2024年职称英语等级考试理工B真题及答案

全国职称英語等级考试（理工B）真題第1部分：詞汇选项（第1～15題，每題1分，共15分）

下面每個句子中均有1個詞或者短語划有底横线，請為每处划线部分确定1個意义最為靠近的选项。

1.Themajorityofpeoplearoundherearedecent.

A.real

B.honest

C.normal

D.wealthy2.Thecurriculumwastoonarrowandtoorigid.

A.hidden

B.traditional

C.inflexible

D.official3.Thecommitteewasaskedtorenderareportonthehousingsituation.

A.furnish

B.copy

C.publish

D.summarize4.Afterwardstherewasjustafeelingofletdown.

A.excitement

B.disappointment

C.anger

D.calm5.Severalwindowshadbeensmashed.

A.cleaned

B.replaced

C.fixed

D.broken6.Theworstagoniesofthewarwerenowbeginning.A.pains

B.parts

C.aspects

D.results7.Londonquicklybecameaflourishingport.

A.major

B.large

C.successful

D.commercial8.Shefeltthatshehaddonehergooddeedfortheday.

A.homework

B.justice

C.model

D.act9.Heledaverymorallife.A.human

B.intelligent

C.natural

D.honorable10.Hisstomachfelthollowwithfear.

A.sincere

B.respectful

C.empty

D.terrible11.Itwasamagicnightuntilthespellwasbroken.

A.time

B.charm

C.space

D.opportunity12.Hisprofessionalcareerspanned16years.

A.started

B.changed

C.moved

D.lasted13.Theyaretryingtoidentifywhatiswrongwiththepresentsystem.

A.discover

B.prove

C.consider

D.imagine14.HisknowledgeofFrenchisfair.

A.veryuseful

B.verylimitedC.quitegood

D.ratherspecial15.Thegroupdoesnotadvocatetheuseofviolence.

A.limit

B.regulate

C.oppose

D.support第2部分：阅讀判断（第16～22題，每題1分，共7分）

SoMany“Earths”

TheMilkyWaycontainsbillionsofEarth-sizedplanetsthatcouldsupportlifethat'sthefindingofanewstudy.ItdrawsondatethatcamefromNASA'stopplanet-huntingtelescope.

AmechanicalfailurerecentlyputthatKeplerspacetelescopeoutofservice.Keplerhadplayedabigroleincreatingacensusofplanetsorbitingsome170,000stars.Itsdatahavebeenhelpingastronomerspredicthowcommonplanetsareinourgalaxy.ThetelescopefocusedonhuntingplanetsthatmighthaveconditionssimilartothoseonEarth.

TheauthorsofastudypublishedinTheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofsciences,concludethatbetween14and30outofevery100stars,withamassandtemperaturesimilartotheSun,mayhostaplanetthatcouldsupportlifeasweknowit.

SuchaplanetwouldhaveadiameteratleastaslargeasEarth's,butnomorethantwicethatbig.Theplanetalsowouldhavetoorbitinastar'shabitablezone.That'swherethesurfacetemperaturewouldallowanywatertoexistasaliquid.

Thenewestimateofhowmanyplanetsmightfittheseconditionscomesfromstudyingmorethan42,000starsandidentifyingsuitableworldsorbitingthem.Thescientistsusedthosenumberstoextrapolatetotherestofthestarsthatthetelescopecouldnotsee.

Theestimateisrough,theauthorsadmit.Ifappliedtothesolarsystem,itwoulddefineashabitableazonestartingasclosetotheSunasVenusandrunningtoasfarawayasMars.NeitherplanetisEarthlike(althougheithermighthavebeeninthedistantpast).Usingtighterlimits,theresearchersestimatethatbetween4and8outofevery100SunlikestarscouldhostanEarth-sizedworld.Theseareonesthatwouldtake200to400daystocompleteayearlyorbit.

Fouroutofevery100sunlikestarsdoesn'tsoundlikeabignumber.Itwouldmean,however,thattheMilkyWaycouldhostmorethanabillionEarth-sizedplanetswithachangeforlife.16.TheKeplerspacetelescopehasbeeninservicefor15years.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

17.ThemaintaskoftheKeplerspacetelescopeistofindoutplanetswithsimilarconditionstoEarth's.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

18.TheplanetthatcouldsupportlifemightbealittlebitsmallerthanEarth.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

19.TheEarthisplanetorbitingintheSun'shabitablezone.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

20.Thenewfindingisbasedonathoroughstudyof170,000starsintheMilkyWay.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned21.Theestimateofthenumberofplanetsthatcouldsupportlifeisnotveryaccurate.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

22.Thisisthefirstresearchfindingabouttheplanetswithachanceforlife.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned第3部分：概括大意和完毕句子（第23～30題，每題1分，共8分）

下面的短文後有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26題规定從所給的6個选项中為指定段落每段选择1個小標題；（2）第27~30題规定從所給的6個选项中為每個句子确定一种最佳选项。

ClimateChange:TheLongReach1Earthiswarming.Sealevelsarerising.There'smorecarbonintheair,andArcticiceismeltingfasterthanatanytimeinrecordedhistory.Scientistswhostudytheenvironmenttobettergauge(评估)Earth'sfutureclimatenowarguethatthesechangesmaynotreverseforaverylongtime.

2Peopleburnfossilfuelslikecoalandoilforenergy.Thatburningreleasescarbondioxide,acolorlessgas.Intheair,thisgastrapsheatatEarth’ssurface.Andthemorecarbondioxidereleased,themoretheplanetwarms.Ifcurrentconsumptionoffossilfuelsdoesn’tslow,thelong-termclimateimpactscouldlastthousandsofyears—andbemoreseverethanscientistshadbeenexpecting.ClimatologistRichardZeebeoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoaoffersthisconclusioninanewpaper.3Mostclimate-changestudieslookatwhat'sgoingtohappeninthenextcenturyorso.Duringthattime,changesintheplanet'senvironmentcouldnudge(推進)globalwarmingevenhigher.Forexample:Snowandicereflectsunlightbackintospace.Butasthesemelt,sunlightcannowreach—andwarm—theexposedground.Thisextraheatraisestheairtemperatureevenmore,causingevenmoresnowtomelt.Thistypeofrapidexaggerationofimpactsiscalleda“fastfeedback.”.

4Zeebesaysit'simportanttolookatfastfeedbacks.However,headds,they'relimited.Fromaclimatechangeperspective."Thiscenturyisthemostimportanttimeforthenextfewgenerations,”hetoldScienceNews.“Buttheworldisnotendingin2100.”Forhisnewstudy,Zeebenowfocuseson“slowfeedbacks”.Whilefastfeedbackeventsunfoldoverdecadesorcenturies,slowfeedbackscantakethousandsofyears.Meltingofcontinentalicesheetsandthemigrationofplantlife—astheyrelocatetomorecomfortableareas—aretwoexamplesofslowfeedbacks.

5Zeebegatheredinformationfrompreviouslypublishedstudiesinvestigatinghowsuchprocessesplayedoutoverthousandsofyearsduringpastdramaticchangesinclimate.Thenhecameupwithaforecastforthefuturethataccountsforbothslowandfastfeedbackprocesses.Climateforecaststhatuseonlyfastfeedbackspredicta4.5degreeCelsius(8.1degreeFahrenheit)changebytheyear3000.Butslowfeedbacksaddedanother1.5°C—fora6°totalincrease,Zeebereports.Healsofoundthatstowfeedbackeventswillcauseglobalwarmingtopersistforthousandsofyearsafterpeoplerunoutoffossilfuelstoburn.23.Paragraph2____A_____

24.Paragraph3____D____

25.Paragraph4____B_____

26.Paragraph5____C_____

A.Impactofburningfossilfuels

B.Slowfeedbacks

C.Apredictionoffutureclimatechange

D.Fastfeedbacks

E.Risingofsealevels

F.

Unpredictabilityoffeedbackprocesses

27.Arcticicehasneverbeenmeltingsofastin____B_____.

28.Meltingofsnowandiceenablessunlighttoreach____E____.

29.Zeebecameupwithhisfutureclimatepredictionbyanalyzing___F_____.

30.Afterfossilfuelsareusedup,globalwarmingwillcontinuefor___A_____.

A.averylongtime

B.recordedhistory

C.rapidexaggerationofimpacts

D.theextraheat

E.theexposedground

F.previouslypublishedstudies第4部分：阅讀理解（第31～45題，每題3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文後有5道題。請根据短文内容，為每題确定1個最佳选项。

第一篇ApproachestoUnderstandingIntelligences

(本次考试理工A阅讀其中一篇)

Itbaystobesmart,butwearenotallsmartinthesameway.Youmaybeatalentedmusician,butyoumightnotbeagoodreader.Eachofusisdifferent.

Psychologistsdisagreeaboutwhatisintelligenceandwhataretalentsorpersonalabilities.Psychologistshavetwodifferentviewsonintelligence.Somebelievethereisonegeneralintelligence.Othersbelievetherearemanydifferentintelligences.

SomepsychologistssaythereisonetypeofintelligencethatcanbemeasuredwithIQtests.Thesepsychologistssupporttheirviewwithresearchthatconcludesthatpeoplewhodowellononekindoftestformentalabilitydowellonothertests.Theydowellontestsusingwords,numbersorpictures.Theydowellonindividualorgrouptests,andwrittenororaltests.Thosewhodopoorlyononetest,dothesameonalltests.

Studiesofthebrainshowthatthereisabiologicalbasisforgeneralintelligence.Thebrainofintelligencepeopleuselessenergyduringproblemsolving.Thebrainwavesofpeoplewithhigherintelligenceshowaquickerreaction.Someresearchersconcludethatdifferencesinintelligenceresultfromdifferencesinthespeedandeffectivenessofinformationprocessingbythebrain.

HowardGardner,apsychologistattheHarvardSchoolofEducation,hasfourchildren.Hebelievesthatallchildrenaredifferentandshouldn’tbetestedbyoneintelligencetest.AlthoughGardnerbelievesgeneralintelligenceexists,hedoesn’tthinkittellsmuchaboutthetalentsofapersonoutsideofformalschooling.Hethinkthatthehumanmindhasdifferentintelligences.Theseintelligencesallowustosolvethekindsofproblemswearepresentedwithinlife.Eachofushasdifferentabilitieswithintheseintelligences.Gardnerbelievesthatthepurposeofschoolshouldbetoencouragedevelopmentofallofourintelligences.

Gardnersaysthathistheoryisbasedonbiology.Forexample,whenonepartoftheBrainisinjured,otherpartsofthebrainstillwork.PeoplewhocannottalkbecauseofBraindamagecanstillsing.So,thereisnotjustoneintelligencetolose.GardnerhasIdentified8differentkindsofintelligence;linguistic,mathematical,spatial,musical,Interpersonal,intrapersonal,body-kinesthetic(身体動覺的),andnaturalistic.31.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

A.Howtounderstandintelligence.

B.Theimportanceofintelligence.

C.Thedevelopmentofintelligencetests.

D.Howtobecomeintelligent.32.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerninggeneralintelligence?

A.Mostintelligentpeopledowellonsomeintelligencetests.

B.Peopledoingwellononetypeofintelligencetestdowellonothertests.

C.Intelligentpeopledonotdowellongrouptests.

D.Intelligentpeopledobetteronwrittenteststhanonoraltests.33.Gardnerbelievesthat______.

A.childrenhavedifferentintelligences.

B.allchildrenarealike.

C.childrenshouldtakeoneintelligencetest.

D.thereisnogeneralintelligence.34.AccordingtoGardner,schoolsshould______.

A.teststudents’IQs.

B.trainstudentswhodopoorlyontests.

C.focusonfindingthemostintelligentstudents.

D.promotedevelopmentofallintelligences.35.Gardnerthinksthathistheoryhasa______.

A.musicalfoundation.

B.biologicalfoundation.

C.intrapersonalfoundation.

D.linguisticfoundation.第二篇TheMirSpaceStation

TheRussianMirSpaceStation,whichcamedowninatlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspaceflight,isrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory.Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.

DuringMir’slifetime,RussiaspentaboutUS$4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthestation.

TheSovietUnionlaunchedMir,whichwasdesignedtolastfromthreetofiveyears,onFebruary20,1986,andhoused104astronautsover12yearsandsevenmonths,mostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infact,itbecamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto62peoplefrom11countries.From1995through1998,sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStatestookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspaceshuttles.

Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovidedRussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperating,butalsogavetheAmericansandtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperienceinlong-termflightandmultinationaloperations.

AdebatecontinuesoverMir’scontributionstoscience.Duringitsexistence,Mirwasthelaboratoryfor23,000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipment,estimatedtobeworth$80million,frommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitharangeoffindings,fromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavyheliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavouringhumanspaceexploration,MirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspacelongenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.AndSergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespacestation.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucid,whospent188daysaboardMirin1996.

DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished,1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997,anoxygengeneratorcaughtfire.Later,themaincomputersystembrokedown,causingthestationtodriftseveraltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.

Mostoftheseproblemswererepaired,withAmericanhelpandsuppliers,butMir’sreputationasaspacestationwasruined.

Mir’ssetbacksarenothing,though,whenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendoussuccess,whichwillberememberedasamilestoneinspaceexplorationandthespacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.Butit’stimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStationbeingbuiltwillbebetter,butitowesagreatdebttoMir.(出处：职称英語教材理工类概括大意与完毕句子

第八篇TheMirSpaceStation)

36.WecanlearnfromthepassagethattheMirSpaceStation

A.wasdesignedtolastover5years.

B.playedhostto7astronautsfromdifferentcountries.

C.wasvisitedonlybyAmericans.

D.wasbuiltbyRussians.37.OneofthecontributionsMirmakestoscienceisthatit

A.helpastronautsgetclosetoMars.

B.enablesscientiststodevelopnewscientificequipment.

C.setsarecordofthelongestsinglehumanstayinspace.

D.showsthatmultinationaloperationsinspacearelessexpensive.38.WhathappenedtoMirin1997?

A.itranoutitsfund.

B.itwascompletelydamagedbyfire.

C.itsreputationwasruinedduetopowerfailures.

D.itsmaincomputersystembrokeout.39.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

A.spaceexplorationwillnotexperiencesetbacks.

B.itisdifficultforotherspacestationsexceedMir’ssuccess.

C.Miristhebestlong-termhumanhabitationinspaceinhistory.

D.multinationalspaceoperationaregettingmoreaccomplishments.40.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardMir?

A.indifferent.

B.ironic.

C.favorable.

D.negative第三篇

Eye-trackerLetsYouDragandDropFileswithaGlance

Boredofusingamouse?Soonyou'llbeabletochangestuffonyourcomputerscreen—andthenmoveitdirectlyontoyoursmartphoneortablet–withnothingmorethanaglance.

AsystemcalledEyeDropusesahead-mountedeyetrackerthatsimultaneouslyrecordsyourfieldofviewsoitknowswhereyouarelookingonthescreen.Gazingatanobject—aphoto,say–andthenpressingakey,selectsthatobject.Itcanthenbemovedfromthescreentoatabletorsmartphonejustbyglancingattheseconddevice,aslongasthetwoareconnectedwirelessly.

"Thebeautyofusinggazetosupportthisisthatoureyesnaturallyfocusoncontentthatwewanttoacquire,"saysJaysonTurner,whodevelopedthesystemwithcolleaguesatLancasterUniversity,UK.

TurnerbelievesEyeDropwouldbeusefultotransferaninteractivemaporcontactinformationfromapublicdisplaytoyoursmartphoneorforsharingphotos.

Abuttonneedstobeusedtoselecttheobjectyouarelookingatotherwiseyouendupwiththe"Midastouch"(點石成金)effect,wherebyeverythingyoulookatgetsselectedbyyourgaze,saysTurner."Imagineifyourmouseclickedoneverythingitpointedat,"hesays.

ChristianHolz,aresearcherinhuman-computerinteractionatYahooLabsinSunnyvale,California,saysthesystemisanicetakeongettingroundthisfundamentalproblemofusinggaze-trackingtointeract."EyeDropsolvesthisinaslickwaybycombiningitwithinputonthetouchdeviceswecarrywithusmostofthetimeanywayandusingtouchinputasaclutchingmechanism,"hesays."Thisnowallowsuserstoseamlesslyinteractacrossdevicesfarandcloseinaverynaturalmanner."

Whilecurrenteye-trackersareratherbulky,mainstreamconsumerdevicesarenottoofaraway.SwedishfirmTobiiisdevelopinggaze-trackingtechnologythatcanbeinstalledinlaptopsandtabletsandisexpectedtobeavailabletobuynextyear.AndtheGoogleGlassheadsetisexpectedtoincludeeye-trackinginthefuture.

Turnersayshehasalsolookedathowcontentcanbecutandpastedordrag-and-droppedusingamixofgazeandtapsonatouchscreen.ThesystemwaspresentedattheConferenceonMobileandUbiquitousMultimediainLule,Sweden,lastweek.41.Theeye-trackertechnologyenablesusto

A.changeourcomputerscreen.

B.focusonanythingthatinterestsus.

C.getasmartphoneconnectedwirelessly.

D.moveanobjectfromscreenwithaglance.42.Whyisabuttonneeded?

A.TominimizethecostofEyeDrop.

B.Tochooseasmanyobjectsaspossible.

C.TomakeEyeDropdifferentfromothers.

D.Toselectwhatwewant.43.Theword“this”inParagraph6refersto

A.applicationofgaze-trackinginhuman-computerinteraction.

B.interactionbetweenhumanandcomputer.

C.combinationofgaze-trackingwithinputontouchdevices.

D.generalizationofEyeDropsystem.44.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofeye-trackersforconsumerusers?

A.Theyarecostly.

B.Theyareavailable.

C.TheyareinstalledinGoogleGlassheadset.

D.Theyareexpectedtocomeoutsoon.45.WhatisTurnerlikelytostudynext?

A.Howtodraganddropwithgazeandtaps.

B.Howtopresentthesysteminpublic.

C.Howtogettouchscreeninvolved.

D.Howtocutandpastecontentfromapublicdisplay.第5部分：补全短文（第46～50題，每題2分，共10分）

下面的短文有5处空白，短文後有6個句子，其中5個取自短文，請根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。

TheDayaLanguageDied

WhenCarlosWestezdiedattheageof76,alanguagedied,too.CarlosWestez,morecommonlyknownasRedThunderCloud,wasthelastspeakeroftheNativeAmericanlanguageCatawba.AnyonewhowantstohearvarioussongsoftheCatawbacancontacttheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,where,backinthe1940s.RedThunderCloudrecordedaseriesofsongsforfuturegenerations.

(46)TheyareallthatisleftoftheCatawbalanguage.Thelanguagethatpeopleusedtospeakisgoneforever.

Weareallawareofthedangerthatmodernindustrycandototheworld’secology（生态）.However,fewpeopleareawareoftheimpactthatwidelyspokenlanguageshaveonotherlanguagesandwaysoflife.Englishhasspreadallovertheworld.Chinese,Spanish,Russian,andHindihavebecomepowerfullanguagesaswell.（47）Whenthishappens,hundredsoflanguagesthatarespokenbyonlyafewpeopledieout.

Scholarsbelievetherearearound6,000languagesaroundtheworld,butmorethanhalfofthemcoulddieoutwithinthenext100years.Therearemanyexamples.ArakiisanativelanguageoftheislandofVanuatu,locatedinthePacificOcean.Itisspokenbyonlyafewadults,solikeCatawba,Arakiwillsoondisappear.ManylanguagesofEthiopianwillhavethesamefatebecauseeachonehasonlyafewspeakers.（48）IntheAmericas,100languages,eachofwhichhasfewerthan300speakers,alsoaredyingout.

RedThunderCloudwasoneofthefirsttorecognizethethreatoflanguagedeathandtotrytodosomethingaboutit.HewasnotactuallybornintotheCatawbatribe,andthelanguagewasnothismothertongue.（49）ThesongshesangfortheSmithsonianInstitutionhelpedtomakeNativeAmericanmusicpopular.Nowheisgone,andthelanguageisdead.

Whatdoesitmeanfortherestofuswhenalanguagedisappears?Whenaplant,insect,oranimalspeciesdies,itiseasytounderstandwhatwe’velostandtoappreciatewhatthismeansforthebalanceofthenaturalworld.However,languageisonlyaproductofthemind.Tobethelastremainingspeakerofalanguage,likeRedThunderCloud,mustbealonelydestiny,almostasstrangeandterribleasbeingthelastsurvivingmemberofadyingspecies.（50）

A.However,hewasafrequentvisitortotheCatawbareservationinSouthCarolina,wherehelearnedthelanguage.

B.Fortherestofus,whenalanguagedies,welosethepossibilityofauniquewayofseeinganddescribingtheworld.

C.PapuaNewGuineaisanextremelyrichsourceofdifferentlanguage,butmorethan100ofthemareindangerofextinction（灭绝）.

D.Astheselanguagesbecomemorepowerful,theiruseastoolsofbusinessandcultureincreases.

E.Theselanguagesdon’thavemanynativespeakers.

F.Somepeoplemightwanttotrytolearnsomeofthesesongsbyheart.第6部分：完形填空（第61—65題，每題1分，共15分）

UndergroundCoalFires

CoalburningdeepundergroundinChina,IndiaandIndonesiaisthreateningtheenvironmentandhumanlife,scientistshavewarned,theselarge-scale(51)blazescausethegroundtemperaturetoheatupandkillsurroundingvegetation,producegreenhousegasesandcan(52)ignite(點燃)forestfirst,apanelofscientiststoldtheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAssociationFortheAdvancementofScienceinDenver.Theresulting(53)ofpoisonouselementslikearsenicandmercurycanalsopollutelocalwatersourcesandsoils,theywarned.

“Coalfiresareaglobalcatast