2011年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题

2011年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10

points)

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras"abodilyexercise

precioustohealth."But_1_someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobably

haslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes_2_short-termchangesin

thefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,—3_heartrateandoxygen

consumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4_,agoodlaughis

unlikelytohave_5_benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.

_6_,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughter

apparentlyacplishesthe_7_,studieselatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethat

laughter_8_muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthe

laughdiesdown.

Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9_theeffectsofpsychological

stress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof_10—

feedback,thatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate._11____oneclassical

theoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12_physicalreactions.It

wasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry_13—theyare

sadbuttheybeesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.

Althoughsadnessalso14_tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscan

flow_15_muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,social

psychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwurzburginGermanyasked

volunteersto_16_apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificial

smile-orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)_17_expression.Those

forcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhose

monthswerecontractedinafrown,19_thatexpressionsmayinfluence

emotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround_20_,thephysicalactof

laughtercouldimprovemood.

l.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like

2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining

4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe

5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable

6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief

7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected

8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes

9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance

10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal

ll.[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor

12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at

13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because

14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses

15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond

16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold

17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent

18.[A]ad叩ted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted

19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing

20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely

SectionIIReadingprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET1.(40points)

Text1

ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnext

musicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesudden

announcementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehas

beenfavorable,tosaytheleast.HHooray!Atlast\"wroteAnthonyTommasini,

asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.

Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,

isthatGilbertisparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocated

Gilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwith

noairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."Asadescriptionofthenextmusic

directorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahler

andPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersas

faintpraise.

Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevena

goodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingpositions,

butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohear

interestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootup

myputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.

Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforlive

performancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyofthe

art-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustpetenotonlywithoperahouses,

dancetroupes,theaterpanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecorded

performancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordings

arecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticquality

thantoday*sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed"atatime

andplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuch

recordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditional

classicalconcert.

Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenew

musicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichas

beenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasa

manwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto"amarkedlydifferent,more

vibrantorganization/'Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merely

expandingtheorchestra/srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthe

Philharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetween

America'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.

21.WelearnfromPara.lthatGilbert'sappointmenthas

[A]incurredcriticism.

[B]raisedsuspicion.

[C]receivedacclaim.

[D]arousedcuriosity.

22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois

[A]influentiaL

[B]modest.

[C]respectable.

[D]talented.

23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers

[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.

[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.

[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.

[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.

24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?

[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.

[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.

[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.

[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.

25.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels

[A]doubtfuL

[B]enthusiastic.

[C]confident.

[D]puzzled.

Text2

WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,his

explanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusual

vagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving"topursuemygoalof

runningapany."Broadcastinghisambitionwas"verymuchmydecision,"

McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardof

HartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanon

September29.

McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflecton

whatkindofpanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutside

worldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2

executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywere

lookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponseto

shareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomove

on.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousofletting

vaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.

Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemore

willingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwas

down23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,

accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswill

aboundforaspiringleaders.

Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneis

unconventional.Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherule

thatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.Says

Korn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:"Ican'tthinkofasinglesearchI've

donewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst."

Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositions

quickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewanted

tobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-based

moditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobe

aCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.

Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.Thefinancial

crisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."The

traditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat'sbeen

fundamentallyinverted,"saysoneheadhunter."Thepeoplewho'vebeenhurt

theworstarethosewho1vestayedtoolong."

26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribed

asbeing

[A]arrogant.

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered.

[D]impulsive.

27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives'quittingmaybespurredby

[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.

[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.

[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.

[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.

28.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans

[A]approvedof.

[B]attendedto.

[C]huntedfor.

[D]guardedagainst.

29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.

[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.

[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.

[D]it'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.

30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?

[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?

[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?

[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet

[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers

Text3

Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaid

for.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media-suchastelevisionmercialsand

printadvertisements-stillplayamajorrole,paniestodaycanexploitmany

alternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate

"owned"mediabysendingalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomers

registeredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeof

factorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.

Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirown

products.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorfor

users'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabeeanother

marketer'spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-merceretailersellsadspaceon

itsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrong

thatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-merceengineswithinthat

environment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybegan

withretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgo

further.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,a

stand-alonemediapropertythatpromotesplementaryandevenpetitiveproducts.

Besidesgeneratingine,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseem

objective,givespaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationaboutthe

appealofotherpanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforall

paniesconcerned.

Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswith

more(andmorediverse)municationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthat

passionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,and

muchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearned

media:anassetorcampaignbeeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,

oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersof

socialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapply

pressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.

Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeothersto

boycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetpanyatrisk.Insuchacase,

thepany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthe

learningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthe

damagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickand

well-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortsto

engagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssite

Digg.

31.Consumersmaycreate“earned“mediawhentheyare

[A]obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.

[B]inspiredbyproduct-promotingssenttothem.

[C]eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.

[D]enthusiasticaboutremendingtheirfavoriteproducts.

32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature

[A]asafebusinessenvironment.

[B]randompetition.

[C]strongusertraffic.

[D]flexibilityinorganization.

33.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmedia

[A]inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.

[B]canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.

[C]mayberesponsibleforfiercerpetition.

[D]deserveallthenegativemeritsaboutthem.

34.ToyotaMotor*sexperienceiscitedasanexampleof

[A]respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.

[B]persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.

[C]cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.

[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.

35.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?

[A]Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.

[B]Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.

[C]Dominanceofhijackedmedia.

[D]Popularityofownedmedia.

Text4

It'snosurprisethatJenniferSenior'sinsightful,provocativemagazine

coverstory,"IloveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,"isarousingmuchchatter-

nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythingless

thanapletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthat

childrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedto

redefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasured

bymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tense

condition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbe

soul-crushinglyhard,Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemoment

dampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight."

Themagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyis

hardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Thereare

alsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,as

wellastheusualJenniferAnistonispregnant"news.Practicallyeveryweek

featuresatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.

Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthat

admittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupport

kitten-killing?Itdoesn,tseemquitefair,then,toparetheregretsofparents

totheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderif

theyshouldn'thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththe

messagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviously

theirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.

Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeekly

andPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresingle

motherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsareless

happythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshock

there,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;

yettohearSandraandBritneytellit,raisingakidontheir"own"(read:with

round-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.

It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjust

becauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstand

thatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimageswesee

everyweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren'tinsome

small,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactual

experience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting"theRachel"

mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.

36JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring

[A]temporarydelight

[B]enjoymentinprogress

[C]happinessinretrospect

[D]lastingreward

37.WelearnfromParagraph2that

[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.

[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.

[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.

[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.

38.ltissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks

[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.

[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.

[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.

[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.

39.AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazines

is

[A]soothing.

[B]ambiguous.

[C]pensatory.

[D]misleading.

4O.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.

[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.

[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.

[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.

PartB

Directions:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa

coherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumbered

boxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmas

thehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyears

andamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegree

inthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudents

inEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.

[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,

philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%of

Americancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinessparedwithonly2%inhistory

and4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheir

undergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthatevery

educatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata

"generaleducation"shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,"the

greatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread"-theyformasortofsocial

glue.

[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsfor

whichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.Thisispartly

becauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswant

tostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor's

degreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewer

teachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudents

leavetheprofessiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.

[D]Onereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycan

cutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducations

andprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.

Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvard

undergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyers

muststudyanon-specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessional

qualification.[E]Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,top

Americanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublic

moneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrants

rosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfas

researchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoral

degreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athird

ofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehind

professionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskills

neededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable."So

disciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,but

alsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.

[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalter

thewayinwhich"theproducersofknowledgeareproduced."Otherwise,

academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfrom

thesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize."Academicinquiry,at

leastinsomefields,mayneedtobeelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic."Yet

quitehowthathappens,MrMenanddosenotsay.

[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:Reform

andResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudent

thinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogo

elsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,

andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,capturedit

skillfully.

G-41.-42.-E-43.-44.-45.

PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatethe

underlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefully

onANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,"creatingourinner

characterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenis

anin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.

(46)Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-that

becausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealits

erroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,

wet