英语四级语法集萃

英语四级语法集萃虚拟语气一.普通型普通虚拟语气既if引导的主从复合句中的虚拟语气,它有三种形式;一是与现在事实相反,其构成形式为:从句过去式(be常用were主句would/should/could/might+动词原形例如:IftherewerelifeonMars,suchlifeformswouldbeunabletosurviveonearth.二是与过去事实相反,其构成形式为:从句had+过去分词主句would/should/could/might+have+过去分词例如:Ifhehadworkedharder,hewouldhavegotthroughtheexam.三是与将来事实相反,其构成形式为:从句should/wereto+动词原形主句would/should/could/might+动词原形例如:Wewouldn’tloseourcourageevenifweshould(wereto)failagain.二.wish型.wish型虚拟语气是指动词wish后的宾语从句中虚拟语气的形式,像普通型一样,它也包括与现在,将来,过去时间相反的三种谓语动词形式.1.过去式(be用were)与现在事实相反2.主语+wish+(that从句)would/should/could/might+动词原形或were+动词ing与将来事实相反3.had+过去分词或could+have+过去分词与过去事实相反例如:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.Hewishesherememberedtheaddress.Iwishhewouldtryagain.Wewishwehadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.三.省略型省略型虚拟语气是指非真实条件句中if的省略.当条件从句中包含有were,had,should,could时,省略if后,须把从句的助动词提前(即were,had,should,could);例如:Wereshetoleaverightnow,shewouldgetthereonSunday.Hadwemadeadequatepreparations,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Couldthedeadmanhavespoken,hewouldhaveidentifiedhismurderer.四“坚决要命”题型(be型)“坚决要命”题型即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句)中的虚拟语气用法.句中的动词,名词或形容词若有“坚决要命”等含义(坚坚持,建议,推荐;决是指决心,决定等;要是指要求,重要的,必要的等;命则是指命令,致命的等),则名称性从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气形式,即用should+动词原形或省略should,直接用动词原形.主语从句通常用于it+is+形容词+that主语从句结构.常见的引起虚拟的主语从句的形容词或过去分词有:demanded(要求的)essential(必要的)l,important,necessary,ordered,required,vital,strange等.常见的引起虚拟的宾语从句的动词有:advise,suggest,command,decide,demand,desire,insist,order,require,recommend,prefer等主句中的一些名词要求表语从句和同位语从句采用虚拟语气,这些名词常见的有:advice,command,demand,desireimportant,motion建议,necessity,proposal提议recommendation,suggestion等等.五,状语从句型一)在asif(asthough)引导的状语从句中,其虚拟语气的谓语动词比较固定,只有两种形式:一是如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,则从句的谓语动词是过去时;二是如果如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,则从句的谓语动词为过去完成时.例如:Itseemsasifitwas(were)springalready.Heactedasif(though)hehadbeenanexpert.二)lest(惟恐),incase,(假设,万一),forfearthat(以免)引导的目的状语从句.这时谓语动词多用should,例如:Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestit(should)rain.Heburnedalltheimportantdocumentsforfearthattheyshouldfallintotheenemy‘shands.Hereissomemoneyincaseyoushouldneedit.六.特殊型一)Itistime…….,It‘s(high,about)timethat……的句型中应采用虚拟语气,表示早该做还未做的一种意思,其从句谓语用过去时或should+动词原形.be为单数时多用was,that常省略.例如:Itishightimeshewent(shouldgo).二)wouldrather型虚拟语气是指would(had)rather,would(just)assoon,hadbetter,wouldsooner后接that从句中,动词用过去时,表示当时或将来情况的的虚拟语气形式,可译作”宁愿……..”,从句中的谓语动词用过去时.例如:Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesameoffice.IcouldgomyselfbutIwouldsooneryouwent.Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.三)含蓄型虚拟语气是指if条件句不出现,而某些词或短语表示虚拟条件(主句不变),或靠上下文的衬托表示虚拟条件的形式.因从句不出现,故称含蓄型虚拟语气.通常由without,butfor,wereitnotfor连接的短语和otherwise,or为标志.起主要涉及主句的谓语动词形式,并且与普通型主句的谓语动词相同,也分为与现在,过去和将来事实相反的三种情形.例如:Butforyourhelp,wewouldnothavearrivedintime.七、实战演习1.Iftheguaranteedyield()，Wewouldmakeuptheloss．AhadnotbeenreachedB.werenotreachedChasnotbeenreachedDwouldnotbereached2．Itishighlydesirablethateveryeffort()toreducepollutioninBeijing．AwasmadeB.bemadeCwillbemadeDwouldbemade3．IftheSouthhadwonthewar，whatisnowtheUnitedStates()dividedintoseveralcountries．AwillbeBshouldbeCmusthavebeenD.mighthavebeen．4．Icarn’tspeakJapanese，butIdowishI()．AcanB.couldChadDspoke5．Withoutelectricity，humanlife()quitedifferenttoday．AisBwillC.wouldbeDwouldhavebeen6．Iwasillthatday．OtherwiseI()partintheparade．AwouldtakeB.wouldhavetakenCtookDhadtaken7．()yourhelp，1wouldnothavesucceeded．ABecauseBBecauseofCButD.Butfor8．IwishSusanknewhowtoapplygrammaticalrulesproperlyand()thefactthatsheisnearlyalwaysinthewrong．A.recognizeB.recognizedCrecognizingDtorecognize9．IfIhadbeentothepartylastweek，I()sorryforitnow．A.wouldnotbefeelingBwouldn’thaveleftCmustn’tfeelDshouldhavefeel10．Nancysometimeswishesthatshe()inasmalltown.AisnotlivingBwasnotlivingC.werenotlivingDdidnotlive11.Thehousemasterwasstrict．Herequestedthatwe()televisiononweeknights．A.notwatchBmustnottowatchCnotbewatchingDhavenotwatchedl2．()Iknownit，Iwouldhavetoldyou．AHaveBIfC.HadDHaving13．Itishightimewe()severemeasuresagainstsuchviolence．AaretotakeBshouldtakeCcantakeD.took14．Thakla’svisittoEnglandmadeitnecessarythathersister()moreinthehouse．A.woulddoBwilldoCdoDdoes15．Whatdoyouthinkofhismotionthatwe()aplayattheEnglishevening?A.shouldputonBshallputonCwouldputonDwillhaveputon16．Itisnotnecessarythatasecondaryschoolgraduate()anentranceexamtobeadmittedtotheAmericanuniversity．ApassesB.passCwouldpassDpassed17．Everyattentionmustbepaidtohim，lesthe()thatheisinferiortomyotherguests．AwouldfeelBfeelsCfeltD.shouldfeell8．Ifonlyshe()notsoterriblyfrightenedofAuntRuth．AisBhasbeenC.wereDwouldbe19．ThemanshowedushisIDcard.Withoutthat,we()stoppedhimfromgettingin．A.wouldhaveBBwonldChadDhave20．Ido()Icouldplaychessmoreproficientlythanmybrother．A.wishBwantCknowD.hope21．()today，wouldwebeabletogettherebyTuesday?AWereweleavingBIfweleaveCWouldweleaveD.Werewetoleave22．Whatwouldyoudoifyou()liveyourlifeoveragain?AdoBcanC.couldDareableto23．()totelluseverything，wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem．AIfheisB.WereheCHadheDBehe24．()wewillsetoffasweplanned．AWereitgoodorbadB.BeitgoodorbadCBeingsoedorbadDWhethergoodorbad25．He’ssortofChineseShakespeare()．AitisBaswasitCasitwasD.asitwere26．Themanagerwouldratherthathiswife()workinthesameofficeashedoes．AdoesnotB.didnotCwouldnotDwillnot27．Youlooksotiredtonight．Itistimeyou()．AgotosleepBgotobedCwenttosleepD.wenttobed28．(),wecouldnothavefinishedtlleworkontime．A.ButfortheirhelpBIftheydonothelpusCWasitnotfortheirhelpDShouldtheyoffertohelp29．Hemakesanoteoftheassignmentlesthe()it．AforgetsB.forgetCwillforgetDwillnotforget30．Thereisalawthatdrunkendrivers()severelypunished．AwereBareC.beDwillbe31．Wereitnotforfriction，we()towalkonthisearthofours．AwouldnotbeableBshouldnothavebeenableCwerenotableDarenotable32．Itisstrangethatshe()inthelastexamination．AshouldhavefailedBhasfailedChadfailedDfails33．“Hewasshortofmoney，sohecouldnotaffordtotravelbyair．”“Youmeantosay()?”Aifhehadnotbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairBevenifhehadbeenshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyairCthoughhewasshortofmoney，hecouldaffordtotravelbyairDifhewereshortofmoney，hecouldhaveaffordedtotravelbyair34．IhadhopedthatI()youbytalkingaboutmychildren．Ashouldn’tboreBwouldn’tboreCdidn’tboreDhadn’tbored35．Maythisbookinasmallway()toenhancetheunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenthetwopeoples．AhelpBhelpsCwillhelpDshouldhelp36．“Whydidn’tyouhelphim?”“Iwouldhave()Ididnothavethemoney．”AstillB.butCotherwiseDor37．Theideaisthatwe()allunmannedspacecrafttoexploretheplanetfirst.AwillsendBhadsentC.sendDbesent38．Ifwehadn’tpreservedsomuchfood，we()ingreattroublenow.AA.wouldbeBwouldhavebeenCareDwere39．Givehermybestregards，().A.shouldyouseehertodayBifyousawhertodayCifyouwouldseehertodayDshouldyouhaveseenhertoday40．He’sworkinghardforfearthathe()．A.shouldfallbehindBfallbehindCmayfallbehindDwouldfallbehindKeytotheExercises1．B2．B3．D4．B5．C6．B7．D8．B9．A10．C11．A12．C13．D14．A15．A16．B17．D18．C19．A20．A21.D22.C23.B24．B25．D26．B27D28．A29．B30．C31.A32．A33．A34．B35．A36.B37．C38．A39．A40．A非谓语动词非谓语动词又称作是非限定动词,这样的非谓语动词,顾名思义是指在句中不能充当谓语的一种动词形式.它有三种形式,即动词不定式,动名词和分词.动词不定式一)动词不定式有3点属性:1.在词性上具有名词,形容词和副词的功能,(名词可作主语,宾语和表语,形容词可作定语,表语和宾补.而副词则可以作状语.)2.其又具有动词的三个特征:即可带宾语或表语;可由状语来修饰;有时态和语态的变化.3.它还带有某种具体性,目的性特定性和未来的特征.作主语ItisdifficulttoanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglish.ToanswersuchacomplicatedquestioninEnglishisdifficult.但在大多数情况下,动词不定式作主语时,通常用形式主语it代替.(二)作宾语Ifyoupromisenottogetangrywithme,I‘lltellyouwhatIbroke.动词不定式作宾语时要注意以下语法点:1.在及物动词begin,cease,choose,continue,describe,expect,fail,happen,hate,help,hope,intend,like,love,manage,offer,plan,prefer,promise,refuse,want,wish,forget,remember,mean,try,stop等后面常接动词不定式作宾语.2.某些特定的动词后要求用动词+wh-型疑问副词/how+动词不定式结构,如:Theyaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation.这类动词可以分为两类:第一类是与思维活动有关的动词:consider,know,imagine,think,understand,learn,forget等.第二类是表示感觉的动词:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此类动词后接宾语时to常常省略.3.当不定式作直接宾语,它后面还有补足语时,需要用形式宾语it代替不定式.而把不定式放在补足语之后.如:Ifounditdifficulttosolvetheproblem.4. 动词不定式可作but,except,save(除……之外)的宾语.但当but,except,save(除……之外)前有do的某种形式时(包括did,does,done)不定式符号to必须省略.如果无do的某种形式时则不能省略.如:Hecoulddonothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.(三)作宾语补足语,主语补足语如:Adreamoftheredchamberissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.动词不定式作宾语补足语,主语补足语时注意以下两点:1.有些动词后要求用不定式作宾补,如:allowadvise,ask,choose,enable,expect,fail,have,hear,order,tell,wish等.例如:Harryinvitedmetocometohisparty.在此不定式做宾补,而Iwasinvited(byHarry)tocometohisparty.则作主补.当谓语动词为believe,report,say,suppose等时,其后作主语的动词不定式用完成时表示动作的完成或提前.如:Mr.BrownissupposedtohaveleftforItalylastweek.2.在consider,prove,think,know,feel,suppose之后也可跟宾语+tobe/tohave的形式,如:Weallknowhimtobedead.(我们都以为他死了.)(四)作定语如:Sheisalwaysthefirsttoarriveandthelasttoleave.动词不定式作定语时注意:1.当不定式修饰的名词与不定式有动宾关系(即逻辑宾语),该不定式的动词又是不及物动词时,不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉.如:Ihaven‘tgotachairtositon.2.由only,last,next序数词或形容词最高级的名词常用不定式作定语.另外有些名词后固定地要求用不定式作定语,像ability,right,effort等,如:Energyistheabilitytowork.(五)作状语如:Couldyoufindsomeoneformetoplaytenniswith.一．动词不定式作状语时常表示目的,结果,原因等,常有以下几种情况:1. to+动词原形Tomeetneedsofourindustry,wemustworkhard.(表目的)2.Iamverygladtocomehere..(表原因)3.Thetemperatureissohighastochangewaterintosteam.(表结果)二.)动词不定式时态和语态的变化动词不定式保留了动词的一些特征,具有时态和语态的变化,其时态有:1.一般式:不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生.如:Wehopetohavealotofstory-books.2. 进行时:动词不定式进行时表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行.如:Thetrainseemstobemoving.3.完成式:动词不定式的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生.如果动词不定式的完成时用在表示”需要,希望,打算”等意义的动词时,如hope,wish,expect,intend,mean后时,则说明动作没有实现.例如:Weintendedtohaveattendedthatactivity.(我们本来打算参加那项活动.)若表示过去未实现的动作则用shouldlike/wouldlike+不定式的完成时.三) 语态如:Mr.Johnsonpreferredtobegivenheavierworktodo.注意以下3点:1当动词不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的承受者时,则用其被动形式,如:Themotorseemstohavebeenrepaired.2.当用在easy,difficult,hard,heavy,good等形容词作表语的系表结构中的形容词后,不定式要用主动形式表示被动的意思,说明谓语所表示的情况.如:Thisquestionishardtoanswer.另外,一般而言,当不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系时,也可用不定式的主动形式表示被动的意思.如:Hegavemesomethingtoeat.3.toblame,tolet本身已包含被动意义,无需使用动词不定式的被动形式.如:Nobodywastoblamefortheaccident.四)特殊的不定式1.定式复合结构:for+名词(代词)+不定式(短语).一般而言,句中谓语动词的主语就是动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语.但有时它还有自己的逻辑主语,由介词for引出,但如果句中的形容词即指行为的性质又指人的品质,则由of引出这一结构.(如:Itiskindofyoutohelpme.)例如:ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.(作主语)Thechalkisfortheteachertouse.(作表语)Wefounditimpossibleforthestudentstoanswerthequestion.(作宾语)Therearemanyproblemsfortheresearcherstodealwith..(作定语)Foramachinetodowork,wemustdoworkonthemachine.(作状语)2.独立的动词不定式:1.)独立的动词不定式具有插入语的性质,表示说话人的态度或看法.例如:Totellthetruth,thatisallIknowabouthim.Tobeginwith,Iwouldliketotalkaboutmyplan.2)too+adj(adv)+todosth结构表示否定的含义,意为“太…..以至于不”.enough……..to结构表示肯定含义,意为”足够能……”注意.enough用于名词之前,而用于形容词或副词之后.五) to的省略1. 在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather(宁愿),wouldjustassoon(宁愿),cannotbut(不得不),cannothelpbut(只得),donothingbut(不得不),letalone(更不用说)等搭配后,如:Iwouldrathernothaveeggsforbreakfast.2. 在表示感觉的动词:let.make,see;watch,hear,feel;notice,observe.此类动词后接宾语时to常常省略.如:Johnmadehertellhimeverything.但当不定式变为主补时,to不能省略.如:Shewasmade(byJohn)totellhimeverything.3. 在help后可用to也可不用to,如:CanIhelpyou(to)liftthisheavybox?4. 在except,but(除…..之外),save(除…..之外)之后的动词不定式,如果其前有do的某种形式,一般不带to,反之则须带to.如:Hedoesnothingbutwait.但Thereisnochoicebuttowait.5.当连词ratherthan(而不是),soonerthan(而不是)置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.如:Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.6.当and,or等连接两个不定式结构时Allyoucandointhediscussionistodebateandargue.7.在Why……?或Whynot……?结构中,可省略.如：Whyarguewithhim?Whynotgivehimsomeflowers?二.动名词.动名词的三点属性:1).动名词在性质上比较单一,只有名词的功能,因此只能作主语,表语和宾语.2).动名词不是简单地等同于名词,之所以称为.动名词是因为它还具有三个特征,即:可以带宾语或表语;可以由状语修饰;如:learningEnglishwell.可以有自己的时态和语态.3)从更深的层次上讲,.动名词具有一般性,习惯性和过去性的含义.1.作主语:Doingworkmeansmovingabodythroughadistancebyaforce.当动名词作主语且此短语较长时,常用it作形式主语,特别在一些习惯用法中.Itisnousedoingthatwork..动名词还可以用在Thereisno…….结构中作主语.2.作宾语:Theyoungmanstilldenieshavingstartedthefirebehindthestore.在某些动词之后,有些只能接动名词作宾语,而不能接不定式,为方便记忆,这些动词我们可以统称为”妹不吃咖啡的”.即:Mepskarfdi:mind(miss),enjoy(escape),postpone,(permit,pardon,practice),suggest,consider(can‘thelp,complete),keepavoid(admit,advise,appreciate,acknowledge)risk(resent,resist),finish,deny(delay,deserve,dislike),imagine.3.动名词的时态和语态:1)一般式:动名词一般式表示的动作与句中谓语的动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动词之后发生,如用一般式表示其发生在谓语动词之前,则在动名词之前用介词on,upon或after.2)完成式:动名词完成式表示其动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生.3)被动式:当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作对象时,该动名词要求用被动形式.4.动名词复合结构:由动名词的逻辑主语+动名词短语构成的动名词的复合结构,在句中作主语或宾语等,逻辑主语与动名词存在逻辑上的主谓关系.逻辑主语的形式有四种:1) 逻辑主语是表示有生命的名词,用所有格(加‘s).2) 逻辑主语是表示无生命的名词,用所有格则直接用普通格(不加‘s).3) 当逻辑主语是代词时,可用物主代词或代词宾格.4) 当逻辑主语不是代词或指示代词时,只用宾格,不用所有格.例如:Smith‘slackinginexperienceworriedheragreatdeal.WhatIknowisthewindowbeingopen.Wearelookingforwardtohercomingback.Iwasafraidofthetentfallingdownduringthenight.5.动名词与不定式比较:由于动名词也具有名词的性质和功能,因此,其用法在三个位置上与动词不定式发生了重合,既主语位置,宾语位置,和表语位置,故有必要对此予以比较.一.宾语位置上的区别1)有些动词要求跟动名词作宾语,有些要求跟动词不定式作宾语.2)有些动词后既可跟动名词又可跟不定式,但意义不同.如:1.IfIhadremembered______thewindow,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.A)toclose.B)closingC)tohaveclosedD)havingclosed2.I‘llneverforget_____youforthefirsttime.A)tomeetB)tohavemeetC)meeting.D)havingtobemeeting3.Weregret_____youthatthebooksyouwanttobuyaresoldout.A)informingB)toinform.C)tohaveinformedD)informed4.WhenIcamein,hewenton_______withme.A)talkingB)havetalkedC)talkD)totalk.5.Thedriverhasbeentrying______thecarfornearlyanhour.A)startB)startedC)tostart.D)starting6.ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans____trouble.A)makingB)tomake.C)tohavemadeD)havingmade考题注释1.remember后即可接不定式又可接动名词,前者意思是:记住做某事(还没做),后者的意思为:记得做了某事(做过了).Irememberseeingherbefore.根据题意,窗户未关,因此小偷进来了.2.forget后即可接不定式又可接动名词,前者指”忘记要做某事”,后者指”忘记过去作过的一件事”.题意为”我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的情景”.3.regret后即可接不定式又可接动名词,前者指”对尚未做,或正在做的事情的遗憾”,后者指”对过去作过的事情的遗憾”.如:Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice,本题译文为:很遗憾的通知你,你想买的书卖完了.4.togoontalking意思为一直持续做某事,而togoontotalk意思为在被中断做某事后继续原来的动作.5.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.我们必须设法及时把一切搞好.Letustrydoingtheworksomeotherway.我们用另外一个方法做这个工作试试.6.Idonotmeantohurtyoubysayingthis.我这样说并不是想伤害你.Missingthisbusmeanswaitingforananotherhour.错过这次车意味着又要再等一个小时.3)1.在动词hear,deserve,need,want,require之后,若用动名词作宾语,则表示被动,其意义与动词不定式的被动形式相同.注意:在require之后只用动名词表被动.2.在动词begin,start,continue,hate,like,love,prefer后跟不定式或动名词含义基本相同,只不过跟动名词表习惯性动作,跟不定式表示一次具体的动作.注意:这些动词用在should,would之后,后面只跟不定式。三、分词一)属性切记分词的两点性质：1、分词在性质上具有形容词和副词的功能，形容词可作定语、表语和宾补，而副词可作状语，由此推知，分词也可以作定语、表语宾补和状语。分词有两类，现在分词和过去分词。2、分词并不是简单地等同于形容词和副词，它还具有动词的特征，即可以带宾语或表语，如：Hestopped,realizingmistakesinhiswriting.也可以用状语修饰，如：Hefoundthefireburningbrightly.另外，分词还有自己的时态和语态：现在分词有主动和被动，有一般法和完成式，而过去分词本身便含有被动或完成的意义，故没有形式上的变化。A)现在分词时态和语态的变化(以study)为例)：主动式被动式一般式studyingbeingstudied完成式havingstudiedhavingbeenstudiedB)过去分词(以study为例)：studied(一)作表语1.He’s()becausehehaswontheprize.AnervousBexcited.CsatisfyingDexciting2.Thattheywouldgetmarriedis().AsurprisedBsurprisinglyCsurprising.Dsurprise考点分析现在分词做表语时多表示主语所具有的特征；过去分词做表语时多表示主语的状态。故一般而言，当主语是“人”时，用过去分词做表语，表求“感到……”当表示主语的性质时，一般用现在分词做表语，意为“令人……”，此时主语多为“事物”。如boring(令人厌烦的)，bored(感到厌烦)。(二) 作定语1.Youwillseethisproduct()whereveryougo.AtobeadvertisedBadvertised.CadvertiseDadvertising2.Catshavesharpteeth()mice.Ausedforcatching.BwhichusedtocatchCtheiruseistocatchDtheyareusedforcatching3.Thespeaker,()forherspeeches,waswarmlyreceivedbytheaudience.AhavingknownBbeingknownCknowingDknown.4.IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone().AtocorrectBcorrectingChavingcorrectedDbeingcorrected.考点分析1)单个分词作定语一般放在它所修饰的名词前；但也可以放在名词后，其作用是强调分词的动作性，但一般仅限于过去分词，如考题1。2)分词短语做定语必须放在被修饰的名词后，除“副词+分词”构成的短语外。3)如果被修饰的中心词与分词的关系是主动关系，用现在分词；如果被修饰的中心词与分词的关系是被动关系，则用过去分词。如：ThewomanteachergivingusorallessonsisfromAmerica.Thestorydescribedinthebookiseasytounderstand.4)现在分词与去分词做定语时的区别：两者的区别应从时态和语态两个方面予以区分。从量才而为的角度看，现在分词表示进行，而过去分词表示完成。如：thechangingworld(变化中的世界)；thechangedworld(变化了的世界)；从语态角度而言，现在分词表主动，而过去分词表被动，如：theexploitingclass(剥削阶级)，theexploitedclass(被剥削阶级)5)分词做定语与动词不定式做定语的区别是：现在分词表示主动进行之意，过去分词表示被动与完成，而不定式表示在谓语词表示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：Theproblemdiscussed/beingdiscussed/tobediscussedatthemeetingisquitesecret.(会上所讨论的问题/正在讨论的问题/将讨论的问题是十分秘密的。)(三)作状语1.Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo()bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.Aunrecorded.BtobeunrecordedCunrecordingDtohavebeenunrecorded2.()inthisway,thesituationdoesn’tseemsodisappointing.ATolookatBLookingatCLookedat.DTothelookedat3.Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen().AscoldingBtoscoldChavingscoldedDscolded.4. ()theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.AHavingbelievedBBelieving.CBelievedDBeingbelieved考点分析分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随情况，即可以放在句首也可以放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分分开。分词前可带when,while,as,once,until,if等连接词。注意分词及其逻辑主语(即主句主语)的一致性。如分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动关系，分词用现在分词，如为被动关系，则用过去分词。(四)作宾语补足语1. Hisremarksleftme()abouthisrealpurpose.AwonderedBwonderCtowonderDwondering.2. Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers()ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon.AinformBinformingCbeinformedDinformed.考点分析有些及物动词之后要求分词作宾补才能表达一个完整的意思。有些动词之后既可用现在分词作宾补，也可用过去分词，这就要看动词之后的名词或代词能否执行分词的动作来确定能执行的用现在分词，否则，用过去分词。此类动词常见的有：see,hear,feel,catch,watch,notice,make,think,have,keep,want,order等。三) 分词时态、语态的变化1. ()inaseeminglyendlesswar,thegeneralwasforcedtoevaluatethesituationagain.ASincethelossof50,000soldiersBBecauseof50,000soldiershavinglostCHavinglostover50,000soldiers.D50,000soldierswerelost2. ()differentkindsofcars,theworkersfurtherimprovedtheirtechnique.AHavingbeenproducedBBeingproducedCHavingproduced.DProducing3. After()forthejob,youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest.Abeinginterviewed.BinterviewedCinterviewingDhavinginterviewed考点分析分词的时态和语态的重点和核心是掌握其完成式的用法。1) 一般式：现在分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动作同时发生或表示分词表示的动作发生在后；过去分词的一般式说明分词表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生或者某些持续性动词的分词表示与句中谓语动作同时发生。2) 现在分词的完成式：现在分词的完成式表示的动作在句中谓语动作之前发生，具有主动意义。如：Havingfinishedreadingthebook,sheputitaside.3) 现在分词的被动式：一般式现在分词的被动语态表示的动作和句子谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；完成式现在分词被动语态表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。四) 分词的特殊形式分词的特殊形式主要指的是分词的复合结构，即分词的独立结构。一般而言，作状语用的分词短语的逻辑主语为整个句子的主语，但有时，分词的逻辑主语却与句子的主语不一致，这时，分词必须带上自己的主语，称为独立结构，可以表示原因、时间、伴随等。归纳起来，分词的独立结构有以下几类：(一) 分词逻辑主语+分词1. Allthetasks()aheadoftime,theydecidedtogoonholidayforaweek.AbeenfulfilledBhavingbeenfulfilled.CwerefulfilledDhadbeenfulfilled2. Somanydirectors(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.AwereabsentBbeingabsent.CbeenabsentDhadbeenabsent3. Allthings(),theplannedtripwillhavetobecalledoff.Aconsidered.BbeconsideredCconsideringDtoconsidered4. Allflights()becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.AwerecanceledBhavingbeencanceled.ChadbeencanceledDhavebeencanceled考点分析这是一种非常重要的独立结构，是四经考试语法测试的重点。它通常表示原因、时间、条件等，注意做题时应虑以下步骤：①逻辑主语与分词的关系。若为主动关系，则用现在分词，若为被动关系，则用过去分词(或现在分词的完成式的被动形式)；②分词与整句话谓语的动作先后关系。若两者无先后关系，用分词的一般式，若分词发生在谓语动词之前，则用一般式的完成式。(二)由“There+being+主语”构成(),thepolicewentbacktotheiroffice．ATherewasnodangerBTherebeingnodanger.CBeingwithoutdangerDWithouthavingdanger(三)由“with(without+加分词逻辑主语+分词”构成1．Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse，withtheaudience()onbenches,chairsorboxes．AhavingseatedBseatingCseated.Dhavingbeenseated2．WithDick(),hefinishedhiswork．AhelpedBtohelpChelping.Dbeinghelped3．()thetemperaturefallingsorapidly.wecouldn’tgoonwiththeexperiment．AWith.BForCAsDSince考点分析这种结构一般表示伴随情况或补充说明。做题时，应考虑以下步骤：(1)逻辑主语与分词的关系。若为主动关系，则用现在分词；若为被动关系，则一般用过去分词。(2)分词与整句话谓语动词的时间先后关系，若分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则用分词的一般式；若分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，则用现在分词的完成式。四、实战演习1．Itisnouncommonthingnowadays()tolearnaforeignlanguage．ApeoplegoingtoeveningclassesBthatpeoplegotoeveningclassesCforpeopletogotoeveningclasses.Dtopeoplegotoeveningclasses2．Weshouldbedelightedto()amemberoftheinstitute．AhaveyoutobecomeBhaveyoubecome.\ChavingyoubecomeDhavingyoutobecome3．Shehasgotnoidea()withherforthetrip．Awhatclothestotake.BoftotakewhatclothesCtotakewhatclothesDwhatclothesbetaken4．Theteacherwasbusy()sumsupontheblackboard．Shewastoobusy()thestudents’questions．Atowriteout；answeringBtowriteout；toanswerCwritingout；toanswer.Dwritingout；answering5.Theengineerfound()tomeasuretheoiltemperature．AthatdifficultBitdifficult.CthatwasdifficultDdifficult6.CaptainHenry,()，creptslowlythroughtheunderbrush．AbeingremotefromtheenemyBtryingtoavoidtheenemy..CattemptingtonotencountertheenemyDnotinvolvinghimselfintheenemy7．TherevolutionarywavethatwassweepingoverthewholeofEuropemadeitseffects()intheBritishLabourMovement．AtobefeltBfeelingCbeingfeltDfelt.8.()Iamnotinfavourofyourplan．ATellingyouthetruthBTotellyouthetruth.CFortellingyouthetruthDTotellyouatruth9．Theyexchangedviewsonthequestionof().AelectingwhomBwhomtobeelectedCwhomtoelect.Dtoelectwhom10．Theyweremade()likeadog．AworkingBtowork.CworkDforworking11．What’stroublingthemis()enoughmachinetools．AtheirnottohaveBthemtonothaveCtheirnothaving.Dnottheirhaving12．IamsorryImissed()youwhileinBeijing．AtoseeBseeing.CofseeingDatseeing13．Itiswellworth()tolearnhowtodriveacar．Amakingtheeffort.BmakingeffortCtomaketheeffortDtomakeaneffort14．“Hasthequestionbeensettled?”“No，itis()．”AfarfromtobesettledBnotyettobesettledCgoingtosettleitDfarfrombeingsettled.l5.Agoodadministermustknow()．AtobefirmBhowtobefirm.CtohavefirmnessDthewayoffirmness16．()abusstopsonearourcollegeisagreatadvantage．ATherebeing.BThereistobeCTherebeDThereis17．Youarecordiallyinvitedtoaparty()atourinstituteat7：30p.m.Dec．2．AbeinggivenBgivenCwillbegivenDtobegiven.18．()ahotday，wedecidedtogoforaswim．ABeingBItbeing..CWhatDSuch19．Allflights()becauseofthestorm，theydecidedtotakethetrain-AhavingcanceledBhavingbeencanceled.CwerecanceledDhavebeencanceled20．Thefarmercaughttheboys()hisapples.Astealing.BstoleCtostealDwouldsteal21．()adequatepreparations，theythoughtitbettertopostponetheexcursiontillnextweek.ANottohavemadeBNotmaking..CNothavingmadeDHavingnotmade22．Hetoldustokeepasecretofthethings()．Abeingdiscussed.BtodiscussCordiscussingDdiscussing23．()toaliquid,naturalgascaneasilybetransportedbysea.AHavingbeencompressed.BHavecompressedCCompressingDBeingcompressed24．Thegovernmentwarnedpeople()cranberriesbecausetheywerecontaminatedwithinsecticides．Anottoeat.BtonoteatCinnoteatingDtoeatnot25．Annasaidinherletterthatshe’dappreciate()fromyou.AtohearBhavingheardChearing.Dtohearing26．Idon’tremember()totrythismethod.AhavinggivenachanceBtohaveeverbeengivenachanceChavingeverbeengivenachance.Dtobegivenachance27．“Whatdoyouexpectmetodo?”“Theroomneeds().”AtobecleanBtocleaningCcleaning.Dcleaned28．WhenIreadtheplaynowIcan’thelp()Cyril.Atothink0fBthinkingof.CthinkofDIthinkof29．Peterdevelopedamethodtobringsubstancestothelowesttemperatures().AknowscienceBknowings