北大计算机课程-计算机原理first

ComputerOrganizationand

Principle

ChapterOneIntroductiontocomputer

Systems

•Maincontentistheapplicationsofcomputers,

theprincipleofcomputers,thetypeof

computers,theperformanceofcomputersand

thearchitectureofcomputersandsoon.

•1Application

•computersareusedforeveryfieldsofhuman

life.Forexamples,1)computercontrolin

industry,2)processingdataincommerce,3)

computinginscience4)artificialintelligence.

•2Principle

•1)Principle

•thereasonoffastspeedisthatcomputersare

electronicproducts.

•Thereasonofautomationisstoredprogram

principle^VonNeumann'sprinciple.Now,all

computersarecalledstoredprogramcomputersor

Neumann'scomputer.

•Whatisstoredprogram?

•Themethodsthatisusedforsolvingproblems

•aretransformedintoaprogram,theprogramis

importedintoacomputer.Thecomputerworks

•accordingprograms-humaninstruction.

•2)Computerlanguage

•acomputermustunderstandshumaninstruction.

•weuselanguageforcommunicationwith

computersinordertotellthecomputerhowto

work.

•Machinelanguage.

•assemblelanguage.

•Highlevellanguage.

•3thearchitectureofVonNeumann^Computer

•(hardware)

•Input/outputmechanismorperipheral

devicesfortransferringdatatoandfromthe

system.Everydevicemusthaveaadapter

(interface).

•Amemoryusedforholdingbothinstructions

andthedatarequiredbythoseprograms.

•Location(单元)：itstoresaword.

•Word:itisabinarynumber.Itcanrepresenta

instructionoradatum.Instructionwordand

dataword.

•Address:sequentialnumberoflocations.

•Acontrolunitforfetchingtheinstructionsand

explainingtheinstructions.

•Anarithmeticprocessorforperformingdifferent

operations.

Ole.swf

•CPU:CentralProcessingUnit.Itincludescontrol

unitandarithmeticprocessor.

•Mainframe（主机）ItincludesCPUandmain

memory.

•4VonNeumann'sComputerCharacters

•serialoperation（串行）.

•Machinesarecomposedby5mainparts.

•Dataandinstructionsarerepresentedwithbinary

notationandprocessedthroughanarithmetic

processor,instructionsinaprogramarechanged.

•Instructionsareexecutedinorder.

•Instructionsareconsistofoperationsandoperand.

•Arithmeticprocessorisacenterofacomputer.

•5ComputerSoftware

•SystemSoftwareandapplicationsoftware

•systemsoftwareincludesoperatingsystem,

programminglanguageandsoon

•ApplicationSoftwareincludeseveryprogramfor

solvingdifferentproblems

•6ComputerHiberarchy

•makeaprogramfbrcalculating2+3=

•1)highlevellanguage

A=2+3;

2)assemblelanguage

movax,3

movbx,2

addax,bx

3)machinelanguage

11000011;movax,3

10001111;movbx,2

00110101;addax9bx

thedifferentlevelofdifficultytellusthat

•Aprogramerwithdifferentprogramminglanguage

mastersthedifferentknowledgeofcomputers.

•3)ComputerHiberarchyisfollowing

•HighLevelLanguageMachine

•AssembleLanguageMachine

•OperatingSystemMachine

•MachineLanguageMachine(RealMachine)

•TherelationshipofThesemachineisasfollowing

picture

•AssembleLanguageMachine

HighLanguageMachineHigherlevel

AssembleLanguageMachine

OperatingSystemMachine

MachineLanguageMachine

(RealMachine)Lowerlevel

•7HistoryofComputerDevelop

•thefirstgeneration:from1946to1954

•thefirstelectroniccomputerwasfundedinUSA,

theirhardwarewasmadebyvacuumtubes,their

softwarewasprogrammedbymachinelanguage.

•Thesecondgeneration:from1955to1964.

•theirhardwarewasmadebytransistors.Their

softwarewasprogrammedbyhighlevellanguage.

•Thethirdgeneration:from1965to1972

•operatingsystemwasusedinthecomputers.

•Computerfamilyappeared,forexample,IBM360.

Theirhardwarewasmadebysmallscaleormedial

integratedcircuits.

•Thefourthgeneration:from1973tonow.

•itshardwarewasmadebyVLSL.Computer

networksareapplied.

•8Typeofcomputers

•computersareclassifiedasdigitalelectronic

computerandanalogelectroniccomputeraccording

processedsignaltype.

•computersareclassifiedasmacrocomputer,large

computer,microcomputeraccordingcomputer

scales.

•computersareclassifiedasgeneral-purpose

computerandspecialcomputeraccording

purposeforusing.

•9Performanceofcomputers

•speed:itsunithasMIPS—millioninstructionsper

second.

•Mainfrequency:itsunithasMH1MH=1O6Hz

•wordlength:itsunitisabit.Suchas16bitsand

32bits.

•Performance/price

•memorycapacity:itsunit