计算机专业英语03 Computer system

Text1ComputerOrganizationUnit3 ComputerSystemText2SystemBusText3InstructionCycleText4DesignGoalsofComputerArchitectureText1ComputerOrganizationVocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）Notes（注释）TermsandTips（术语和提示信息）Nowlet'slookatourcomputerdefinition:Acomputerisafastandaccuratesystem（Figure3-1）.Itisorganizedtoaccept,store,andprocessdataandproduceoutputresults[1]（Figure3-2）.Thissectionwillexplainwhyacomputerisasystemandhowacomputersystemisorganized[2].Keyelementsinacomputersystemincludeinputdevices,CentralProcessingUnit(CPU),memoryandoutputdevices.Figure3-1ComputerFigure3-2Computerorganization(1)InputDevicesComputersystemsusemanydevicesforinputpurpose.Mostinputdevicesallowdirecthuman/machinecommunication.Directinputdevicesinclude:

keyboard;

mouse;

inputpen;

touchscreen;

microphone.(2)CPUTheheartofanycomputersystemistheCPU.TherearetwomainsectionsfoundintheCPUofatypicalpersonalcomputersystem[3]:

thearithmetic-logicsection;

thecontrolsection.ThesetwosectionsarefoundinCPUsofallsizes.(3)MemoryMemoryisalsoknownasprimarystorage,internalstorage,ittemporarilyholdsdata,programinstructions,andinformation.Oneofthemostimportantfactstoknowaboutmemoryisthatpartofitscontentisheldonlytemporarily.Inotherwords,itisstoredonlyaslongasthecomputeristurnedon.

Whenyouturnthemachineoff,thecontentimmediatelyvanishs.(4)OutputDevicesLikeinputdevices,outputdevicesareinstrumentsofinterpretationandcommunicationbetweenhumansandcomputersystems[4].ThesedevicesconvertoutputresultsfromtheCPUintoaformthatcanbeusedbypeople.

Inpersonalcomputersystems,displayscreenanddesktopprinters（Figure3-3）arepopularoutputdevices[5].

Theinput/outputdevicesaresometimescalledperipheraldevices.

BecausethesedevicesarenotapartoftheCPU,theyareoftenlocatednearit.Figure3-3printerdefinition[

defi'ni

ən]n.定义，解说，精确度，（轮廓、影像等的）清晰度 构词法：definev.定义→definitionaccurate['ækjurət]adj.正确的，精确的

symbol['simbəl]n.符号，记号

manipulate[mə'nipjuleit]v.（熟练地）操作，使用（机器等），巧妙地处理 例：Hetriedtomanipulatestockprices.他试图操纵股价。

communication[kə

mju:ni'kei

ən]n.传达，信息，交通，通信 构词法：communicate→communicationVocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）magnetically[mæ

'netikli]adv.有磁力地，有魅力地 构词法：magneticadj.有吸引力的→magneticallymicrophone['maikrəfəun]n.麦克风interpretation[

ntə:pri'tei

ən]n.解释 构词法：interpret→interpretationinstrument['instrumənt]n.工具commonly['k

mənli]adv.普通地，一般地构词法：common→commonlyperipheral[pə'rifərəl]adj.外围的n.外围设备[1]Itisorganizedtoaccept,store,andprocessdataandproduceoutputresults.data是toaccept,tostore和toprocess共同的宾语，含义是“接收、存储和处理数据”。译文：这一系统用于接收、存储、处理数据，并可以产生输出结果。Notes（注释）[2]Thissectionwillexplainwhyacomputerisasystemandhowacomputersystemisorganized.why和how分别引导宾语从句，由and连接。译文：本节将要说明为什么计算机是一个系统以及计算机系统是如何组成的。[3]TherearetwomainsectionsfoundintheCPUofatypicalpersonalcomputersystem.Thereare…，表示存在；atypicalpersonalcomputersystem，一个典型的个人计算机系统。译文：一台典型的个人计算机系统的CPU由两部分组成。[4]Likeinputdevices,outputdevicesareinstrumentsofinterpretationandcommunicationbetweenhumansandcomputersystems.between后的句子可以看作是解释instrumentsofinterpretationandcommunication的定语成分。译文：像输入设备一样，输出设备是人与计算机系统之间进行解释和交流的工具。[5]Inpersonalcomputersystems,displayscreenanddesktopprintersarepopularoutputdevices.displayscreen，显示屏或显示器；desktopprinters，台式打印机。译文：在个人计算机系统中，常用的输出设备是显示器和台式打印机。Bluetooth：蓝牙（Figure3-4），频率为2.45GHz的通用无线电通信接口，通过一个特殊的网络可以在各种便携设备之间建立起无线连接并进行短程通信。TermsandTips（术语和提示信息）Figure3-4BluetoothlogoInstructionRegister：指令寄存器。StorageRegister：缓冲寄存器。FlagRegister：标志寄存器。Identifier：标识符。InlineProcessing：内处理。ISDN：IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork（综合业务数字网），从现存的电话服务系统发展起来的高速数字通信网络，可以传送声音，也能以数字形式传输计算机信息、音乐和视频。OCR：OpticalCharacterRecognition（光学字符识别），将文字材料通过扫描仪输入计算机，然后通过软件识别为中文或英文内码，然后进行文字处理。Text2SystemBusVocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）Notes（注释）TermsandTips（术语和提示信息）Physically,abusisasetofwires.Thesystembus（Figure3-6）isdividedintothreelogicalfunctions[1]:

addressbus;

databus;

controlbus.Figure3-6SystembusWhentheCPUreadsdataorinstructionsfromorwritesdatatomemory,itmustspecifytheaddressofthememorylocationitwishestoaccess[2].Itoutputsthisaddresstotheaddressbus;memoryinputsthisaddressfromtheaddressbusandusesittoaccessthepropermemorylocation.Dataistransferredviathedatabus.

WhentheCPUfetchesdatafrommemory,itfirstoutputsthememoryaddressonitsaddressbus.Thenmemoryoutputsthedataontothedatabus;theCPUcanthenreadthedatafromthedatabus.

Whenwritingdatatomemory,

theCPUfirstoutputstheaddressontotheaddressbus[3],thenoutputsthedataontothedatabus.

Memorythenreadsandstoresthedataattheproperlocation.Thecontrolbusisacollectionofindividualcontrolsignals.ThesesignalsindicatewhetherdataistobereadintoorwrittenoutoftheCPU,whethertheCPUisaccessingmemoryoranI/Odevice,andwhethertheI/Odeviceormemoryisreadytotransferdata[4].asetof一组instruction[in'str

k

ən]n.命令，指令proper['pr

pə]adj.合适的fetch[fet

]v.取来，获取acollectionofn.一些，一批divide[di'vaid]v.划分specify['spesifai]v.详述，指定via['vaiə]prep.通过（某人），经过store[st

:]v.存放individual[

indi'vidjuəl]adj.个别的VocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）[1]Thesystembusisdividedintothreelogicalfunctions.

该句是一个典型的被动句。译文：系统总线的功能在逻辑上被划分为三部分。Notes（注释）[2]WhentheCPUreadsdataorinstructionsfromorwritesdatatomemory,itmustspecifytheaddressofthememorylocationitwishestoaccess.readsdataorinstructionsfrom和writesdatato是并列结构，介词from和to的宾语都是memory，前者的含义是从存储器中读取数据或指令，后者的含义是把数据写入存储器。译文：当CPU从存储器读取数据或指令，或写数据到存储器时，它必须指明将要访问的存储器单元地址。[3]Whenwritingdatatomemory,theCPUfirstoutputstheaddressontotheaddressbus.Whenwritingdatatomemory是时间状语从句，whendoingsth是一种常用结构。译文：当CPU向存储器中写数据时，它首先将地址输出到地址总线上。[4]ThesesignalsindicatewhetherdataistobereadintoorwrittenoutoftheCPU,whethertheCPUisaccessingmemoryoranI/Odevice,andwhethertheI/Odeviceormemoryisreadytotransferdata.

这一句中3个whether引导的宾语从句构成并列结构，作为indicate的宾语。译文：这些信号用来指示数据是要读入CPU还是要从CPU写出，CPU是要访问存储器还是要访问I/O设备，是I/O设备还是存储器准备就绪传送数据等等• Macroname：宏名称。宏是一种抽象的，根据一系列预定义的规则进行替换一定的文本模式。例如Excel办公软件中编制的程序就叫“宏”。• memorymodel：内存模式。• menubar：菜单条。• menucommand：菜单命令。TermsandTips（术语和提示信息）• SystemBus：系统总线，将微机各功能部件连接成一个完整微机系统，包括数据总线DB（DataBus）、地址总线AB（AddressBus）和控制总线CB（ControlBus）。• MEMORY：存储器是存储各种信息（如程序和数据等）的部件或装置。存储器分为主存储器（内存）和辅助存储器（外存）。• I/O：输入或输出设备。计算机常用的输入设备有键盘、鼠标、扫描仪等，常用的输出设备有显示器和打印机等。• MemoryLocation：存储单元，一般应具有存储数据和读写数据的功能，一般以8位二进制作为一个存储单元，也就是一个字节。每个单元有一个地址，是一个整数编码，可以表示为二进制整数。Text3InstructionCycleVocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）Notes（注释）TermsandTips（术语和提示信息）Theinstructioncycle（Figure3-8）istheprocedureamicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction[1].Thestepsinclude:

Fetch;

Decode;

Execute.Let'sstartwherethecomputerstarts,withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory[2].

First,themicroprocessorplacestheaddressoftheinstructionontotheaddressbus.Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthedesiredmemorylocation[3].

Atthispoint,themicroprocessorhasfetchedtheinstruction.Next,themicroprocessordecodestheinstruction.Eachinstructionmayrequireadifferentsequenceofoperationstoexecutetheinstruction.Whenthemicroprocessordecodestheinstruction,itdetermineswhichinstructionitisinordertoselectthecorrectsequenceofoperationstoperform[4].Thisisdoneentirelywithinthemicroprocessor;itdoesnotusethesystembuses.Finally,themicroprocessorexecutestheinstruction.Thesequenceofoperationstoexecutetheinstructionvariesfrominstructiontoinstruction.instructioncycle指令周期

place[pleis]v.

放置

atthispoint这时候，此时此刻

require[ri'kwaiə]v.

要求

inorderto为了

entirely[in‘taiəli]adv.

完全地

include[in'klu:d]v.

包括

access['ækses]v.

进入

decode[

di:'kəud]v.

译码

execute['eksikju:t]v.

执行

perform[pə'f

:m]v.

执行VocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）[1]Theinstructioncycleistheprocedureamicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction.amicroprocessorgoesthroughtoprocessaninstruction是定语从句，省略了引导词that。译文：指令周期是微处理器完成一条指令处理的步骤。Notes（注释）[2]Let'sstartwherethecomputerstarts,withthemicroprocessorfetchingtheinstructionfrommemory.wherethecomputerstarts为地点状语从句，表示“我们从计算机开始工作的地方讲起”。译文：我们从微处理器从存储器中读取指令开始讲述。[3]Thememorysubsysteminputsthisaddressanddecodesittoaccessthedesiredmemorylocation.inputsthisaddress（输入地址）和decodesit（译码）是两个并列的动作。

toaccessthedesiredmemorylocation是目的状语。译文：存储器子系统从总线上输入该地址并予以译码，去访问指定的存储单元。[4]Whenthemicroprocessordecodestheinstruction,itdetermineswhichinstructionitisinordertoselectthecorrectsequenceofoperationstoperform.whichinstructionitis是宾语从句。inorderto表达一种目的。译文：当微处理器对该指令译码时，它确定处理的是哪一条指令以便选择正确的操作序列去执行。• microprocessor：微处理器。

用一片或少数几片大规模集成电路组成的中央处理器。这些电路执行控制部件和算术逻辑部件的功能，能完成获取指令、执行指令，以及与外界存储器和逻辑部件交换信息等操作。• decode：指令进入CPU之后，控制元件会先进行指令解码（decode），执行对应的微程序，发出不同的信号完成该指令所需要完成的各项功能。TermsandTips（术语和提示信息）• deletepartitionorlogicaldosdrive：删除分区或逻辑DOS驱动器。• deletesadirectoryandallthesubdirectoriesandfilesinit：删除一个目录和所有的子目录及其中的所有文件。• devicedriver：设备驱动程序。• dialogbox：对话框。• directorystructure：目录结构。• diskaccess：磁盘存取。Text4DesignGoalsofComputerArchitectureVocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）Notes（注释）TermsandTips（术语和提示信息）Themostcommongoalsincomputerarchitecture（Figure3-7）revolvearoundthetradeoffsbetweencostandperformance(i.e.speed),althoughotherconsiderations,suchassize,weight,reliability,featureset,expandabilityandpowerconsumption,maybefactorsaswell[1].Generallycostisheldconstant,determinedbyeithersystemorcommercialrequirement[2].Figure3-7ComputerarchitectureComputerperformanceisoftendescribedintermofclockspeed(usuallyinGHz).ThisreferstothecyclespersecondofthemainclockoftheCPU.

However,thismetricissomewhatmisleading,asamachinewithahigherclockratemaynotnecessarilyhavehigherperformance[3].AsaresultmanufacturerslikeAMDhavemovedawayfromclockspeedasameasureofperformance.ModernCPUscanexecutemultipleinstructionsperclockcycle,whichdramaticallyspeedupaprogram[4].Otherfactorsinfluencespeed,suchasbusspeeds,availablememory,andthetypeandorderofinstructionsinprogramsbeingrun.architecture['

:kitekt

ə]n.结构

revolvearound围绕

tradeoff['treid

:f]n.平衡

consideration[kən

sidə'rei

ən]n.考虑

reliability[ri

laiə'biləti]n.可靠性

consumption[kən's

mp

ən]n.消耗

clockspeed时钟速度VocabularyandKeywords（生词和关键词）metric['metrik]n.计量

somewhat['s

mhw

t]adv.有点

mislead[

mis'li:d]v.误导

manufacturer[

mænju'fækt

ərə]n.制造商

multiple['m

ltipl]adj.多样的

dramatically[drə'mætikəli]adv.极大地[1]Themostcommongoalsincomputerarchitecturerevolvearoundthetradeoffsbetweencostandperformance(i.e.speed),althoughotherconsiderations,suchassize