：n./vt.环节，联系I‘dliketohaveafewlinksremovedfromthisnecklace.我想从这条项链上去掉几环。Thereisaclearlinkbetweenpovertyandmalnutrition.贫穷与营养不良之间有明显的联系。2.respectively：ad.各自地，分别地派生词：respectvt./n.尊敬，尊重；方面Inthe200metres，LizzyandSarahcamefirstandthirdrespectively.在200米赛跑中，利兹和莎拉分别获第一和第三名。注意区别：respectablea.值得尊敬的；respectfula.恭敬的，尊敬的3.differ：vi.不同，相异派生词：differenta.不同的，相异的；differencen.区别，差别，相异Thetwinslookalike，buttheydifferintemperament.这对双胞胎看起来很像，但脾气不同。Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictask，theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone.\o"机器人"机器人与自动化机器不同之处在于机器人完成某一特定任务后，可由计算机重新编制程序去完成另一项任务。4.identity：n.同一，一致；身份派生词：identifyv.识别，鉴别；identicala.相同的，同一的Theman‘sidentitywasbeingkeptsecretwhilehewashelpingthepolicewithinformationaboutthemurder.这个人在向警察提供有关此谋杀案的信息时身份是保密的。5.influenceon：对…的影响Parentshavegreatinfluenceontheirchildren.父母对孩子有极大的影响。重点句子：TextBToSleep，PerchancetoDreamSoyouawokethismorninginamiserablemood.Well，maybeyourspecialdreamcharacterdidn‘tputinanappearancelastnight，ormaybetherejustweren’tenoughpeopledriftingthroughyourdreams.⑴1.Well，maybeyourspecialdreamcharacterdidn‘tputinanappearancelastnight，ormaybetherejustweren’tenoughpeopledriftingthroughyourdreams.（para.1）toputinanappearance（出于责任或礼貌，暂时地）到场，出席，露面driftingthroughyourdreams.现在分词短语作定语，修饰people全句译为：“是的，也许是你的特别的梦中人昨夜没在你梦中出现，或者是浮现在你梦中的人不够多。”Ifthatsoundslikefar-fetchedfantasy，considertheseinterestingfindingsthathaveemergedfromeightyearsofsleepanddreamresearchattheVeteransAdministrationhospitalinCincinnati，Ohio：Whilesleepaffectshowsleepy，friendly，aggressive，andunhappywefeelafterawakening，feelingsofhappinessorunhappywefeelafterawakening，feelingsofhappinessorunhappinessdependmoststronglyonourdreams.⑵2.Whilesleepaffectshowsleepy，friendly，aggressive，andunhappywefeelafterawakening，feelingsofhappinessorunhappinessdependmoststronglyonourdreams.（para.3）While意为“尽管，虽然”howsleepy，friendly，aggressive，andunhappywefeelafterawakening为宾语从句，depend…on依赖，依靠全句译为：“虽然睡眠影响我们醒来之后如何困倦、和善、暴躁还是不快，我们的愉快与否的感觉很大程度上却取决于我们所做的梦的内容。”Eachofushasaspecialdreamcharacter，atypeofpersonwhoseappearanceinourdreamsmakesusfeelhappierwhenweawake.Whatwedreamatnightisn‘tasimportanttohowwefeelinthemorningasthenumberofpeoplewhoappearinourdreams.⑶Themorepeople，thebetterwefeel.3.Whatwedreamatnightisn‘tasimportanttohowwefeelinthemorningasthenumberofpeoplewhoappearinourdreams.（para.5）Whatwedreamatnight主语从句asimportant…as像…一样重要全句译为：“对我们清晨醒来时感觉如何，我们在夜间梦见什么并不十分重要，重要的是有多少人出现在我们梦中。”Oursleepinfluencesourmood.Ourmood，inturn，affectsourperformance.⑷Andthroughouttheday，ourlevelsofmoodandperformanceremaincloselylinked.influences可以是名词也可以是动词，影响的意思。译文：我们的睡眠影响我们的情绪，反过来我们的情绪又影响我们的行为。Duringthepasttwodecades，researchhasgreatlyexpandedourknowledgeaboutsleepanddreams.Scientistshaveidentifiedvariousstagesofsleep，andtheyhavefoundthathumanscanfunctionwellonverylittlesleep，butonlyiftheydream.⑸Yetthetruefunctionofsleepanddreamingcontinuestoeludepreciseexplanation.Functionv.运转onlyif：只有ifonly：引导虚拟条件句，要是…就好了。译文：科学家已经确认了各种不同的睡眠阶段，并且已经发现人类肌体可以运行的很好，但是只是在做梦的情况下。In1970MiltonKramerandThomasRoth，researchersattheVAHospitalandtheUniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine，respectively，raisedthisquestion：Doourmoodsinthemorningrelateinanywaytooursleepanddreamsthepreviousnight？Humanexperiencesuggeststhattheydo.Certainlywegenerallyfeelbetterafteragoodnight‘ssleep.ButDrs.KramerandRothsoughtamuchmoredefinitiveanswer.Andthatanswer，thoughsillevolvingisapositiveyes.KramerandRothbeganbyseekingtodeterminewhetherone‘smooddiffersbetweennightandmorning，andwhetherthisisrelateddirectlytosleep.⑹Theyfoundthatthereisadifference，anditisdefinitelyrelatedtosleep.Thentheyexploredthevariousaspectsofmoodandtheirrelationshiptothevariousstagesofsleepanddreaming.berelatedto与…有关系译文：Kramer和Roth企图确定人们的情绪早晚是否不同，并且这是否直接与人们的睡眠有关。Whatdoesagoodnight‘ssleepmeantoourmood？Generallywearehappier，lessaggressive，sleepier，and，abitsurprisingly，lessfriendly.Beingsleepieriseasilyexplained.Itsimplytakesalittletimetobecomefullyalertafterawakening.Butwhyshouldwefeellessfriendly？heretheresearchersmustspeculatealittle.Theysuggesttheanswermaybethelackofassociationwithotherhumansduringtheperiodofsleep.Oncethetwodoctorsestablishedscientificallywhatcommonsenseandfolkwisdomhadlongtaught-namely，thatthereislinkbetweensleepandhowwefeel-theysetouttolearnwhatpartsofourmoodarerelatedtowhichspecificpartsofthesleepcycle.⑺Commonsense是普通常识folkwisdom民间智慧folka.民间的setouttodo着手做某事译文：两位博士一旦科学的确定了人们长期以来学习到的普通知识和民间智慧——即睡眠和我们的感觉之间的有联系，他们就着手了解我们的情绪的哪些部分与睡眠周期的哪些具体部分有关。Normalsleepisbrokenintofivedistinctparts-StagesIthrough4，plusREM，anacronymforrapideyemovement.Muchremainsunknownabouteachofthefivesleepstages.MostdreamingoccursduringREMsleep，aperiodwhentheeyeballsmoverapidlybeneaththeclosedlids.Andwhethertheyrememberornot，alladultsdream，usuallyfourtosixtimesanight.Threetypesofmoodarestronglyrelatedtosomespecificstageofsleep.Ourfriendly，aggressive，andsleepyfeelingsallrelatetoStage2sleep，whichaccountsformostofourtotalsleephours.⑻Ourfriendlyandsleepyfeelings，butnotouraggressivefeelings，areaffectedaswellbyStages3and4，andbyhowlongittakesustofallasleep.accountfor占…比例译文：我们的友善、好斗、倦意都与占我们绝大部分睡眠时间的睡眠的第二阶段有关。Thismeansthatifyougetlesssleepthannormal-andpeoplevaryagreatdealinhowmuchsleeptheynormallyrequire-youawakemorefriendly，moreaggressive，andlesssleepy.Atthispoint，thedoctorsfoundthemselvespuzzled.Theyknewfromtheirearlierworkthatsleepdeterminesifpeoplefeelhappier.Yetwhentheystudiedthevarioussleepstages，theyfoundnocorrelationbetweensleepphysiologyandtheunhappymood.Clearlysleepmadeadifference，butthatdifferencedidn‘trelatetohowmuchtimeonespentineachofthevarioussleepstages.Thetworesearchersdecidedthekeytowhetherwefeelhappyorunhappyaftersleepmustlieinsleep‘spsychologicalcomponent-ourdreams.⑼Sotheybeganstudyingdreamcontent-whatdreamersdreamedandwhoappearedintheirdreams-toseehowthisaffectedmood.“Wefeelhappyorunhappyaftersleep”这个句子是介词宾语从句的主语，是一个主语从句。译文：两个研究人员决定我们睡醒后是否高兴的关键在于我们睡觉时的心理组成成份——我们的梦。Insteadofsleepingthroughthenight，volunteersnowwereawakenedfourtimeswhileinREMsleep.Theywereaskedaboutsuchthingsaswhattheirdreamswereabout；thesex，age，identity，andnumberofthepeopleintheirdreams；andwhateachpersoninadreamwasdoing.Interestingly，KramerandRothfoundthatbeingawakenedfourtimesanightdidn‘tmakeadifferenceinthevolunteers’morningmoodpatterns.Buttheydidfindthatwhoappearsinadreamhasafargreaterinfluenceonmoodthanwhatoccursinthedream.“Whoaffectsallthemoods.”Kramersays，“butprimarilytheunhappymood.”Eachofus，itturnsout，hasaspecialdreamcharacter，⑽andifthistypeofcharacterappearsinourdreams，wearehappierwhenweawake.“Forpeopleingeneral，howunhappyyoufeelaftersleepdependsonwhoisinthedream.”Kramersays.“Whoitisthatmakesyouhappierisdifferentforyouthanforme.”⑾Forsomeitmaybeanolderwoman，forexample；forothers，ayoungman.10.我们每个人，原来是都有一个特殊的梦的特征或梦中情人。11.每个能使我们更高兴的人，因人而异。Whoappearsinyourdreamisn‘ttheonlyimportantthing.Themorepeoplewhoappearinyoudreamsthehappieryouareonawakening.It’sacaseofthemorethemerrier.⑿“Thebadthinginadreamistobealone；youfeelworse，”Kramerexplains.“Youcanrelatethistowakeningpsychology，wherebeingaloneleadstomoreunhappiness.Thereissomethingaboutinteractingwithpeoplethatproduceshappiness.”12.情况是人越多就越高兴。Anumberofresearchershaveexaminedtherelationshipofmoodandperformance.Thedoctorsalsocheckedintothisrelationship，andtheyhavefoundsomeinterestingcorrelations.“Wefoundthatthemorefriendly，moreaggressive，moreclear-thinking，lesssleepy，andsurprisingly，themoreunhappyyouare，thebetteryouperform.⒀Thatlastone-theunhappy-Ican‘texplain，”Kramersays.Moreover，thelevelofaperson’smoodsandthelevelofhisorherperformanceriseandfalltogetherthroughouttheday.InitiallythetwoVAresearchersworkedonlywithmen，becausethedreamsofmenarefareasiertostudy.Menandwomendreamdifferently.Indeed，sexisthebiggestfactorinaccountingfordifferencesinthepeople，activities，locationsandfeelingsthatoccurindreams.⒁Dr.Kramersays，“Whenyoucomparemenandwomen，yougetagreaterdifferenceindreamcontentthanwhenyoucompare，say，20-and60-year-olds，orblackandwhite.”（14）accountfor解释…的原因译文：确实，性别是解释出现在人们梦中的行为、地点和感觉的不同的最大因素。LastyeartheVAresearchersbeganstudyingtherelationshipofsleep，dreams，andmoodinwomen.Thisworkiscontinuing，buttheinitialfindingsreinforcewhattheyhadfoundinmen.“Overall，thewomenarejustlikemen，”Kramersays.补充知识：被动语态英语中的被动语态应用远远多于汉语，尤其是在科技、法律文件中更为广泛。使用被动语态可以不出现动作的执行者（通常为人），强调动作的承受者，体现了客观性。因此，凡是不必要、不知道或不愿意说出动作的执行者的时候，就用被动语态。被动语态的基本结构为：be+及物动词的过去分词被动语态可以用于所有时态，要注意动词be要与主语的人称、数都一致。另外，还可以有含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词例如：Hisroomisbeingpainted.Mywalletwasstolenaweekago.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.Thisworkshouldbedoneassoonaspossible.被动语态句子的译法：1.译成汉语的“被”字句Atitsbest，daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife.白日梦最好的理解是被认为对生活中真实事情的一种补偿性的替代。2.译成汉语的“把”字句，或者“由”、“让”、“使”、“叫”等等。Theworkshouldbefinishedassoonaspossible.应尽快把工作完成。3.译成汉语的“是…的”结构ResistanceismeasuredinOhms.电阻是以欧姆度量的。4.译成汉语的无主语句Arareelementwasfoundlastyear.去年发现了一种稀有元素。5.译成主动句Suchdatacanbedependedon.这些数据可靠。Thechildrenaretakencareofbytheirmum.妈妈照料孩子们。6.常见被动句型不加主语的：Itishopedthat…“希望…”Itisreportedthat…“据报道…”Itissaidthat…“据说…”Itissupposedthat…“据猜测…”Itmustbeadmitted…“必须承认…”Itmustbepointedthat…“必须指出…”Itisassertedthat…“据声称…”可加主语的：原文中的主语在译文中变成了宾语，另外加上“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“他们”、“众人”等等泛指词做主语。