新高考英语一轮复习练习考向04 介词(原卷版)

考向04介词【命题解读】介词在英语中比较活跃，然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多，但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。【命题预测】高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词，将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查，精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。【复习建议】1.掌握介词的常见用法及易混介词的辨析；2.掌握介词与其他词所构成的一些固定短语；3.掌握在定语从句中介词的使用情况。介词的分类分类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on等等。合成介词由两个介词构成合成词into,onto,throughout,upon,within短语介词由短语构成accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto等等。双重介词由两个介词搭配而成fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween等等。分词介词由现在分词转化而来considering(就……而论),including，regarding，concerning等。兼类介词由形容词直接转化而来like,unlike,near,next,opposite等等。考向①介词短语的功能介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能例句作定语Theydidn’tfindthesolutiontotheproblem.作状语Wehavebreakfastatseven.（表时间）Theywerelateforthemeetingbecauseoftheheavyrain.（表原因）Whatdoyoumeanbydoingsuchathing?（表方法）Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.（表条件）作表语WhenIpaidavisittoyouyesterday,youwerenotathome.作宾语补足语Ifoundtheoldbuildinginabadcondition.考向②常考介词的辨析介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看，考生需要掌握以下内容。1.表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别表示的概念介词（短语）区别例时间inonatat在一个时间点上；in在一段的时间之内；on在具体日子。①at8o’clock,atnoon②inthe1990s,inJanuary③onMonday,onawarmmorningsincefromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开始。①Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.②Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday.in,afterin指在一段时间之后，也可以指一段时间之内=within；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。①We’llbebackinthreedays.②Afterseventherainbegantofall.③Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?intheendattheendofbytheendofintheend作＂最后＂、＂终于＂解，单独作句子成分，后不接介词of；attheendof表示＂在……末梢＂，＂到……尽头＂，既可指时间，也可以指地上或物体，不可单独使用；bytheendof作＂在……结束时＂，＂到……末为止＂解，只能指时间。不可单独使用。①Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety.②Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.③TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.④Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.位置betweenamong一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。①Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme.②Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意：但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时，就用between。①Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.②Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhighmountains.③Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,riceandcoin.inontoin表示在某范围内；on指与什么毗邻；to指在某环境范围之外。①ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina.②MongoliaisonthenorthofChina.③JapanistotheeastofChina.oninon只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。①Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.②Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.③Hedugaholeinthewall.inintoin通常表示位置（静态）；into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置。①Wewalkedinthepark.②Wewalkedintothepark.throughacrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关；across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。①Waterflowsthroughthepipe.②Theoldmanwalkedacrossthestreet.inthecorneronthecorneratthecornerinthecorner表示在角落里，in指角的内面；onthecorner表示＂在角上＂，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；atthecorner指＂在拐角处＂，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。①Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom.②Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner.③Hesatonthecornerofthetable.除了besidesexceptbutexceptforbesides指＂除了……还有，再加上＂；except指＂除了，减去什么＂，不能放在句首。but与except意思近似，表示＂除了……外＂经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑问词后面。exceptfor表示＂如无……就，只是＂表明理由细节。①Allwentoutbesidesme.②Allwentoutexceptme.③Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.④Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.表示的概念构成例动作（表进行概念、表被动的关系）at+名词atdinner/table在吃饭atwork在工作atwar交战atcards在玩牌

atwork在办公atplay

在玩耍

atrest在休息

school在上学

atpress正在排印atchurch在做礼拜beyond+名词beyond

belief难以置信

beyond

control不听管教。beyond

compare无可比拟beyond

description难以形容beyond

expression无法表达beyond

suspicion无可怀疑in+名词或in

+名词+of+名词inthearmy在当兵inneedof需要inaction在运转inprogress在进行inoperation在运行中in

use

开始使用in

sight看得见in

store贮藏着in

course

of

construction正在兴建当中。in

(good)

repair维修良好的in

course

of

shipment.

定的货正在运输途中。in

charge

of

负责

in

the

charge

of

由……负责in

possession

of

拥有

in

the

possession

of

被……拥有on+名词onbusiness办事/出差onholiday/vacation/leave在休假onwatch值班onduty值勤/日onguard在值勤onstrike在罢工onsale出售onloan借贷onthemarch在行军on

trial在试用ontheair在广播on

fire在燃烧onthemove在移动，搬迁，离开on

show/display/exhibition在展出under+名词undercontrol在控制之中underdiscussion在讨论underdevelopment在发展中underobservation在观察中undertest在被测试underconstruction在建设中underfire在炮火中

underexamination在检查/调查中underconsideration在考虑中underrepair在修理中under

arrest被逮捕under

attack受到袭击under

medical

treatment在治疗中under

study在研究中其他againstone’sopinion反对某人的见解forone’sopinion同意某人的见解above

reproach无可指责，无可非议above

suspicion不受怀疑above

criticism无可指责atthemercyof在……支配下；任由……摆布for

sale供出售for

rent供出租within

sight看得见【典例示例】1.（2020·江苏卷·单项填空）Takingonthischallengewillbringyou_____someonewhosharesyourinterests.A.inexchangefor B.inanswerto C.incontactwith D.inmemoryof【答案】C【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:接受这个挑战会让你和你有共同兴趣的人接触。A.inexchangefor作为交换；B.inanswerto回答；C.incontactwith接触，与……有联系；D.inmemoryof纪念。根据空后someonewhosharesyourinterests及常识可知，此处指“和与你有共同兴趣的人接触”。故选C。2.（2020·天津卷·单项填空）Formyfifthbirthday,mymotherbakedmeacake______amonkey.A.intheshapeof B.beyondthereachofC.atthemercyof D.onthesideof【答案】A【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意:我五岁生日的时候，妈妈给我烤了一个猴子形状的蛋糕。A.intheshapeof呈……形状；B.beyondthereachof超出……的能力之外C.atthemercyof受……的支配；D.onthesideof拥护……，站在……的一边。蛋糕是猴子“形状”的。故选A。3.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）Favorablepoliciesare___________toencourageemployees'professionaldevelopment.A.ineffect B.incommand C.inturn D.inshape【答案】A【解析】考查介词短语。句意：好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A.ineffect实际上；B.incommand指挥；C.inturn轮流，依次；D.inshape在外形上，处于良好的状态。故选A。4.（2019·新课标I卷·语法填空）Modemmethods63trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensivetoperform(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.【答案】of/for【解析】考查介词用法。此处trackingpolarbearpopulations作Modernmethods的定语，用of连接，＂methodsofdoingsth.＂,意为＂……的方法＂，构成固定结构。或者意为＂对于跟踪北极熊的方法＂用for。故填of/for。5.（2019·新课标I卷·语法填空）Scientistshaverespondedbynoting(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements,leadingtotheillusion(错觉)thatpopulationsare68(high)thantheyactuallyare.【答案】of/for6.（2019·新课标III卷·语法填空）Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyapack63dogs，seventobeexact.【答案】of【解析】考查介词。＂apackof＂意为＂一群＂。故填of。7.（2017·新课标卷I·短文改错）Attheendofourtrip,ItoldmyfatherthatIplannedtoreturnforeverytwoyears,heagreed.【答案】删除for【解析】时间名词有every，each，last等词修饰时，其前不用介词。故删除for。2.常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别常见形容词搭配意义absent(be)absentfrom缺席(be)absentin不在这里而在……afraid(be)afraidof担心……(be)afraidfor为……而担心angry(be)angrywithsb.对某人生气(be)angryat/aboutsth.因某事而生气anxious(be)anxiousforsth急于想得到(be)anxiousaboutsth./sb.对某事/某人担心different(be)differentfrom与……不同(be)differentto不关心familiar(be)familiarwith精通，熟悉(be)familiarto为……熟知（悉）good(be)goodat擅长于(be)goodfor对……有益(be)goodto对……友好/态度好popular(be)popularwithsb.受……欢迎(be)popularfor因……而流行strict(be)strictwithsb.对某人要求严格(be)strictinsth.对某事要求严格3．容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组类型举例差一冠词，大相径庭infrontof（在……前面)——inthefrontof（在……前部）inchargeof（负责）——inthechargeof（由……负责）outofquestion（毫无疑问）——outofthequestion（不可能）attable（在吃饭；在吃饭时）——atthetable（在桌子旁边）有无介词，意义不同knowsb.认识某人——knowaboutsb.了解某人shootsb.击中某人——shootatsb.向某人射击searchsb.搜身——searchforsb.搜寻某人believesb.相信某人的话——believeinsb.信任某人的人格benefitsb.使某人受益——benefitfromsb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足，误加介词servethepeople为人民服务（容易在serve后加for）entertheroom进入房间（容易在enter后加into）followme跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind）marrysb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）goabroad出国（容易在go后面加to）liveupstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加in）母语思维，误用介词becaughtintherain被雨淋着（不用by）leaveforsomeplace动身去某地（不用to）setanexampletosb.为某人树立榜样（不用for）inthedirection朝着……方向（不用to）doafavorforsb.帮某人一个忙（不用to）differentfrom和……不同（不用with）withthehelpof在……的帮助下（不用under）stealsth.fromsb.偷某人的东西（不用of）readsth.tosb.给（为）……读（念）……（不用for）【难点释疑】一、常用介词辨异1.about，on，of关于=1\*GB3①on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于＂学术上＂的＂论文＂或＂演说＂等题目，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有＂论及＂之意。=2\*GB3②about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式，有＂述及＂之意。=3\*GB3③of作＂关于＂讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与about意义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词know、hear、learn（听说）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。2.except，exceptfor，exceptthat，but，besides，beside=1\*GB3①except＂除……之外＂，指不包括……，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于but，但不定式常不带to。=2\*GB3②exceptfor＂除了，只有＂，意思和except一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。=3\*GB3③exceptthat＂除了，只是＂，意思和except、exceptfor一样。但在用法上，其后常接名词性从句，也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。=4\*GB3④but所含＂除……外＂的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。=5\*GB3⑤besides表示＂除……外还有＂，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides可用作副词，相当于also，有＂而且，加之，何况＂之意。=6\*GB3⑥beside也是介词，表示＂在附近＂，只不过形似besides，容易相互混淆。如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用except，否则就用exceptfor。3.including，included=1\*GB3①including是一个介词，意为＂包括＂，它一般放在包括对象的前面。=2\*GB3②included是一个过去分词，意为＂包括＂。它一般用于被动语态中，也可放在包括对象的后面。4.in，later，during都与时段名词搭配=1\*GB3①in作介词，同时段名词搭配，即＂in+时段名词＂，一般用于将来时。=2\*GB3②later表示＂……以后＂，常同时段名词搭配，即＂时段名词+later＂，常与过去时连用。=3\*GB3③during作介词时，同时段名词搭配，即＂during+时段名词＂，常与现在时或将来时等连用。5.in，with，by用=1\*GB3①with通常指＂用＂具体的或有形的工具、器官等，有时也表示＂用＂某种手段、音调等。=2\*GB3②by作介词表示＂用＂时，一般指＂用＂方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词时，该名词前面一般不加修饰语。=3\*GB3③in指＂用＂语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。二、介词的省略1.当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。Comeanydayyoulike.你想哪天来就哪天来。2.表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作＂每一……＂解时，前面不用介词。Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.每天吃一个苹果，医生不找我。3.习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略，常见的此类搭配有：spendmoney/time(in)doingsth，wastemoney/time(in)doingsth，havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth，bebusydoingsth，stop/preventsb(from)doingsth等。三、介词不可遗漏的情况1.含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable等后作状语，且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。Thechairiscomfortabletositon/in.这把椅子坐着舒服。Themanisdifficulttoworkwith.这个人很难共事。2.当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。Theproblemiswellworthpayingattentionto.这个问题很值得关注。3.在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。Yourpronunciationshouldbepaidattentionto.你应该注意你的发音。4.在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。Thelibrarywhichweoftengotoisnotfarawayfromourschool.我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。5.在too...to...，enough...to...，so...asto...等结构中，含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语，构成不定式的动词为不及物动词，且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。Theiceistoothintoskateon.冰太薄了，不能在上面滑。【检测过关】1.Someexpertsthink,_____genes,intelligencealsodependonanadequatediet,agoodeducationandanicehomeenvironment.A.insteadof B.apartfrom C.exceptfor D.farfrom2.—Ican’tfindyoursister,whereisshe?—She’sgoneaway________theweekend.A.in B.at C.for D.on3.CanadianPrimeMinisterJustinTrudeausays“anentirecountryisinshockandmourning”______adeadlybuscrashintheprovinceofSaskatchewan.A.intheabsenceof B.inthewakeof C.intheeventof D.inthelightof4.Wedidn'ttravelmuchduringtheholiday,______becauseofthetightbudget,butalsobecauseofthehugecrowds.A.inturn B.invain C.inpart D.ineffect5._________theculturaldifferences,thefilm'sadvertisingmaterialsshouldhaveexplained,inbrief,themoralbehindNeZha'sstorytomakeitmoreappealingtoforeignaudiences.A.Considered B.Supposed C.Given D.Supposing6.Toourjoy,thehotelitselfcanhold70guestsand,______,thereareseveralself-cookingapartments.A.inparticular B.intheend C.ingeneral D.inaddition7.Theridesharingserviceisonlyatrialinlimitedregions,andwillcontinuetoimprove______feedbackfromthepublic.A.inlinewith B.incontrastwith C.incontrolof D.infavorof8.AformertaichiworldchampionisteachingtaichiclassesinNewYork_____broadeningtheappealofChineseculture.A.inplaceof B.inhopeof. C.inpraiseof D.incaseof9.ThelasttwodecadeshaswitnessedMacao'sboomandstability________“onecounty,twosystems”.A.inanticipationof B.insympathywithC.ongoodtermswith D.onthebasisof10.Anewstudyshowsthatdespitenewtechnologieswekeepusingourolddeviceswellevenaftertheygo.A.outoforder B.outofshape C.outofstyle D.outofbusiness11.theheroessacrificingtheirlivesforthecountry'sgloriouscauses,redischosenasthebasiccolorofthenationalflag.A.Inregardto B.InproportiontoC.Insaluteto D.Inresponseto12.Arangeofgreencampaignshavebeenlaunchedglobally____thegravityoftheclimatecrisis.A.incontrastto B.intermsof C.indefenceof. D.inresponseto13.Whatastonishedthepublicwasthatthemurdercasehadbeendismissed______anydefiniteproof.A.inthechargeof B.intheabsenceofC.inthepossessionof D.inthenameof14.Musictreatmentinvolvesaspecialistplayinganinstrumentorsinging_______thepatient’smood.A.bymeansofB.onbehalfofC.onaccountofD.inresponseto15.Islippedintotheprofessor'sroomquietly,on______walltherewasabigslogansaying"LearnforaStrongerChina".A.where B.whichC.whose D.that16.________________theheavyrain，thecouplewenttothesupermarkettobuytheirsonagift.A.Inspiteof B.ExceptforC.Butfor D.Insteadof17.Iamalwaysdelightedwhenreceivingyourinvitation,______thepartyonJune9thafterthenationalcollegeentranceexamination,Ishallbepleasedtoattend.A.Onaccountof B.WithregardtoC.Inresponseto D.Inviewof18.________yourgeneroushelp,IdobelieveIhaveabetterunderstandingofyourcountryandculture.A.Butfor B.OutofC.Thanksto D.Asto19.Youcan'twearthisyellowjacket______________thatshirt;it'lllookterrible.A.on B.aboveC.up D.over20.Marynearlymissedtheflightdoingtoomuchshopping.A.inneedof B.ontopofC.infrontof D.asaresultof21.Allchildrenshouldgetaccesstoahigh-qualityeducation________theirrace,zipcodeorfamilyincome.A.dependingon B.regardlessofC.dueto D.apartfrom22.Thisisnotaneconomicalwaytogetmorewater;________,itisveryexpensive.A.worsestill B.onthecontraryC.inshort D.inaddition23.Thiswasreturnedbecausetheperson________thisletterwasaddressedhaddiedthreeyearsago.A.towhom B.towhichC.which D.whom24.Inmanycountriesintheworld,breakfastisasnack______ameal,butthetraditionalEnglishbreakfastisafullmeal.A.lessthan B.morethanC.otherthan D.ratherthan25.Musictreatmentinvolvesaspecialistplayinganinstrumentorsing________thepatient’smood.A.bymeansof B.withregardtoC.inresponseto D.onaccountof26.Aftershebecameill,Ifelt______withher—shewascheerywhileIfeltgloomy.A.outoftune B.outofbreath C.outofcuriosity D.outofmind27.Havingbeentreatedinthehospitalforaslongassixmonths,themaninjuredinthecarcrashisnoweventuallyback_______hisfeet.A.at B.inC.on D.to28.Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospitalsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthedegree______peopleview“volunteer”asanimportantsocialrole.A.bywhich B.towhich C.inwhich D.fromwhich29.MaybesomeofyouarecuriousaboutwhatmylifewaslikeonthestreetsbecauseI’veneverreallytalkedaboutit______.A.inplace B.inturn C.inforce D.indepth30.Theflatisgoodvalueformoneybecausenotonlydidtheysellittomeatacheapprice,buttheythrewinsomeoldfurniture_________.A.attheircommand B.forgoodmeasureC.beyondmyreach D.beneaththeirdignity31.Accordingtothecompany’srule,one’spaymentis______theworkdone,nottothetimespentdoingit.A.inproportionto B.inadditiontoC.incontrastto D.inregardto32.Thesteamboatwasfullyfurnishedwithlifepreservers.Thepassengersmightbesaved__________accidents.A.inspiteof B.insteadofC.incaseof D.inplaceof33.Thereisnoreasontobedisappointed.________,thiscouldberatheramusing.A.Aboveall B.AsaresultC.Apartfromthat D.Asamatteroffact34.Theseniorteacheralwaysgoesswimminganddoespush-upstostay