备考2025届高考英语一轮复习课时提能第一部分过透教材Unit5Intotheunknown外研版选择性必修第四册

Unit5Intotheunknown一、阅读理解A[2024广东惠州一调]TheRomanColosseumwasbuiltalmosttwothousandyearsago.Despiteitsageanda14thcenturyearthquakethatknockeddownthesouthside，mostofthetallfeetbuildingisstillstanding.Scientistsandengineershavelongsuspectedakeytothebuilding’sdurability（耐用性）istheuseofspecificRomanconcrete.Butexactlyhowthissolidconcretehascontributedtothearchitecture’sstrengthhasbeenamysterytoresearchersacrosstheglobe.AteamofresearchersrecentlydiscoveredapotentialanswertowhytheseancientRomanbuildingshavebeenabletoweatherthetestoftimewhilemanymodernconcretestructuresseemtofallapartafterafewdecades.Theanswerisself-healingconcrete.Thematerialhasthreecomponents：limestone（石灰岩），volcanicmaterialandwater.Whattheresearchersfoundwasthattheself-healingfeaturemightbesimplycausedbychemistryaccidentally.Thelimestoneintheconcreteislikelythesecret.WhentheancientRomansmademortar（灰浆），theyheatedupthelimetoturnitintoasubstancecalled"quicklime".And，becausetheyintroducedwaterintothequicklimeduringmixing，theheatitproducedsetupachemicalfoundationthatcouldstrengthentheconcretelater.Whentinycracksstartedtoformlater，thequicklimestoppedthemfrombecomingbigger.Whenitrained，thelimereactedwiththewatertorecombineintovariousformsofcalciumcarbonate（碳酸钙），quicklyfillingthecrackorreactedwiththevolcanicashto"heal"thematerial.FormaterialsscientistAinissaRamirez，thisnewunderstandingofancientRomanconcreteisawelcomediscovery."Thisisonewaythatthematerialcanbemoreenvironmentallyfriendly，"saysRamirez."It’ssortoflikeamessageinabottle.TheRomansmadethematerial.Wehadtokindoffigureouthowtheydiditsothatwecanmakebettermaterials—andthen，youknow，inturn，bebetterprotectorsofourenvironment."古罗马的混凝土结构为何能够屹立不倒，经受住时间的考验？科学家始终很新奇 。文章介绍了古罗马混凝土结构能够很好地提高建筑强度，一个可能的答案就是：这种混凝土具有自我修复功能。【词语积累】knockdown击倒；推倒（或拆掉、拆毁）建筑物suspectv.怀疑；觉得specificadj.特定的mysteryn.奇异；奇异potentialadj.可能的；潜在的fallapart裂开；瓦解componentn.组成部分；成分featuren.特点substancen.物质strengthenv.巩固；加强crackn.缝隙reactwith与……起化学反应figureout想出；弄明白inturn反过来；相应地1.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1？A.ThesecretofRomanconcretehasbeenrevealed.B.TheRomanColosseumwasbuiltinthe14thcentury.C.ThewholeRomanColosseumsurvivedtheearthquake.D.Romanconcreteisessentialtothearchitecture’sstrength.解析D推理推断题。由第一段，尤其是"Butexactlyhowthissolidconcretehascontributedto...acrosstheglobe"可知，对全球的探讨人员而言，古罗马混凝土原委是如何提高古罗马斗兽场强度的始终是个谜。由此可知，古罗马混凝土对建筑的强度至关重要，故选D项。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"weather"inParagraph2mean？A.Take. B.Stand.C.Avoid. D.Fail.解析B词义揣测题。由画线词所在句的"whilemanymodernconcretestructuresseemtofallapartafterafewdecades"可知，此处while表示前后两种状况的对比，画线词应与fallapart意思相反。很多现代混凝土结构好像在几十年后就会瓦解，而古罗马建筑可以经得住时间的考验。由此可推知，画线词意为"经受住"，与stand意思一样，故选B项。3.Whatdoweknowabouttheself-healingprocess？A.Thelimeitselfcouldfillthecracklater.B.Thequicklimeshouldbemadeonrainydays.C.Thechemicalfoundationcouldweakentheconcrete.D.Combiningwaterandquicklimewouldproduceheat.解析D微小环节理解题。由第四段中的"theyintroducedwaterinto...thatcouldstrengthentheconcretelater"可知，他们在搅拌过程中将水加到了生石灰中，它所产生的热量形成了一种随后可以强化混凝土的化学基础。由此可知，将水和生石灰混合会产生热量，故选D项。4.WhatcanbeinferredfromRamirez’swords？A.Peoplecanbeinspiredtomakegreenermaterials.B.ThesecretofRomanconcreteishiddeninabottle.C.Romanconcretehasgreatlyimprovedtheenvironment.D.Romanconcreteispopularinmakingmodernarchitecture.解析A推理推断题。由最终一段Ramirez的话可知，对古罗马混凝土的新理解让我们了解了一种使材料更加环保的方式。古罗马人制造了这种材料，我们必需弄清晰他们是如何做到的，这样我们才能制作更好的材料，反过来成为更好的环境疼惜者。换句话说，我们可以从古罗马人制作的这种材料中吸取灵感，去独创更环保的材料，故选A项。B[2024南京六校调研]Theworldmayhaveanewsupercontinentwithin200millionto300millionyearsasthePacificOceanshrinksandcloses.ResearchersatCurtinUniversityinAustraliaandPekingUniversityinChinausedasupercomputertomodeltheevolutionofEarth’stectonicplates（地壳构造板块）andtheformationofafuturesupercontinent.TheirfindingswerepublishedinthejournalNationalScienceReview."Overthepasttwobillionyears，Earth’scontinentshavecollided（相撞）togethertoformasupercontinentevery600millionyears，knownasthesupercontinentcycle.Thismeansthatcurrentcontinentsareduetocometogetheragaininacoupleofhundredmillionyears’time，"saidleadauthorDr.ChuanHuang，aresearchfellowinCurtin’sEarthDynamicsResearchGroupandtheSchoolofEarthandPlanetarySciences.Theteam’ssimulationshowedthatduetothefactthatEarthhasbeencoolingforbillionsofyearssinceitsformation，thethicknessandstrengthofthetectonicplatesbeneaththeoceanshavereducedovertime.Asaresult，theformationofanewsupercontinentismorelikelytohappenbytheclosingupofthePacificOcean.Reducedbyafewcentimetersperyear，thePacificOcean’scurrentreachof10，000kilometerswillcloseupinlessthan300millionyears."TheresultingnewsupercontinenthasalreadybeennamedAmasiabecausesomebelievethatthePacificOceanwillclosewhenAmericacollideswithAsia.AustraliaisalsoexpectedtoplayaroleinthisimportantEarthevent，firstcollidingwithAsiaandthenconnectingAmericaandAsiaoncethePacificOceancloses，"Huangsaid.Changesinthedistributionofcontinentsandoceanswillcausechangesinclimates，"particularlywhenoceancurrentsarestoppedbycontinentalcollision，ornewoceancurrentsareformedwhencontinentsbreakapart，"saidstudyco-authorZheng-XiangLi，distinguishedprofessorinCurtin’sSchoolofEarthandPlanetarySciences."Earth，asweknow，willbecompletelydifferentwhenAmasiaforms.Sealevelisexpectedtobelower，andthevastinteriorofthesupercontinentwillbeverydrywithhighdailytemperatureranges."Researchersexpectmoreearthquakesasthecontinentalplatescollide.Surroundedbyanewsuperocean，thenewlyformedsupercontinentwillalsohavedecreasedbiodiversity.ScientistsarestilltryingtounderstandEarth’ssupercontinentcycle，whichisdrivenbyheatandgravity.TheresearchteamwantstoestablishhowEarth’stectonicplatesstartedandwhenthefirstcontinentsformed，aswellaswhatkickedoffthesupercontinentcycle."WeareonlystartingtolookattheentireEarthsystem，fromitscoretoitsatmosphere，asacloselylinkedsystemthatevolvedtogether，"Lisaid.随着太平洋的缩小和闭合，在2亿至3亿年内世界上可能会出现一个新的超大陆。探讨人员运用超级计算机模拟了地球地壳构造板块的演化以及将来超大陆的形成。【词语积累】shrinkv.缩小evolutionn.进化simulationn.模拟interiorn.内陆；内部kickoff起先【熟词生义】plate常用义：n.盘子；碟子文中义：n.板块1.Whatleadstotheformationofthenewsupercontinent？A.TherisingtemperatureofEarth.B.TheexpansionofthePacificOcean.C.Thereducedstrengthofthetectonicplates.D.Theappearanceofmanynewtectonicplates.解析C微小环节理解题。由第四段中的"Earthhasbeencoolingforbillionsofyears...bytheclosingupofthePacificOcean"可知，地球自形成以来已经冷却了数十亿年，海洋下的地壳构造板块的厚度和强度随着时间的推移而减小。因此，一个新的超大陆的形成更有可能发生在太平洋闭合的时候，故选C项。2.Whatisbelievedbysomescientistsaboutthenewsupercontinent？A.Theinvolvingparts.B.Itsclimatepattern.C.Thewayitbreaksapart.D.ItsdistancefromAustralia.解析A微小环节理解题。由第五段中的"somebelievethatthePacificOceanwillclose...oncethePacificOceancloses"可知，一些人猜想当美洲与亚洲相撞时，太平洋将闭合。澳大利亚大陆预料也会在这一重要的地球事务中发挥作用，它会首先与亚洲相撞，然后在太平洋闭合时连接美洲和亚洲。由此可知，一些科学家猜想新的超大陆应当包含很多部分，故选A项。3.Whatwillprobablyhappentothenewlyformedsupercontinent？A.Therewillbeariseinsealevel.B.Therewillbelotsofwaterintheinterior.C.Thevarietyofitslivingthingswillbereduced.D.Itstemperaturewillstaythesameallyearround.解析C微小环节理解题。由倒数其次段中的"Surroundedbyanewsuperocean，thenewlyformedsupercontinentwillalsohavedecreasedbiodiversity"可知，新形成的超大陆被一个新的超级海洋包围，生物多样性也将削减，故选C项。4.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlywanttoshow？A.TheentireEarthsystemfacesanuncertainfuture.B.Theoriginofthesupercontinentcycleishardtotrace.C.Earth’ssupercontinentcyclewillposeabigthreat.D.Thereismoretodiscoveraboutthesupercontinentcycle.解析D段落大意题。最终一段讲科学家们仍在试图了解地球的超大陆周期，它是由热量和重力驱动的。探讨团队希望确定地球的地壳构造板块是如何出现的，第一批大陆是何时形成的，以及什么开启了超大陆周期。由此可知，最终一段主要想说明"关于超大陆周期还有更多的东西待发觉"，故选D项。C[2024浙江杭州高三一模]Thatdinosaursatethemammals（哺乳动物）thatranbeneaththeirfeetisnotindoubt.NowanextraordinaryfossilnewlydescribedinScientificReports，unearthedbyateamledbyGangHanatHainanVocationalUniversityofScienceandTechnologyinChina，showsthatsometimesthetableswereturned.Thefossil—datingbacktoabout125millionyearsago，duringtheCretaceousperiod—wasformedwhenaflowofboilingvolcanicmudswallowedtwoanimalsseeminglylockedinalife-and-deathfight.Theoneontopisamammal.Thisanimalisaherbivorousspeciescloselyrelatedtothetriceratops（三角恐龙）.Animalinteractionssuchasthisareexceptionallyrareinthefossilrecord.Onepossibilityisthatthemammalwaseatingsomethingalreadydead，ratherthanhuntingliveprey.Thesedaysitisuncommonforsmallmammalstoattackmuchlargeranimals.Butitisnotunheardof.AndDr.Hanandhiscolleaguespointoutthatthosemammalswhicheatdeadbodiestypicallyleavetoothmarksalloverthebonesoftheanimals.Thedinosaur’sremainsshownosuchmarks.Thereisalsoachancethatthefossilcouldbeafake.Moreandmoreconvincingfakeshaveemerged，asthisonedid—thoughDr.Hanandhiscolleaguesarguethatthecomplexlyconnectednatureoftheskeletons（骨骼）makesthatunlikely，too.Assumingitisgenuine，thediscoveryservesasareminderthatnotalldinosaurswereenormousduringtheCretaceousperiodandthatnotallmammalsweretiny.Fromnosetotail，thedinosaurisjust1.2meterslong.Themammalisabitunderhalfameterinlength.Despitebeinghalfthesize，themammalhasonepawfirmlywrappedaroundoneofitsprey’slimbs，andanotherpullingonitsjaw.Itisbitingdownonthedinosaur’schest，andhasrippedofftwoofitsribs.Beforetheywereinterrupted，itseemsthatthemammalwaswinning.本文主要介绍了中国海南科技职业高校韩刚团队发表在《科学报告》中的文章，描述了一块非同寻常的化石，该化石表明恐龙会被小型的哺乳动物猎杀。1.Whichidiomisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpart"thetableswereturned"inparagraph1？A.Thefittestsurvives.B.Thehuntersbecomehunted.C.Fortunealwaysfavorsthebrave.D.Thetruthwillalwayscometolight.解析B句意理解题。由第一段中的"Thatdinosaursatethemammals（哺乳动物）thatranbeneaththeirfeetisnotindoubt"可知，恐龙捕食哺乳动物不足为奇，但依据韩刚团队的发觉"Theoneontopisamammal"可知，化石反映哺乳动物在捕食恐龙，由此可知，画线部分所在句的意思应为"有时候局面也会有所逆转"，即捕食者可能成为猎物，故B项与画线部分的意义最为接近。2.Whydoestheauthormentionthe"toothmarks"inparagraph3？A.Toprovethefossilwasfake.B.Toshowtheformingofthefossil.C.Toillustratetheprocessofhunting.D.Tosuggestthedinosaurwashuntedalive.解析D推理推断题。由第三段中的"Onepossibilityisthatthemammalwaseatingsomethingalreadydead，ratherthanhuntingliveprey"可以推断，作者在第三段讲解并描述韩刚博士及其同事提到了牙印，他们这样做是为了反击哺乳动物是在吃已经死了的恐龙的说法，从而证明恐龙是在活着的时候被猎杀的，故选D。3.WhatmakesDr.Hanthinkthefossilisgenuine？A.Thesizeofthefossil.B.Theabsenceoffakefossils.C.Thecomplexityoftheskeletons.D.Theconsistencyoftheopinions.解析C微小环节理解题。由第三段中的"Dr.Hanandhiscolleaguesarguethatthecomplexlyconnectednatureoftheskeletons（骨骼）makesthatunlikely"可知，由于骨骼的困难性，韩刚博士及其团队认为化石造假是不行能的，故选C。4.Whatisthefunctionofthelastparagraph？A.Itoffersacause.B.Ithighlightsasolution.C.Itjustifiestheconclusion.D.Itprovidesanewdiscovery.解析C推理推断题。上文讲到了人们对化石的真伪存有疑问。由最终一段中的"notalldinosaurswereenormousduringtheCretaceousperiodandthatnotallmammalsweretiny"和对化石中捕食画面的描述可以推想，最终一段提这些是为了证明第一段结论的合理性，故选C。二、语法填空[2024安徽六校开学考]Deepinthejungle，theMayabuiltanempire.Andnow，scientistsareunlockingmoresecretsaboutthisancientcivilizationwiththediscoveryof417cities1（date）backto2，000yearsago，saidTheWashingtonPost.Thecities2（find）tobeconnectedby110miles（about177kilometers）of"highways"inMay，whichconsistedofthe"world’sfirst-everextensivesystemofhighways".The"highways"，3Reutersreported，werespaciousroadways4（make）instone.Plus，scientistsalsofoundpyramids，ballgamecourtsandwaterengineering，5（include）damsandirrigationcanals.TheMayacivilizationwas"far6（advanced）thanwethought"，notedTheWashingtonPost.Asoneofthegreatest7（civilization）oftheWesternHemisphere，theMayafirstestablishedsettlementsaround1800BC.TheirempirespannedpartsofMexicoandseveralcountriesinCen