高中英语语法之省略

高中英语语法之省略

英语中省略现象较为普遍，对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。句子成分的省略，可分为以

下几种情况：

为了使话说得简明扼要，英语句子中某个单词、短语甚至从句或主句都能够省去。

I、状语从句中的省略用法

一、如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式

(am/is/are/was/were),可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。

1、when,while引导的时间状语从句

e.g.Dobecarefulwhen(youare)crossingthestreet.

When/While(Iwas)onmywaytowork,Imether.

2、if,unless,once引导的条件状语从句

e.g.If(itis)properlytreated,wastewilldonoharmtotheenvironment.

rilnotgotothepartyunless(Iam)invited.

Once(youare)caughtstealinginasupermarket,youwillbepunished.

3、though,although,whether,nomatterwhether/what/how/who等弓|导的

让步状语从句

e.g.Hewashappy,though/although(hewas)poor.

Whether(sheis)sickorwell,sheisalwayscheerful.

Nomatterhow/Howeverhardthetask(is),wemustfulfillitintime.

(注：从句的主语和主句的主语不一致时，只省略从句中的be动词形式)

4、asif,asthough引导的方式状语从句

e.g.Herubbedhiseyesandyawnedasif/though(hewas)wakingupaftera

longsleep.

Hestoodupasif/though(hewanted)toleave.(asif/though+todo表示

一个将来的动作)

二、than,as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法：当不同的主语实行比较时，

一般省略从句中的谓语；当从句中的主语与谓语(be动词除外)和主句中

的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较部分。

e.g.Heistallerthanhisbrother(is).

Ihaveasmuchasconfidenceinyouas(Ihaveconfidence)inhim.

三、以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法：通常省略了itis,thatis,

thereis/are。

e.g.If(itis)possible/necessary,thisoldtemplewillberebuilt.

If(thatis)so,Iwillcallyoubackat5：00pm.

Thereareonlyafewbooksinourschoollibrary,if(thereare)any.

n、定语从句中的省略用法

关系词的省略：关系代词that,which,whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且

不位于介词之后时,能够省略；inwhich或that在先行词way后作方式状语从句

时可省略。

e.g.Theman(that/who/whom)youvisitedlastnightismygrandpa.

Idon'tliketheway(inwhich/that)youtreatthegirl.

虚拟语气中if及should的省略

1、当条件状语从句中有were,had,should等时省略if,把它们提至句首，形

成倒装句。

e.g.IfIwereateacher,Iwouldbestrictwithmystudents.

=WereIateacher,Iwouldbestrictwithmystudents.

2、Suggest,insist,order,require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的从句

中，谓语动词常用“should+动词原形"，should能够省略。

e.g.Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytoloseweight.

IV、不定式符号to的省略

1、感官动词see,hear,feel,watch等和使役动词have,make,let等后接不定

式作宾语时，不定式省略to。(一感feel,二听hear,listento,三让have,let,make,

四看see,lookat,observe,watch)

2、donothingbut,can'thelpbut等结构常接省略to的不定式。

E.g.Wedidn'tdoanythingbutstayathomewatchingTVyesterday.

Hearingthenews,shecouldn'thelpbutcry.

3、在特定语境中为了避免重复，当不定式再次出现时，在want,wish,hope,

try,plan,like,love,hate后往往只保留to,而省略后面的动词。但不定式

后有be,have时，也保留be和have。

E.g.Myparentsencouragedmetogotocollege,butIdidn'twantto.

V、So和not的替代性省略

用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。

可与believe,do,expect,fear,guess,hope,say,speak,suppose,think,I'm

afraid等连用

e.g.-Doyousupposeheisgoingtoattendthemeeting?-1supposenot.

VI、日常交际中的省略

在情景会话中，答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分，而只保留对方希望了

解的内容。在复合句或并列句中，也有省略主、谓、宾的情况。

e.g.-Howmanycopiesdoyouwant?—（Iwant）Threecopies,please.

-HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall?—No,（Ihave）never（beentotheGreatWall）.

省略句练习

1.Whenfirsttothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.（NMET2004全国卷

ID

A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced

2.Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhenatthemeetingbymyboss.（NMET

2004全国卷IV）

A.questioningB.havingquestionedC.questionedD.tobequestioned

3.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoingin

therightdirection.（NMET2003安徽春）

A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee

4.Generallyspeaking,accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.

（NMET2003上海卷）

A.whentakingB.whentakenC.whentotakeD.whentobetaken

5.Unlesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.（NMET2003上海春）

A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited

6.When,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.（NMET2002上海春）

A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted

7.Thoughmoney,hisparentsman-agedtosendhimtouniversity.（NMET2002上海

卷）

A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin

8.Theresearchissodesignedthatoncenothingcanbedonetochangeit.（NMET

2002）

A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun

9.一You'realwaysworking.Comeon,let'sgoshopping.

—youeverwanttodoisgoingshopping.（NMET2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春）

A.AnythingB.SomethingC.AllD.That

10.Isthisthereasonatthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?（NMET2002上

海春）

A.heexplained

B.whatheexplained

C.howheexplained

D.whyheexplained

11.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.（NMET2004湖北卷）

A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich

12.Itiseasytodotherepair.youneedisahammerandsomenails.（NMET2004天

津卷）

A.SomethingB.AllC.BothD.Everything

13.That'sanunpleasantthingtosayaboutyourfatherafterhe'sdoneforyou.

（NMET2004全国卷）

A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.that

14.Asyou*veneverbeentherebefore,Filhavesomeoneyoutheway.（MET1990上海:

卷）

A.toshowB.showC.showingD.showed

15.——I'llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?

—Notatall,.（NMET1995）

A.IhavenotimeB.TdrathernotC.I'dlikeitD.I*dbehappyto

16.一DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGerman?

—Yes,heintends.（NMET1998上海卷）

A./B.toC.soD.that

17.一WouldyouliketogototheGrandTheatrewithmetonight?

—.（NMET1999上海卷）

A.Yes,I'dliketogototheGrandTheatre

B.I'dliketo,butIhaveanexamtomorrow

C.No,Iwon't

D.That'sright

18.—Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.

一Imeant,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn'tfindheranywhere.（NMET2000北

永春招卷）

A.todoB.toC.doingD.doingto

19.itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangpuBridge.（NMET

1994上海卷）

A.WereB.ShouldC.WouldD.Will

20.forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.（NMET1995

上海卷）

A.IfitisnotB.WereC.HaditnotbeenD.Iftheywerenot

21.1willknowwhatwasonhismindatthetime,norwill.（NMET2004江苏卷）

A.anyoneB.anyoneelseC.nooneD.nooneelse

22.Ofthemakingofgoodbooksthereisnoend;neitheranyendtotheirinfluence

onman'slives.（NMET2004广东卷）

A.thereisB.thereareC.isthereD.arethere

23.—Iwouldnevercometothisrestaurantagain.Thefoodisterrible!

—.（NMET2004全国卷III）

A.NoramIB.NeitherwouldIC.SamewithmeD.SodoI

Keys：

1—5BCDBA6—10AADCA11—15AACBD16—20BBBBC21—23BCB

1.省略主语，主谓语或谓语的一部分

a.主语

例句：1(I)Begyourpardon.2(It)Soundslikeagoodidea.

b.主谓语或谓语的一部分

例句：1(Isthere)AnythingIcandoforyou?2(Is)Anybodyhere?

2.不定式符号to的省略

3.不定式结构中动词的省略

例句：1A：Wouldyouliketocometothepaety?B：I'dloveto(cometotheparty.)

2.Theydonotvisittheirparentysasmuchastheyoughtto(visittheirparents).

4.状语从句中的省略

状语从句的省略有以下几种情况：

(1)在状语从句中主语与主句的主语一致，同时从句中又含有动词be则通常可省去

从句中的主语和动词be,留下其余部分。

e.g.l.Shestoodatthegateasif(shewas)waitingforsomeone.她站在门口好像在等

人。

e.g.2.Don*tspeakuntil(youare)spokento.有人对你说话时你才说。

e.g.3.Becarefulwhile(youare)crossingtheroad.过马路时要当心。

e.g.4.When(itis)heated,icecanturnintowater.冰经过加热能变成水。

(2)若状语从句中主语是it,动词是系动词be,则通常可省去主语it及系动词be,留

下其余部分。

e.g.1.Though(itwas)cold,hestillworeashirt.天气虽然冷，他还穿一件衬衫。

e.g.2.Cometomorrowif(itis)possible.可能的话就明天来吧。

e.g.3.If(itis)so,youmustgetbackandgetit.如果这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。

e.g.4.r11buyaTVsetif(itis)necessary.如有必要，我就买一台电视机。

(3)状语从句中的部分内容若与主句的部分内容相同，可将从句中的此部分内容省去。

e.g.Hehasnomoney.If(hehas)any,hewillgiveus.他没有钱，如果有，他会给我

们的。

让我们先看下面几道历年高考试题：

1.When,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted(2002

年上海春季试题)

答案：Ao

分析：Whencompleted,是时间状语从句的省略，其之间省略了itis,原

句可变为：

Whenitiscompleted,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

2.Unlesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.

A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited（2003年

上海春季试题）

答案：Ao

分析：Unlesstospeak,是条件状语从句的省略，其之间省略了you

are,原句可变为：

Unlessyouareinvitedtospeak,youshouldremainsilentatthe

conference.

3.Ifthesametreatmentagain,heissuretogetwell.

A.givingB.giveC.givenD.beinggiven（1998年上海高考试题）

答案：C。

分析：Ifthesametreatmentagain,也是条件状语从句的省略，

其之间省略了heis,原句可变为：

Ifheisthesametreatmentagain,heissuretogetwell.

4.Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhen_____atthemeeting

bymyboss.

A.questioningB.havingquestionedC.questionedD.tobe

questioned（2004年甘肃、青海等省市高考试题）

答案：CO

分析：…whenatthemeetingbymyboss.是时间状语从句的省略，

其之间省略了Iwas,原句可变为:

Itshamesmetosayit,butItoldaliewhenIwasquestionedatthe

meetingbymyboss.

5.Whenfirsttothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreat

success.

A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced（2004

年吉林、四川等省市高考试题）

答案：Bo

分析：Whenfirsttothemarket,也是时间状语从句的省略，其之

间省略了theywere,原句可变为：

Whentheywerefirstintroducedtothemarket,theseproductsenjoyed

greatsuccess.

一.时间状语从句的省略。这类从句主要由when,while,assoonas,once,

until等引导。例如：

1.When(hewas)stillaboyoften,hestartedworkingtosupport

himself.

2.Don，tleavethemachinetill(youare)toldto.

3.r11letyouknowassoonas(itis)arranged.

但要注意，before和after虽然也能够用作连词引导时间状语从句，却不

能用于这类省略主语和be的结构。例如：

Theplanshouldbediscussedonceagainbeforeitiscarriedout.

上句不能改为：

Theplanshouldbediscussedonceagainbeforecarriedout.

上句也能够改为：

Theplanshouldbediscussedonceagainbeforebeingcarriedout.(句

中before不是连词而是介词，后面的beingcarriedout是V-ing形式短语作

介词的宾语，整个句子是简单句，而不是复合句。

二.地点状语从句中的省略。主要由where,wherever引导。例如：

1.Heisalwaysreadytohelpotherswherever(heis)needed.

2.Youcanaddsomewordstoyourcompositionwhere(itis)necessary.

三.条件状语从句的省略。主要由if,unless引导。例如：

1.Shewon，tgotohisbirthdaypartyunless(sheis)invited.

2.Thenewsisquiteimportanttous,if(itis)true.

但若if引导的是表示假设的虚拟条件句，虽具备条件，可不能用于这类省

略。这时如果if从句的谓语动词中含有were,had,should,则能够用倒装省

略，即将were,had或should提到句首,而将连词if省略。例如：

Wereitnotforyou,Iwouldalsogotherewiththem.

Hadyoucomehereearlier,youwouldhavemethim.

Shoulditbefinetomorrow,wewouldgoforanouting.

另外，当。nee作“一旦，一经''解，连接时间或条件状语从句，其主语与主

句的主语相同或其主语为it+be时，常省略从句中的主语或it+be。例如：

Once(itwas)published,hisworkbecamefamousfortheabsenceof

rhymeattheendofeachline.

Once(you)loseconfidence,youcanneverexpecttodoyourworkwell.

四.让步状语从句的省略。主要由though,although,however,whatever,

evenif,eventhough,nomatterhow/what弓|导。例如：

1.Though(hehadbeen)defeatedmanytimes,hedidn，tloseheart.

2.Theyworkedveryhard,though(hewas)stillratherweak.

与if引导的虚拟条件从句不能用这类省略一样，as引导的让步状语从句同样不

能省略。不过如果让步状语从句由as引导时，从句中的表语(一般是形容词或

名词)或状语必须提前到as前，构成倒装。如果作表语的是单数可数名词，则

还须省略不定冠词。例如：

Poorashewas,hewashonest.

Hardashetried,hestillfailed.

MuchasIlikeher,Iwon'tmarryher.

Childasheis,hecanexpresshimselfingoodEnglish.

五.原因状语从句的省略。主要由because引导。例如：

1.Hedecidednottowatchthefootballmatchbecause(hewas)not

himself.

2.Iforgettoposttheletterforyoubecause(Iwas)toobusy.

六.比较状语从句的省略。主要由as,than引导。例如：

1.InwinteritismuchcolderinBeijingthan(itis)inShanghai.

2.Theprojectwascompletedearlierthan(itwas)expected.

3.Maryisnotsoshyas(shewas)ayearagowhenIfirstmether.

七.方式状语从句的省略。主要由as,asif引导。例如:

1.Theoldmansatatthecorneralone,asif(hewas)thinkingof

something.

2.Englishisnotsodifficulttolearn,as(itis)generallysupposed.

综上所述,不难发现:这些省略形式的状语从句大都以〃从属连词+形容词(副

词、介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词或过去分词)〃构成的。省略后的句子不

但意思清楚，不会引起误解，而且结构紧凑，语言简练流畅，读起来明快生动。

5.定语从句中关系词的省略

6.虚拟语气中if和should的省略

7.考查not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略

练习

l.Theboywantedtoridehisb汰einthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.

A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto

2.Thetraditionalgoalofscienceistodiscoverhowthingsare,nothowtheyought.

A.toB.tobeC.beD.havebeen

3.--Didyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon?一一No,butsometimes,IwishI.

A.hadtimetoB.hadtimetodoC.havetimetoD.havetime

4.--1hopethechildrenwon'ttouchthedog.——I'vewarnedthem.

A.notB.nottoC.nottouchD.notdo

5.SomestudentsaregoingtoChinainsummervacation,and.

A.somearetoAmericaB.somegoingtoAmericaC.sometoAmericaD.someAmerica

6.Theworkersdidall___goodcareoftheoldman.

A.theycouldtotakeB.theycouldtakeC.whichtheycouldtotakeD.whattheycouldtotake

7.Ofallthethingsintheworld,Ithinklifeandloveare____.

A.verymuchpreciousB.morethanpreciousC.thepreciousestD.themostprecious

8.Thephotographsofotherplanetstakenbysatelliteareclearthan_.

A.theearthB.thosetakenfromtheearthC.thoseoftheearthD.oftheearth

9.why_?Itisnotveryserious.

A.toworryB.worryC.notworryD.youareworried

10._theroad,don'tforgettolookbothways.

A.AscrossingB.WhileyoucrossC.WhilecrossingD.Cross

11.Chemistryisthescienceofsubstances_thescienceofenergy.

A.andisphysicsB.orisphysicsC.andphysicsD.orphysicsis

12.-Whobrokethewindow?―.

A.HimB.HeC.HebrokeD.Itishim

13.---Susan,goandjoinyoursistercleaningtheyard.--Why_?Johnissittingtheredoing

nothing.A.himB.heC.ID.me

14.--Howdoyoufindyourmissingpen?--一___.

A.QuitebyaccidentB.Ifounditinmydrawer.C.ItwriteswellD.Itwaswellkeptbymyself.

15.—Youmustobeyeverywordofmine.--Idon't.?

A.HowifB.WhatifC.SuchasD.Onlyif

16.When_,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted

17.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoinginthe

rightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee

18.1won'tgotohispartynexttime.Itcouldn'thavebeeninfact.

A.anybetterB.anyworseC.sobadD.thebest

19.—DoesBilldohisnewjobwell?

-hisoldjob.Iamafraidthereisnohopeforhim.

A.NotbetterthanB.NobetterthanC.NotsowellasD.Notaswellas

20.LeavingforShanghai?・・・.

A.SoonB.LatelyC.TheotherdayD.Sooner

21.Therentisexpensive.TvegothalfthespaceIhadathomeandI'mpayinghere.

A.asthreetimesmuchB.asmuchthreetimesC.muchasthreetimesD.threetimesasmuch

22.—Waituntilwegetasatisfactoryone,willyou?-Icouldn'tagree_,Itsoundsgoodtome.

A.muchB.worseC.moreD.atall

23.rilbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?

------Notatall.・

A.TvenotimeB.I'drathernotC.TdlikeitD.Fdbehappyto

24.Letmeintroducemyself.TmAlbert.------------------------------.

A.WhatapleasureB.It'smypleasureC.PleasedtomeetyouD.I'mverypleased

25.Doyoumindmytakingthisseat?---------------------------.

A.Yes,sitdownB.No,ofcoursenotC.Yes,takeitpleaseD.No,youcan'ttakeit

26.1usuallygotherebytrain.-----------Whynotbyboatforachange?

A.totrygoingB.tryingtogoC.totryandgoD.trygoing

27.Unlesstospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.

A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited

28.Thoughmoney,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.

A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin

29.Theresearchissodesignedthatoncenothingcanbedonetochangeit..

beginsBhavingbegunC.beginningD.begun

30.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifwhetherhewasgoingin

therightdirection.A.seeingB.havingseenC.tohaveseenD.tosee

31.,hedoesn'twanttogotoschoolandkeepintouchwiththebadboys.

A.AsheisastudentB.HeisasstudentC.StudentasheisD.Asstudentsheis

32.------Theboysarenotdoingagoodjobatall,arethey?--------------------.

A.IguessnotsoB.Idon'tguessC.Idon'tguesssoD.Iguessnot

33.Inaway,Ithinkwebothwon：Ithegame,butcousinEdmy.

A.friendshi