新教材2024版高中英语Unit1Honestyandresponsibility语法精讲1状语从句学生用书牛津译林版选择性必修第四册

语法精讲①状语从句状语从句是一个相当于副词的从句，在句中起副词的作用，充当状语，可修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词和句子等。状语从句主要分为时间、地点、缘由、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较状语从句。一、时间状语从句在复合句中起时间状语作用的句子称为时间状语从句。1．when,while和as的用法连词含义及用法when意为“当……时候”，从句谓语用持续性动词和非持续性动词均可，主、从句谓语表示的动作可同时或先后发生。while意为“当……时候”，从句谓语用持续性动词，表示主、从句动作同时发生且具有对比含义，或一个动作发生在另一个动作的过程中。as意为“一边……一边……；随着；当……时候”，强调主、从句动作同时或几乎同时发生。❶Hewasninewhenhisfatherdied.他父亲去世时他九岁。❷Hewasjustgettingintothebathwhenthebellrang.他刚要洗澡时突然铃响了。❸Theyarrivedwhilewewerehavingdinner.他们到时我们正在吃晚饭。❹WhileIwasplayingthepiano,mysisterwasdoingherhomework.我弹钢琴的时候姐姐在做作业。❺Astheyearsgoby，Chinaisgettingstrongerandricher.随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。❻IsawmymotherasIwasgettingoffthebus.我下公共汽车的时候望见了我妈妈。when在beabouttodo...when...,bedoing...when...,haddone...when...,beonone'sway(to)...when...,beonthepointofdoing...when...结构中，意为“这时；突然”，表示某个动作正在发生、刚刚发生或将要发生时，另一动作同时发生。❼Hewasabouttoleavewhensomeoneknockedatthedoor.他刚要离开，这时有人敲门。❽Hewassleepingwhentheearthquakeoccurred.地震发生的时候他正在睡觉。❾Hewasonhiswaytotheairportwhenhiscarwasheldup.在去机场的路上，他的车遭到了拦截。⑩Hewasonthepointofsayingsomethingwhenthephonerang.他刚要说些什么的时候，电话响了。2．before的用法(1)before引导时间状语从句，意为“在……之前”。有时可译成“过了多久才……”“还没来得及……就……”等。❶Wehavetoactquicklybeforethingsbecomeworse.我们必需在事态还没恶化之前尽快实行行动。❷SheleftbeforeIcouldhaveawordwithher.我还没来得及和她说句话，她就离开了。(2)before引导时间状语从句的常用句型①Itwillbe＋一段时间＋before＋一般现在时的从句要过多久才……❸Itwillbeaweekortwobeforewecanseeeachotheragain.要过一两个星期我们才可以再见面。②Itwon'tbe＋一段时间＋before＋一般现在时的从句用不了多久就……❹Itwon'tbelongbeforetheproblemissolved.用不了多久这个问题就能解决。③Itwas＋一段时间＋before＋一般过去时的从句过了多久才……❺Itwastwoyearsbeforewemetagain.我们两年后才再次见面。④Itwasn't＋一段时间＋before＋一般过去时的从句没过多久就……❻Itwasn'tlongbeforehetoldmeabouttheaffair.没过多久他就把那件事告知了我。3．since的用法(1)since引导时间状语从句，意为“自从……以来”，所引导的从句运用持续性动词或非持续性动词，主句运用完成时态。❶Sincehegraduatedfromthecollege,hehasworkedinthiscity.高校毕业后，他便在这个城市工作。(2)since引导的时间状语从句的常用句型①Itis/hasbeen＋时间段＋since...(从句用一般过去时)当since从句中的动词为非持续性动词时，表示“动作从发生至今已有多久”。❷Itisfivedayssincehecamehere.他来这儿五天了。当since从句中的动词为持续性动词时，表示“动作从停止至今已有多久”。❸IthasbeenyearssinceIenjoyedmyselfsomuchaslastnight.我已经许多年没有像昨晚那样痛快了。②Itwas＋时间段＋since...(从句用过去完成时)since从句中的动词为持续性动词，表示“动作从完成至后来的另一时间点已有多久”。❹Itwasthreeyearssinceshehadlivedinthiscity.她已有三年没住在这座城市了。4．till/until的用法主句形式主句谓语含义确定句用持续性动词意为“直到……为止”，表示主句中的动作到从句动作发生时结束。否定句用非持续性动词意为“直到……才”，表示主句中的动作从从句动作发生时起先。❶Hewaiteduntilshehadfinishedspeaking.他始终等到她讲完。❷Youcan'tgohomeuntilyoufinishyourwork.工作完成后你才能回家。特殊留意：①只有until可置于句首或用于强调句型，其他状况until和till可通用。❸UntilyoutoldmeIhadnoideaofit.直到你告知我，我才对此事有所了解。②假如notuntil置于句首，主句要用部分倒装。❹Notuntilhisbikelookedalmostnewdidhestopcleaningit.直到他的自行车看起来像新的一样，他才停止擦洗。5．表示“一……就……”的连词的用法表示“一……就……”的连词有：themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant;assoonas;immediately,directly,instantly;nosooner...than...,hardly/scarcely...when...等。❶ThemomentIheardthevoice,IknewFatherwascoming.我一听到那说话声，就知道是父亲来了。❷Assoonasthereportersknowwhattowriteabout,theygetdowntowork.记者们一知道他们要写什么东西，就着手工作。❸Immediatelyyoubegintospeak,hegivesyouhisfullattention.你只要一起先说话，他就会聚精会神地听。❹IwenthomedirectlyIhadfinishedwork.我一干完活就回家了。❺Wehadnosoonersetoutthanathunderstormbroke.我们刚刚动身就下起了雷雨。❻Wehadhardly/scarcelysatdownatthetable,whenthephonerang.我们刚在桌子旁坐下，电话铃就响了。特殊留意：hardly/scarcely...when...,nosooner...than...引导时间状语从句时，主句运用过去完成时，从句运用一般过去时。假如hardly,nosooner,scarcely置于句首，主句必需接受部分倒装结构。❼HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.我刚一到家，天就起先下雨了。❽Nosoonerhadshesaiditthansheburstintotears.她刚一说完，泪水便夺眶而出。6．名词短语引导时间状语从句的用法thefirsttime(第一次……的时候)，thelasttime(上次……的时候)，bythetime(到……的时候为止)，everytime/eachtime(每次……的时候)，nexttime(下次……的时候)等名词短语也可作连词，引导时间状语从句。❶Thefirsttimewemet,wewereataparty.我们第一次见面是在一个聚会上。❷EachtimehewenttoBeijing,hewouldvisithisformerteachers.每次他去北京，他都会去探望他以前的老师们。特殊留意：bythetime引导的时间状语从句可用一般现在时表示将来，此时主句应运用将来完成时；当从句用一般过去时时，主句应运用过去完成时。❸Bythetimeyoucomeheretomorrow,Iwillhavefinishedthiswork.你明天到这儿的时候，我就已经完成这项工作了。即学即练1(1)选词填空(when,while,as,since,before,until)①It'smucheasiertomakefriends________youhavesimilarinterests.②Shewasonthepointofgoingout________herfriendscame.③Youwillgrowwiser________yougrowolder.④Ihavewrittenhomeonce________Icamehere.⑤Timepassedquicklyandthewinterholidayshadgoneby________weknewit.⑥Intheexperiment,thevolunteerskepttheirhandsinhotwater________theycouldnolongertoleratethepain.⑦________Iwaswalkingthedog,Iwassocarelessthattheleashgotlooseanditwashitbyacar.(2)在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式①It________(be)oneyearbeforewegraduatefromthemiddleschool.②It________(be)threeyearssincehelivedhere.③It________(be)notlongbeforewemetagain.④Itwasfiveyearssincewe________(leave)school.⑤ThefirsttimeI________(get)herealone,Iwasfrightened.⑥Bythetimehewasten,he________(study)advancedmaths.(3)依据汉语意思完成句子①我刚要睡觉时电话铃响了。(beabouttodo...when...)I________________________thetelephonerang.②他们正在看电视，突然得知飞机失联了。(bedoing...when...)They________________________theylearntthattheplanewasoutoftouch.③他刚离开，你就来了。(haddone...when...)He________________________youcame.④你可以在这里待到雨停。Youcan________________________therainstops.⑤直到老师进来，他们才停止说话。They________________________theteachercamein.⑥直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。Notuntilwepointedouttheirfaultstothem________________________．⑦我每次到办公室去看他，都听说他在开会。________________________ItrytovisithimintheofficeI'mtoldheisinameeting.⑧我上一次去看她时，她正在一所医学院学习。________________________Ivisitedher,shewasstudyingatamedicalcollege.eq\a\vs4\al(二、地点状语从句)地点状语从句常由where(在……地方)及wherever(无论……在哪里)引导，用来表示主句动作发生的场所，从句可放在句首或句末。❶Staywhereyouare.请待在原地。❷Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者事竟成。❸Wherevertheyappeared,therewasawarmwelcome.不管到哪里，他们都受到了热忱欢迎。❹Whereverthereisinjustice,wetrytohelp.凡有不公正的地方，我们都竭力相助匡正。特殊留意：区分where引导的地点状语从句和定语从句①where引导定语从句时，是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有详细或抽象的表示地点的先行词，where引导的从句修饰先行词。❺ThebookshopwhereIboughtthisbookisnotfarfromhere.我买这本书的书店离这里不远。(先行词为Thebookshop)②where引导地点状语从句时，是从属连词，其引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where前面没有表示地点的先行词。❻Makeamarkwhereyouhaveanydoubtorquestion.在有任何疑问或问题的地方做个记号。即学即练2选词填空(where,wherever,inwhich)①________you'refrom,youcancometodance,dine,andtakepartinoutdoorandindoorconcerts.②Asyoungmen,weshouldlearntostandup________wefell.③Located________theBeltmeetstheRoad,JiangsuwillcontributemoretotheBeltandRoadconstruction.④________heoncefeltlikegivingup,henowhasthedeterminationtopushfurtherandkeepongoing.⑤Youshouldbeconsiderate.Youcannotsmoke________youlike.eq\a\vs4\al(三、缘由状语从句)1．because引导的缘由状语从句because语气最强，只有它能回答why的提问以及用于强调句，所引出的缘由往往是听话人所不知道的或是最感爱好的，也只有because才能被only，just，perhaps等词修饰。❶Becausehehadmadeaterriblemistake,theemployerwasunwillingtoemployhimanymore.因为他曾犯过严峻错误，雇主不情愿再雇用他。❷Hisfriendsalllikehimnotjustbecausehe'shandsomeandsuccessful.他的挚友都宠爱他，不仅仅因为他长相英俊又事业有成。2．as引导的缘由状语从句as所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，通常置于句首。Asshe'sbeenillperhapsshe'llneedsomehelp.她生病了，所以她有可能须要一些帮助。3．since引导的缘由状语从句since所引出的缘由往往是人们已知的事实或不须要强调的，常译成“既然”。Sincewedon'thaveclasstomorrow,whynotgooutforapicnic?既然明天我们没课，那为什么不出去野餐呢？4．seeing(that)/considering(that)/now(that)/giventhat/inthat引导的缘由状语从句seeing(that)/considering(that)/now(that)/giventhat都有“鉴于；考虑到”的意思；inthat意为“缘由就在于”，引导的从句放在主句后面。❶Giventhatsheisinterestedinchildren,Iamsureteachingistherightcareerforher.由于她对小孩子们感爱好，我敢确定教学工作对她而言再合适不过。❷Seeing(that)herefusedtohelpus,there'snoreasonwhyweshouldnowhelphim.由于他那时拒绝帮助我们，我们现在也没有理由帮他。❸Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.这种等待的不寻常在于大部分人是自愿的。即学即练3选词填空(because,as,considering,since)①—Whywereyoulatetoday?—________myalarmclockwasbroken.②________thatyouareakid,I'llchargeyouless.③________youweren'tthere,Ileftamessage.④Itwas________thewaterhadrisenthattheycouldnotcrosstheriver.⑤________itisrainingoutside,weshallnotgotothepark.eq\a\vs4\al(四、目的状语从句)引导目的状语从句的连词有sothat,inorderthat,incase,forfearthat,lest等，从句中通常包含情态动词can/could,may/might,should等。❶I'dliketoarrive20minutesearlysothatIcanhavetimeforacupoftea.我想早到20分钟以便有时间喝杯茶。❷Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.为了让全部人听到你讲话，你必需说大声点。❸Bettertakewarmclothesincasetheweatheriscold.最好还是穿温煦些以防天气寒冷。❹Childrenarefrequentlydiscouragedfromplayinginthemud,forhealthandsafetyreasons,forfearthattheymightgetdirtyandinjured.出于健康和平安方面的考虑，担忧他们可能会弄脏或受伤，孩子们常常被劝阻不要在泥里玩耍。❺Motherhustledthechildrenofftoschoollesttheyshouldbelate.母亲督促着孩子们赶快上学去以免迟到了。即学即练4同义句转换/单句写作①Weusecomputerssothatwecanworkbetter.→Weusecomputers________________wecanworkbetter.②昨天我们开了个会，以便能够做好这项工作。________________________________________________________________________eq\a\vs4\al(五、结果状语从句)引导结果状语从句的连词有sothat,so...that,such...that等。用法归纳：eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that...,so＋many/much/little/few＋名词＋that...,so＋形容词/副词＋that...))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that...,such＋形容词＋可数名词复数/不行数名词＋that...,such＋alotof/lotsof＋名词＋that...))巧记：名前such，形副so；多多少少也用so；little有点小特殊，小用such，少用so。留意：“多多少少”指的是表示数量的词，常用的有many/much/few/little。❶Heissocuteaboythateveryonelikeshim.＝Heissuchacuteboythateveryonelikeshim.他是一位如此可爱的男孩以至于每个人都宠爱他。❷Heearnedsolittlemoneythathecouldn'tsupporthisfamily.他挣得太少了，以至于连家都养不起。❸Tomissoselfishthathealwaysignoresothers'feelings.汤姆太自私了，总是忽视别人的感受。❹Jimissuchanhonestkidthatweallbelievehim.＝Jimissohonestakidthatweallbelievehim.吉姆是个很恳切的孩子，我们都信任他。❺Theyaresuchhelpfulteachersthatweallrespectthem.这些老师对我们帮助很大，我们都敬重他们。❻Itissuchfineweatherthatweallwanttogoforapicnic.天气这么好，我们都想出去野餐。特殊留意：有时为了表示强调，可将so或such置于句首，此时主句要用部分倒装。❼Sobrightwasthemoonthattheflowerswerebrightasbyday.在如此光明的月光下，花儿就像在白天一样明丽。❽Suchaninterestingbookdoeshehavethatweallwanttoreadit.他有一本如此好玩的书，以至于我们都想读。即学即练5用so/such填空①Itwas________hotadaythattheywantedtogoswimming.②Thereare________manythingsintheshopsthatitisdifficulttoknowwhattobuy.③TheInternetis________animportantpartofourlifethatithaseveninfluencedourlanguage.④Theyare________goodteachersthatweallrespectthemgreatly.eq\a\vs4\al(六、条件状语从句)引导条件状语从句的连词有if，unless，as/solongas，incase，oncondition(that),supposing/suppose(that),providing/provided(that),onlyif，ifonly等。1．if引导的条件状语从句if意为“假如；假如”。IfanyonehadtoldmethreeyearsagothatIwouldbespendingmostofmyweekendscamping,Iwouldhavelaughedheartily.假如三年前有人告知我说我以后会把周末大部分时间花在野营上，我确定会哈哈大笑。2．unless引导的条件状语从句unless意为“除非；假如不”，相当于ifnot。Itissocoldthatyoucan'tgooutsideunlessfullycoveredinthickclothes.天太冷了，你不能出去，除非你用厚厚的衣服把自己包袱得密密层层。3．as/solongas引导的条件状语从句as/solongas意为“只要”。Aslongasthereisacode，peoplewilltrytobreakit.只要有密码，人们就会试着去破解。4．其他连词引导的条件状语从句incase意为“假如；万一”；oncondition(that)意为“条件是；只要”；suppose/supposing(that)意为“假设”；providing/provided(that)意为“只要；假如；在……的条件下”；onlyif意为“只有”；ifonly意为“要是；只要”。❶ItwasconsiderateofMichaeltoinformusofhisdelayincasewegotworried.迈克尔考虑得很周到，他通知我们他会迟到，以防我们担忧。❷Theyagreedtolendusthecaronconditionthat(＝onlyif)wereturneditbeforetheweekend.他们同意借车给我们，条件是周末以前归还。❸Suppose/Supposing(that)itrains,canweplaythematchindoors?要是下雨的话，我们能在室内竞赛吗？❹Youcanborrowthecar,providing/provided(that)Icanhaveitbackbysixo'clock.你可以借我的车，只要你六点之前能还给我。即学即练6用适当的连词完成句子①除非你全身心投入工作，否则你恒久不会取得胜利。Youwillnevergainsuccess________youarefullydevotedtoyourwork.②只要你能按时完成工作，你就能做你想做的其他任何事。________youcanfinishyourworkontime,youcandowhateverelseyouwant.③假如你成为某个组织的带头人，你很有可能想要一些志愿者来帮忙完成组织的一些活动。________youbecomealeaderinanorganization,it'sverylikelythatyou'llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization'sactivities.④你最好带把伞以防下雨。You'dbettertakeanumbrella________itrains.⑤只要你完成作业，你就能玩电脑嬉戏。Youmaybeallowedtoplaycomputergames________youhavefinishedyourhomework.eq\a\vs4\al(七、让步状语从句)引导让步状语从句的连词有though,although,as,while,evenif,eventhough,whatever,however,whenever等。1．although/though引导的让步状语从句although/though意为“虽然，尽管”。Heisunhappy,although/thoughhehasalotofmoney.虽然他很有钱，但他不快乐。特殊留意：although/though可以与yet，still连用，但不能与连词but连用。2．as引导的让步状语从句as引导让步状语从句时，意为“虽然，尽管”，从句部分用部分倒装结构。❶Tryasshemight，Suecouldn'tgetthecarstarted.虽然苏全力以赴，但就是无法启动她的车。特殊留意：让步状语从句中though可以用倒装，也可不用倒装；although确定不能倒装；as必需倒装，置于句首，将表语、谓语或者状语提前，若表语是单数名词，前置时冠词要省略。❷Billionaireas/thoughheis，heisstillasmodestasbefore.虽然他是位亿万富翁，但还是和以前一样虚心。(Billionaire前的冠词a省略)3．while引导的让步状语从句while引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管，虽然”，一般位于句首。Whilebirdsusetheirfeathersforflight,someoftheirfeathersareforotherpurposes.虽然鸟类的羽毛用于飞行，但其中一些羽毛也可作他用。4．evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句evenif/eventhough意为“即使，即便”。Onceagainhefailedtohandinhispaper,evenif/thoughhehadbeengivenenoughtime.即便给了他足够的时间，他却又一次没能上交他的论文。5．“疑问词＋-ever”或“nomatter＋疑问词”引导的让步状语从句在让步状语从句中，“疑问词＋-ever”相当于“nomatter＋疑问词”，意为“不管……；无论……；尽管……”。❶Whatever(＝Nomatterwhat)happens,Iwillalwaysstandbyyourside.无论发生什么，我都会站在你身边支持你。❷Pleasedon'tlistentohim，whateverhisproposalis.无论他的建议是什么，千万不要听。❸Whateverreasonhecomesupwith,hiswordscan'tbetrusted.无论他提出了什么理由，他的话都是不行信的。❹Youshouldtrytogetagoodnight'ssleephowever(＝nomatterhow)muchworkyouhavetodo.无论有多少工作要做，你都应当想方法好好睡一觉。❺Howeverdifficultthefuturemayseem,wewillgohandinhandtogether.不管将来看似多么困难，我们都将携手前行。❻Wherever(＝Nomatterwhere)youstay，youmustservethepeopleheartandsoul.无论你身处何方，你都必需一心一意为人民服务。❼Whenever(＝Nomatterwhen)hecomesback，hiswifeiswaitingforhim.无论他什么时候回家，他妻子都在等他。特殊留意：只有在状语从句当中，“nomatter＋疑问词”才能够替换“疑问词＋-ever”，在名词性从句中不行以替换。也就是说，“nomatter＋疑问词”只能引导状语从句，“疑问词＋-ever”既可以引导状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句。❽Whoeverbreakstheschoolruleswillbepunished!任何触犯校规的人都会受到惩处！(主语从句)❾Whoever(＝Nomatterwho)breakstheschoolrules,hewillbepunished.无论是谁触犯了校规，他都会受到惩处。(状语从句)即学即练7依据句意用适当的连词填空①虽然学生们来自不同国家，但在夏令营中他们相处得特殊融洽。________thestudentscamefromdifferentcountries,theygotalongquitewellinthesummercamp.②虽然他是个英雄，但也有缺点。Hero________heis,hehasweaknesses.＝________heisahero,hehasweaknesses.③在某种程度上我能明白你的意思，即便我不同意你的观点。InawayIcanseewhatyoumean,________Idon'tshareyourpointofview.eq\a\vs4\al(八、方式状语从句)引导方式状语从句的连词有as，asif/though等，as表示“正如；就像”；asif/asthough引导的方式状语从句与事实相符时，不用虚拟语气，若与事实不相符，则用虚拟语气。❶WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.入乡随俗。❷Theyliveasiftheywillneverdie,anddieasthoughtheyhadneverlived.他们活着的时候似乎从来不会死去，他们死去的时候又仿佛从没有活过。即学即练8在空白处填入1个适当的单词①Just________asinglewordcanchangethemeaningofasentence,asinglesentencecanchangethemeaningofaparagraph.②Do________theteacheraskedyouto.eq\a\vs4\al(九、比较状语从句)引导比较状语从句的连词有as...as...，notas/so...as...，than,more(...)than，less(...)than等。❶Therewerenotsomanyticketsavailableas(they)wereneeded.票供不应求。❷ThistestislesssimplethanIexpectedittobe.这次考试不如我原以为的简洁。即学即练9改正下面句子中的错误。①ShespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasherclassmates.________________________________________________________________________②Mr.SmithownsahouselargerasanyoneelseIknow.________________________________________________________________________Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．________youwanttoworkasatranslator,youneedfluencyinatleastoneforeignlanguage.2．________aproblemarose,sherespondedwithhercharacteristic.“Noproblem,Icanhandleit.”3．Hewassoabsurd________hepredictedthatthesunwillnotrisetomorrow.4．Feelingsofpowerlessnessanddespairoftenmakeusoverwhelmed________webringourproblemsundercontrol.5．Irefusedhisinvitationtohisflatforcoffee________Ididn'tthinkthathismotiveswereentirelypure.6．Putthebulbsinatransparentplasticbox,inorder________thechildrencanseetherootsgrowing.7．________sheworkedhard,thecompanynevergaveheranyrecognitionforherwork.8．CarlandMartinmayinherittheirgrandmother'spossessions________shedies.9．Nomatter________happens,don'tbepessimisticaboutyourlife.10．Wecan'tprotecttheenvironment________largecorporationssensetheirdutytocooperate.Ⅱ.在空白处填入1个适当的连接词MyclassmateMichaelstudiedveryhard1.________