中考复习第二部分 基础语法

第二部分基础语法  此部分为初中阶段必须掌握的语法，讲解较为详细，共分为15个专题。每个专题由常考点知识清单和巩固训练组成。常考点知识清单对所涉及考点，精讲细析。巩固训练是针对所讲考点进行巩固性地针对训练，有助于学生夯实考点。一、构词法历年来构词法在中考中也占有一定比例，它主要考查的是一些派生词，即前缀和后缀，同时也考查一些合成词。了解一些构词法的知识有助于我们快速扩大词汇量，提高阅读能力和解题速度。下面我们就一起来学习一下吧！常考点知识清单（研习考点）几种主要的构词法1.合成法 合成法即把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词。例：fireman消防员，babysit照看婴孩，  man-made人造的2.派生法 在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。例：unhappy不开心的，retell复述，reader读者3.转化法 把一个单词从一种词性转化成另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。例：orangen.橘子→orangeadj.橙色的  answern.答案→answerv.回答4.缩略法： 缩略法是指将单词省略一部分，使其缩短，在读音和写法上呈现新的形式。例：laboratory→lab实验室  refrigerator→fridge冰箱5.缩写法： 缩写法是取一个词或几个词的代表部分再进行组合的一种构词方法。例：UnitedNations→UN联合国  VeryImportantPerson→VIP贵宾常见的前后缀■考点一：前缀意义前缀例 词表示否定意义dis-disappear消失，disagree不同意il-illegal不合法的im-impossible不可能的，impolite无礼的in-incorrect不正确的，independent独立的ir-irregular不规则的，irresponsible不负责任的mis-mistake弄错，misunderstand误解un-unnecessary不必要的，unfair不公平的表示重复re-rewrite重写，rebuild重建表示“使”en-enable使能够，enrich使丰富对点集训：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Don’ttelllies.Nobodylikesthose________(honest)people.2.Theboydoesn’tshowgoodmannerstoothers.He’s________(polite).3.Yourpasswordis________(correct).Pleasetryagain.4.Theydidn’tactuallybreaktherules.Itwas________(fair)topunishthem.5.TheInternet________(able)ustoknowwhat’shappeningintheworld.6.Itis________(legal)forchildrenunder18todrinkinabarorbuyanyalcoholinastoreinAmerica.■考点二：后缀词性后缀例词名词后缀-erfarmer农民，stranger陌生人-ordirector导演，inventor发明家-essactress女演员，waitress女服务员-istartist艺术家，scientist科学家-cianphysician医师，musician音乐家-eseChinese中国人，Japanese日本人-anAmerican美国人，European欧洲人-thtruth事实，youth青年-ydifficulty困难，discovery发现-shipfriendship友谊，leadership领导权-hoodchildhood童年，neighborhood附近-mentachievement成就，development发展-alarrival到达，refusal拒绝-ion/-sion/-ation/-action/-cation/-itioneducation教育，decision决定invitation邀请，competition竞赛-ingbuilding建筑物，meeting会议-ityelectricity电力，activity活动-ance/enceappearance外貌，difference差异-domfreedom自由，kingdom王国-nesskindness仁慈，illness疾病动词后缀-enwiden加宽，weaken使变弱-ifybeautify使变美，simplify使简易-ize/-iserealize意识到，modernize使现代化形容词后缀-able/-iblecomfortable舒适的，responsible负责的-alcultural文化的，musical关于音乐的-ic/-icalscientific科学的，historical历史的-ishfoolish愚蠢的，childish孩子气的-fulcareful仔细的，thankful感谢的-lesshomeless无家可归的，endless无止境的-lyfriendly友好的，lively活泼的-enwooden木制的，golden金黄色的-ernwestern西部的，northern北部的-ysnowy多雪的，lucky幸运的-ous/-iousfamous著名的，serious严肃的-ant/-entpleasant令人愉快的，excellent极好的-iveactive积极的，expensive昂贵的-edexcited兴奋的，pleased高兴的-inginteresting有趣的，surprising令人惊讶的副词后缀-lyquickly迅速地，suddenly突然地-wardeastward向东，forward向前对点集训：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.It’s________(danger)toplayfootballinthestreet.2.Thereare________(different)betweenthetwins.3.Look!How________(happy)Maryislaughing!4.Hehopeshissonwillbecomea________(music).5.Theyplanto________(building)ahotelhere.6.Be________(care)whenyoucrossthestreet.巩固训练（夯实考点）I.按要求写出下列单词的词形变化i.写出下列单词的名词形式1.kind 2.foreign 3.agree 4.safe 5.meet 6.know 7.arrive 8.important ii.写出下列单词的形容词形式1.friend 2.China 3.luck 4.success 5.north 6.pride 7.sun 8.wood II.单句语法填空（用所给单词的适当形式填空）1.MariaSharapovaisanoutstandingtennis________(play).2.ManyforeignersenjoyChinesefashion,________(especial)theTangcostume.3.Mygrandfatherthinksthatkidshavetoomuch________(free)thesedays.4.Wecan’tgoouttohaveapicnicbecauseitisraining________(heavy)outside.5.Thedoctorsaidthathermotherneededan________(operate).6.Itwas________(fool)ofyoutotakeataxiwhenyoucouldwalkthereinfiveminutes.7.TheCityCouncilhasadetailedplanto________(beauty)thecity.8.Annahadafeveryesterday,soshewas________(able)togotoschool.9.Suchanimportantproblemshouldbediscussed________(serious).10.Thelecturewasso________(bore)thatsomepeoplefellasleepwhilelistening.11.Toimproveyourwritingskills,you’dbetter________(development)ahabitofreading.12.Thispairofshoesismadebyhand,anditfeelsvery________(comfort).13.Thetimeistooshort.It’s________(possible)forJacktofinishthework.14.Youmustbe________(hunger)afterthelongwalk.Helpyourselftosomecakes.15.Alotoftreesareplantedaroundhereeveryyear,andwecan________(enjoyable)fresherairnow.二、名 词常考点知识清单（研习考点）■考点一：可数名词的复数形式1.规则变化情况构成方法例 词一般情况加-spen—pens;doctor—doctors;map—maps以s,x,ch,sh结尾加-esbus—buses;box—boxes;watch—watches;brush—brushes以辅音字母加y结尾将y变为i再加-esfactory—factories;family—families以元音字母加y结尾只加-sboy—boys;day—days以o结尾加-esNegro—Negroes;hero—heroes;potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes巧记：黑人英雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿。（两人两菜）加-sphoto—photos;radio—radios;piano—pianos以f或fe结尾将f或fe变为v再加-eswife—wives;thief—thieves;shelf—shelves;knife—knives;wolf—wolves;half—halves;leaf—leaves;life—lives巧记：妻见小偷架下藏，手拿小刀想杀狼，谁知落下半片叶，砸在头上一命亡。加-sroof—roofs2.不规则变化(1)man—men;woman—women;child—children; foot—feet;tooth—teeth;goose—geese;mouse—mice巧记：男女孩子脚步牙鹅加老鼠。(2) 单复数相同：sheep—sheep;deer—deer;fish—fish注意：fish强调鱼的条数的时候，单复数同形；强调鱼的种类的时候，复数形式要加-es，即fishes。(3) 某国人变复数的歌诀：中日不变英法变，其余-s加后面。 Chinese—Chinese; Japanese—Japanese; Englishman—Englishmen; Frenchman—Frenchmen American—Americans(4) 注意：people当“人们”讲时，本身是复数形式；当“民族”讲时，是单数形式，其复数要在末尾加-s。如：apeople;56peoples3.复合名词的数(1)一般情况下把后面一个名词变为复数，作定语的名词不变。 agirlstudent—fivegirlstudents; anappletree—tenappletrees(2)由man和woman构成的复合名词，变复数时要把名词和man/woman同时变为复数。 amandoctor—threemendoctors; awomanteacher—sixwomenteachers(3)sport作定语修饰其他名词时，无论主题词是单数还是复数，sport通常用复数形式。 asportsclub;sportsshoes注意：时间名词作定语有两种形式：两天的假期atwo-dayholiday或twodays’holiday十分钟的路程aten-minuteride或tenminutes’ride对点集训：I.汉译英。1.五个西红柿five 2.两把刀two 3.八个桃子eight 4.一些女作家some 5.许多小孩alotof 6.四名美国人four II.用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.Thelittlebabyhastwo________(tooth)already.2.Therearethree________(bedroom)inthishouse.3.Hisparentsworkindifferent________(factory).4.Therearemany________(sheep)onthehill.■考点二：不可数名词1.不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰，但可用much,alotof/lotsof,plentyof,some,little,alittle等修饰。作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。Thereissometeainthecup.茶杯里有些茶。2.不可数名词还常用“数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”来表示不可数名词的量。apieceofpaper一张纸，twocupsoftea两杯茶，aglassofwater一杯水，threebottlesofpop三瓶汽水。作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of前面的名词的数。Therearethreeglassesoforangejuiceonthetable.桌子上有三杯橘子汁。对点集训：I.用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.alittle________(milk)2.some________(meat)3.alotof________(time)4.three________(cup)ofcoffee5.much________(money)6.two________(pair)oftrousersII.根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。1.Thereissome________(面包)onthetable.2.Ihavesomegood________(消息)foryou.3.Ihavealotof________(作业)todotoday.4.Wecangetalotof________(信息)fromtheInternet.■考点三：名词所有格1.’s所有格情况方法例子单数名词加’smyfriend’suncle我朋友的叔叔以s结尾的复数名词加’Teachers’Day教师节不以s结尾的复数名词加’sChildren’sDay儿童节表示两人共有LucyandLily’smother露西和莉莉的妈妈表示各自所有在每个名词后分别加’sLucy’sandLily’srooms2.of所有格主要用于表示无生命事物的所有关系。thenameofthefilm电影的名字thecoverofthebook书的封面3.双重所有格“名词+of+名词性物主代词/名词所有格”构成双重所有格形式。afriendofhers她的一个朋友afriendofMike’s迈克的一个朋友对点集训：I.汉译英。1.妇女节________Day2.汤姆的朋友________friend3.我父亲的书my________book4.房间的门thedoor________thehouse5.今天的报纸________newspaper6.十分钟的休息ten________restII.用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.The________(city)sceneryisverybeautiful.2.Atlast,hearrivedatthe________(doctor)attwentytofive.3.Theboyinblueisafriendof________(Lucy).4.Weshouldlearnthose________(players)teamspirit.■考点四：专有名词专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。它的第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。1.表示人名、尊称和头衔的专有名词Einstein爱因斯坦PresidentObama奥巴马总统DoctorLin林博士/林医生QueenElizabethII伊利莎白女王二世MrBrown布朗先生注意：人名的前面若有尊称或头衔，如Mr(先生)，President(总统)等时，其第一个字母也要大写。2.表示国名、地名、山河名的专有名词Korea韩国 Paris巴黎 PacificOcean太平洋Mississippi密西西比河Mt.Qomolangma珠穆朗玛峰3.表示团体、机构和报刊的专有名词MuseumofPostalHistory邮政博物馆ChinaDaily中国日报SydneyOperaHouse悉尼歌剧院HarvardUniversity哈佛大学4.表示星期、月份和节日的专有名词Monday星期一 March三月 NationalDay国庆节5.由普通名词构成的专有名词theNorthPole北极 theRiverNile尼罗河theForbiddenCity紫禁城 theBund上海外滩theGreatWall长城 theTempleofHeaven天坛theWhiteHouse白宫 theTerracottaWarriors兵马俑thePeople’sRepublicofChina中华人民共和国注意：上面列举的由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它的首字母不大写。巩固训练（夯实考点）I.选出可以替换划线部分的最佳选项1.—Whatpresentwillyoubuyforyoursister’sbirthday? —Apairofshoes. A.gift B.advice C.date2.—Jack,Ihavedifficultyrememberingnewwords. —Youarenotalone.Ihavesuchaproblem,too. A.fun B.time C.trouble3.Wehadaconversationinthelivingroomlastnight. A.lesson B.rest C.talk4.—TheH7N9birdfluisa(n)diseasewhichcanbeverydangerous. —That’sright.Itmaycausepeopletodie. A.animal B.illness C.rule5.Canyoufindabetterwaytoearnmoremoney? A.truth B.method C.path6.—Whereisthestatue? —Well,it’sinthecentreofthesquare. A.middle B.back C.front7.Theauthorchangedhisviewsafterhetalkedtoafarmer. A.opinions B.topics C.articles8.—Weshouldnotjudgeapersonbyhisappearance. —Iagreewithyou. A.voice B.behavior C.looks9.—IsitMikewhomadethemistake? —Yes.Hehasadmittedit. A.error B.wish C.name10.—Doyouhaveanysuggestionsforme? —Yes.Ithinkyoushouldbecarefulwithyourdiet. A.examples B.advice C.agreementsII.选出恰当的词汇完成句子1.ItisanEnglish______tohaveafternoontea. A.menu B.festival C.tradition2.—Ihearyouhavetogetupearlyeverymorning. —Right.It’soneofthe______ofmyfamily. A.plans B.jobs C.rules3.—Iamtired.Thisisnottheright______toaskmetogoforawalk. —Isee.Thenlet’smakeitanotherday. A.moment B.chance C.place4.—MoreandmorepeoplecometovisitMountHuangshan. —That’strue.Ithasbecomethe______ofAnhui. A.pride B.effort C.courage5.—WhenPetercomes,pleaseaskhimtoleavea______. —OK,Iwill. A.notice B.message C.sentence6.—Thetwocitieshavereachedan______todevelopscienceandtechnology. —That’sgreat! A.education B.agreement C.invitation7.—Let’sgototheRoseRestaurant. —OK.Ihearitisarestaurantwithgood______. A.balance B.service C.experience8.You’dbetterreadthe______firstbeforeyouusethecamera. A.websites B.expressions C.instructionsIII.单句语法填空（用所给单词的适当形式填空）1.Thiskindofsuitwillbesoldfor$600,whichisfarmorethanitsreal__________(valuable).2.Thisis__________(LucyandLily)bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.3.UncleWangboughttwo__________(watch)formeyesterday.4.Look,myshirtisthesameasyour__________(brother).5.Myteachergavememuch__________(advise)onhowtostudyEnglishwellwhenIhadsometrouble.6.Therearetwenty__________(manteacher)inourschool.7.IsawlotsofAmericansandseveral__________(Japanese)inthehall.8.Canyoumake__________(room)fortheoldman?9.Mr.King’sandMr.White’s__________(wife)aresonice.10.Therearemany__________(Frenchman)visitingthisplace.11.Itisa__________(please)formetostaywithyou.12.Ourschoolwillhavea__________(sport)meetingnextweekend.13.14.It’sfive__________(minute)walkfromheretomyhome.15.What’sthe__________(long)ofthisriver?IV.语篇填空阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。Treesareoneoftheoldestcitizens(公民)ofourearth.Justlikeus,treeschangealotwhentheygrow.Atonetothreeyearsold,youngtreeslearnhowtoprotectthemselves.Forexample,many1.________(tree)growthorns(刺)totellanimalsnottogonear.Mostyoungtreeshavelarge,deepgreen2.________(leaf)sothattheycancatchenough3.________(sunlight)andchangeitintotheirfoodand4.________(energetic).Whentreesare4yearsold,theybegintogrowveryfastandbecomestrongenoughtofacechallenges(挑战)in5.________(live).Attheageofl5,treesbecomeyoungadults.Theygrowmoreslowlyandbegintoproduce6.________(flower)andfruit.Itisnotuntilthetreesare20to25yearsoldthattheybecomerealadults.Thetreesreachtheirlargestsizes.Adulttreesgiveusmanythingssuchasoxygen(氧气)andnatural7.________(beauty).Ifwegivethemgood8.________(careful),theywillgoontolivehealthilyformanyyears.Astimegoeson,treesbegintogrowolderandolderandevendie.Atthistime,theystillhavetheirimportantplacein9.________(natural).Inmanyways,thelife10.________treesislikeourownlifeexperience.Enjoyeveryminuteofthelifeofthetreesandtakecareofthem!三、代 词常考点知识清单（研习考点）■考点一：人称代词1.人称代词的分类人称主 格宾 格单数复数单数复数第一人称Iwemeus第二人称youyouyouyou第三人称hetheyhimthemsheheritit2.人称代词的用法人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格作动词或介词的宾语。Wearemiddleschoolstudents.我们是中学生。Iwrotealettertohimlastweek.上周我给他写了一封信。注意：人称代词作表语时，在口语中常用宾格。3.人称代词的语序几个人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序是：单数：二、三、一；复数：一、二、三。You,sheandIwillstudyinagroup.你、她还有我将在一个组里学习。We,youandtheyareallstudents.我们、你们还有他们都是学生。巧记：人称代词的排列顺序人称代词并列观，注意顺序礼貌见。单数并列二、三、一，复数并列一、二、三。对点集训：根据括号内的汉语提示完成句子。1.________(他)knowsalotaboutChinesehistory.2.Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlike________(她).3.Ilostmybook.NowIamlookingfor________(它).4.Do________(你)wanttohaveatry?5.________(我们)shouldworkhard.6.Theboxistooheavy.Canyouhelp________(我)?■考点二：物主代词1.物主代词的分类人称形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数复数单数复数第一人称myourmineours第二人称youryouryoursyours第三人称histheirhistheirsherhersitsits巧记：物主代词分两家，形、名词性各一霸。his，its无变化，my，mine牢记它。其余变化规律化，形容词性后面加尾巴(-s)2.物主代词的用法(1)形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。Thatisourclassroom.那是我们的教室。注意：在某些固定短语中，形容词性物主代词要随人称而变化。如：do/tryone’sbest,changeone’smind,doone’shomework,onone’swayto,saveone’slife等。(2)名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可作主语、表语或宾语。Thisisyourpen.Mineisinmypencilcase.这是你的钢笔。我的在我的铅笔盒里。(3)用于双重所有格中，即“a/an+名词+of+名词性物主代词”。Heisafriendofmine.他是我的一个朋友。巧记：物主代词的用法物主代词两类型，形容词性、名词性。形容词性作定语，后面定把名词用。名词性，独立用，主宾表语它都充。对点集训：用所给单词的适当形式填空。1.________(you)dressisverybeautiful.2.Thegirlinredis________(she)eldersister.3.Ihaveadog.________(it)nameisStrong.4.That’snotmydictionary.________(I)isonthedesk.5.Mycomputerischeaperthan________(he).6.Theglovesare________(their).■考点三：反身代词1.反身代词的单复数形式   数人称单 数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself,herself,itselfthemselves2.反身代词的用法(1)作宾语，位于及物动词或介词之后。TheboyteacheshimselfEnglish.这个男孩儿自学英语。(2)作主语或宾语的同位语，用以加强语气，可以放在主语之后或句尾。约翰亲自做了这项工作。注意：反身代词不可作定语，常用“one’sown”表示“某人自己的”。Thisismyowncar.这是我自己的小汽车。3.反身代词常用于一些固定搭配中teachoneself;learn...byoneself;enjoyoneself;devoteoneselfto;cometooneself;saytooneself;helponeselfto;byoneself;foroneself;ofoneself对点集训：用适当的反身代词填空。1.Pleasehelp________tosomefruit,children.2.Theyenjoyed________atthepartylastnight.3.Noonehelpedhim.Hediditby________.4.Theboxisnotheavy.Icanmanageit________.5.Sheisselfish;shecaresonlyfor________.6.ThankstotheInternet,theworld________isbecomingamuchsmallerplace.■考点四：指示代词单数复数指近处thisthese指远处thatthose1.作主语、宾语、表语Thisisachair.这是一把椅子。2.在电话中，用this(我)表示打电话者，用于介绍自己，用that(你)询问对方。Hello!ThisisBob(speaking).Who’sthat?你好！我是鲍勃。你是哪位？3.that和those可以用在比较结构中，以避免重复。that代替前面提到的单数名词或不可数名词；those代替前面提到的复数可数名词。ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatofRussia.中国的人口比俄罗斯人口多。对点集训：根据汉语意思完成下列句子。1.你好，鲍勃。这位是杰克。 Hi,Bob.________isJack.2.那些不是我们的书。 ________arenotourbooks.3.我不喜欢那个人。 Idon’tlike________man.4.这些礼物都是给你的。 ________giftsareallforyou.5.这个单词是什么意思？ Whatdoes________wordmean?6.乡村的空气比城市的空气清新。 Theairinthecountryiscleanerthan________inthecity.■考点五：疑问代词1.常见的疑问代词及其基本用法疑问代词基本用法例句who作主语、表语或宾语（作宾语时，不能位于介词后面）Whoareyouwaitingfor?你正在等谁？whomwho的宾格形式，作宾语Withwhomdidyougo?你和谁一起去的？whosewho的所有格形式，作主语、表语、宾语或定语Whosebookisit?它是谁的书？what作主语、表语、宾语或定语Whatishedoing?他正在做什么？which作主语、表语、宾语或定语Whichoneisbigger?哪一个更大？2.what与which的区别what用于选择范围较大或不明确的场合，which用于选择范围较小或较明确的场合。Whichisbetter,thisoneorthatone?哪一个更好，这个还是那个？3.who与what在口语中的用法区别Whoishe?意思是“他是谁？”询问的是某个人的身份或姓名等。Whatishe?意思是“他是干什么的？”，询问的是某人的职业。—Whoishe?他是谁？—HeisJenny’sbrother.他是珍妮的哥哥。—Whatishe?他是做什么的？—Heisadoctor.他是个医生。对点集训：用适当的疑问代词填空。1.________doyouprefer,thisoneorthatone?2.We’velostallourmoney.________shouldwedo?3.________walletisthis?Isityours,Jack?4.—________areyouwaitingfor?—Mary.5.—________isthegirloverthere?—She’smysister.6.—________areyourparents?—Theyareteachers.■考点六：不定代词不指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。不定代词分为普通不定代词和复合不定代词。1.普通不定代词主要有：some,any,both,all,another,other,each,either,neither,none,one,afew,few,alittle,little,many,much等。2.几种常见的普通不定代词的用法辨析(1)one与it相同点单词用 法例 句为了避免同一名词重复使用，常用one或it来代替前面提到的某个单数名词oneone所代替的是前面提到的同类事物，但不是同一个Ican’tfindmypen.IthinkImustbuyanewone.我找不到我的钢笔了。我想我必须买一支新的。itit所代替的是前面提到的那个特指的事物Iboughtanewpenyesterday,andIgaveittomysister.我昨天买了一支新钢笔，我把它送给我妹妹了。(2)some与any相同点单词用 法例 句修饰可数或不可数名词some陈述句Therearesomeboysplayingfootball.有一些男孩们正在踢足球。疑问句Wouldyoulikesomewater?你想喝些水吗？any否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句Thereisn’tanymeatinthefridge.冰箱里没有肉了。(3)both,all,neither,none,either与any之一都都不适用范围两者eitherbothneither三者或以上anyallnone固定短语both...and...（连接两个主语，谓语动词用复数）either...or...（连接两个主语，谓语动词遵循就近原则）neither...nor...例句Allchildrenliketoys.所有的孩子都喜欢玩具。Noneofuslikescomedies.我们中没有人喜欢喜剧片。Hereisonlyoneticket.Eitherofyoucanwatchthefootballmatch.这里只有一张票。你们两个人中只有一个人能观看足球赛。(4)little,alittle,few与afew很少；几乎没有（表否定）几个；一点儿（表肯定）修饰可数名词fewafew修饰不可数名词littlealittle例句Don’tworry!Thereisalittletimeleft.别着急！还有一点儿时间。Hehasafewfriendshere,buthehasfewgoodfriends.在这里他有几个朋友，但是几乎没有好朋友。(5)other(s),theother(s),another  概念数 成分泛指剩下中的一部分（不用the）特指剩下中的全体（要用the）作主语/宾语作定语（其后加名词）作主语/宾语作定语（其后加名词）单数anotheranotherbooktheothertheotherbook复数othersotherbookstheotherstheotherbooks3.复合不定代词-one-thing-bodysome-someonesomethingsomebodyany-anyoneanythinganybodyevery-everyoneeverythingeverybodyno-noonenothingnobody(1)一般情况下，由some构成的复合不定代词用在肯定句中；由any构成的复合不定代词用在疑问句和否定句中；由no构成的复合不定代词表示否定意义。Ihavesomethingtotellyou.我有事要告诉你。Ican’tseeanything.我什么也看不见。There’snothingIcando.我什么也做不了。(2)形容词或else修饰不定代词时，通常位于不定代词之后。Doyouwantanythingelse?你还想要其他的东西吗？对点集训：选词填空。1.Wouldyoulike________coffee?(some/any)2.Therearea________mistakesinyourexercises.(few/little)3.Therearetreeson________sideofthestreet.(either/both)4.Herearetwobooks.Youcanonlytake________ofthem.(one/it)5.Thisshirtisalittleshort.Pleaseshowme________one.(another/other)6.Themathproblemistoodifficult.________canworkitout.(Everybody/Nobody)■考点七：代词it的用法1.it用来指除人以外的一切生物和事物，可指时间、距离、天气、温度、度量等。—What’stheweatherliketoday?今天天气怎样？—It’ssunny.很晴朗。2.it可用来代替指示代词this和that。—What’sthis/that?这/那是什么？—It’sanapple.是苹果。3.it指婴儿或不明身份的人。Isitaboyoragirl?是男孩还是女孩？4.it代替动词不定式作形式主语。It’simportantforustoworkhard.努力工作对我们来说很重要。5.it代替动词不定式作形式宾语。Ifounditeasytoworkoutthemathproblem.我发现算出这道数学题很容易。对点集训：用合适的代词填空。1.________israiningheavilyoutside.2.Thisisnotmydictionary.________isLily’s.3.________is8o’clock.Let’sgotoschool.4.________isnecessaryforustoexerciseeveryday.5.Howfaris________fromheretothecinema?6.Hefinds________difficulttochangehermind.巩固训练（夯实考点）I.选出可以替换划线部分的最佳选项1.—Itwillbemyturn.Ifeelalittlenervous. —Believeyourself.Youcandoeverythingwell. A.eachthing B.something C.anything2.Notallpeopleliketoworkbuteveryonelikestoplay. A.Some B.All C.Every3.—Ihavegreatdifficultyinfinishingtheworkbymyself.Couldyouhelpme? —Noproblem. A.alone B.lonely C.only4.Theyenjoyedthemselvesatthewelcomingpartylastnight. A.feltsad B.hadagoodtime C.hatedeverything5.—Linda,Icalledyouthismorning,butnobodyansweredthephone. —I’msorry.Iwasplayingfootballwithmyfriendsthen. A.noone B.someone C.anyone6.—Somestudentsoftenwastewateratschool. —It’snotright.Weshouldstopthem. A.Lotsof B.Afew C.Many7.—Idon’tknowwheretogothissummervacation. — WhynotconsidervisitingXi’an?Therearemanyplacesofinterestthere. A.some B.alotof C.few8.—Jane,isthisyourdictionary? —Yes,it’smine.Thankyou. A.herdictionary B.yourdictionary C.mydictionary9.—Whywasthegirlsohappy? —Becauseshegotmuchpocketmoney. A.no B.little C.lotsof10.—Excuseme,sir.Theshoesareabitsmallforme. —Don’tworry.I’llchangethemforalargersize. A.not B.alittle C.veryII.根据汉语意思完成下列句子1.我身体不舒服。我什么都不想吃。 I’mnotfeelingwell.Idon’twanttoeat______.2.盘子里有一些蛋糕。你可以吃一块。 Therearesomecakesontheplate.Youcantake______.3.玛丽试穿了三条裙子，但它们都不适合她。 4.—你好，可以请简听电话？ —我就是。你是哪位？ —Hello,mayIspeaktoJane,please? —Speaking.Who’s______?5.这个房间有些特别。你能找出来吗？ Thereis____________inthisroom.Canyoufindit?6.杰森和莉莉都想出国。 ______Jason______Lilywanttogoaboard.III.单句语法填空（用适当的代词填空）1. 2.Thisticketisforyou.It’s__________now.3.—__________bikeisthis? —It’sMary’s.4.—DoyouknowwhereBobandJack’sclassroomis? —Yes.________classroomisnexttous.5.—What’s__________overthere? —Itisaglassofwater.6.—Isthisbookyours? —No,it’snot__________.It’shis.7.__________applesnearusarefiveyuanakilo.8.Ifind__________hardtolearnEnglishwell.9.—__________oneisbetter,thefirstoneorthesecondone? —Thefirstone.10. 11.ThecarsmadeinGermanyaremoreexpensivethan__________madeinJapan.12.SamandHenryplayfootballverywell.Wehope__________ofthemcanjoinourteam.13.Look!Sonialooksworried.Theremustbe__________wrongwithher.14.Youcantake__________ofthetwotoycarsandleavetheotherforyourbrother.15.Wehavefriendstohelpusfightagainstpollution,andtreesareoneof__________.IV.语篇填空阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。WhenIdrove1.________toofficeyesterday,Imetatrafficjam.As2.________lookedoutofmywindow,ahandsomeyoungmanwaswalkingonthestreet.Hewaswalkingtowardsthebridge.Thereweresomehomelessmenwith3.________cupsaroundthere.Theyoungmanwentto4.________ofthem.Hebroughtoutsomemoneyfrom5.________pocket,saidsomewordstohimandputthemoneyintohiscup.Hecontinuedtowalkandthensaw6.________homelessman.Hestoppedforaminute,saidafewwordsandthengavethemanacandy.Andthen7.________sawthenexthomelessman.Hewasshiveringbecauseofcoldness.Theyoungmannowstoppedforasecondandgavehisscarfto8.________.Hethensaidgoodbyetohimwithabigsmileandwentawayinthesnow.四、冠 词常考点知识清单（研习考点）■考点一：定冠词的基本用法定冠词表示特指，指特定的人或物，它与可数名词或不可数名词都能连用。1.表示特指的人或物。Isthisthebookthatyouarelookingfor?这就是你正在找的书吗？2.表示双方都知道的或心中明白的人或物。Pleasefillintheformandsignit.请填写表格并签字。3.指上文提到过的人或物。Cutupthetomato,andputthetomatoonthebread.将一个西红柿切碎，再将切碎的西红柿放在面包上。4.用于世界上独一无二的事物前。TheEarthmovesaroundthesun.地球围绕着太阳转。5. 用于序数词前或表示方位的名词前和形容词最高级前。It’sthesecondcountrytheywillvisitinAsia.这是他们在亚洲要参观的第二个国家。BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.北京位于中国的北方。AutumnisthebestseasoninBeijing.秋天是北京最好的季节。6.用于乐器名称前。Hecanplaytheviolinwell,buthecan’tplaythepiano.他拉小提琴拉得很好，可他不会弹钢琴。7. 在复数姓氏前加the，表示某某一家人或夫妇俩，常看成复数。TheTaylorswerehavingdinnerwhenIcamein.当我进来时，泰勒全家人/泰勒夫妇正在吃晚饭。8.用在一些形容词前，表示一类人。Thepoorareagainsttheplan,buttherichareforit.穷人们反对这个计划，而富人们赞成。9.用于一些专有名词前。theGreatWall长城 theChangjiangRiver长江10.用于表示某世纪逢十的年代之前。inthe1990s在20世纪90年代11.在一些习惯用语中。theUS美国 theUK英国allthetime一直 bytheway顺便说一下巧记：定冠词the的用法特指双方熟悉，上文已经提及；世上独一无二，方位以及乐器；某些专有名词，外加复数姓氏；序数词最高级，习惯用语要特记。对点集训：用适当的冠词填空。1.________girlinablueskirtisSue’ssister.2.Weshouldgiveourseatsto________elderlyonabus.3.LangLangisafamouspianist.Heplays________pianoverywell.4.________Earthisourhome;wemusttakecareofit.5.________Smithswillgoto________USfortheirholidaythisyear.6.________YangtzeRiveris________secondlongestriverinChina.■考点二：不定冠词的基本用法不定冠词有两个：a和an。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前，而an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。注意：有些单词，如useful,university,European等虽然是以元音字母开头，但却是以辅音音素开头，所以前面要用a；有些单词如hour,honest等虽然是以辅音字母开头，却是以元音音素开头，所以前面要用an。1.表示一类人或物，a或an不必翻译。Myfatherboughtmeapresent,butIdon’tknowwhatitis.我爸爸给我买了一件礼物，可我不知道是什么。2.用于第一次提到的某人或某物之前。Isawagirlrunningontheplayground.我看见一个女孩正在操场上跑步。3.表示数量，有“一”的含义。Thereisapictureonthewall.墙上有一幅图画。4.有些不可数名词要表示“一种”、“一场”、“一堆”等时，要用不定冠词。havealonghistory拥有悠久的历史5.表示“每一”，相当于every。Takethreepillsadayandyou’llgetbettersoon.每天吃三片药，你很快就会好的。6.用于序数词之前，表示“又一”；“再一”。Shehasfailedtwotimes.Shewantstotryathirdtime.她失败了两次。她想再试一次。7.用于某些固定词组中。haveagoodtime玩得高兴；alotof许多巧记：不定冠词a,an的用法冠词a,an两种帽，单数可数名词要。选帽只要听读音，不看字母能做到；若是元音音素来开头，一定需要选an帽；辅音音素戴a帽，记住规律莫乱套。对点集训：用适当的冠词填空。1.Iwanttobe_______engineersomeday.2.SeveralyearsagoIstudiedin_______universityinShanghai.3._______girliswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.4.Ihave________Englishdictionaryandithelpsmealot.5.Thereis________tableandfourchairsintheroom.6.Ihavethreebooks.Iwanttobuy________fourthone.■考点三：零冠词的基本用法1.当专有名词（如人名、地名、国家名）、物质名词、抽象名词表示泛指时前面通常不用冠词。Moneyisnoteverything.金钱不是万能。Chinaisagreatcountryintheworld.中国在世界上是一个伟大的国家。2.不可数名词或复数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。Youngpeopleliketoreadbooks.年轻人喜欢读书。3.January1isNewYear’sDay.一月一日是元旦。4.在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前不加冠词。Doctor,I’mnotfeelingmyselftoday.医生，我今天感觉有些不舒服。5.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词。Whatdoyouusuallyhaveforlunch?你午餐经常吃什么？Doyoulikeplayingfootballorbaseball?你喜欢踢足球还是打棒球？6.当by与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词。Didyougotherebyplaneorbyship?你是乘飞机还是乘轮船去的那里？7.名词前面有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词的所有格修饰时，前面不用冠词。Hisbookisonthedesk.他的书在桌子上。巧记：零冠词的用法下列情况不用冠，名词之前代词限。复数名词表泛指，球类学科和三餐。专有名词不可数，星期月份季节前。交通方式和娱乐，习语称谓和头衔。对点集训：用a、an、the或“/”填空。1.Ihave_______brotherandtwosisters.2.Jacklikesplaying_______basketballverymuch.3.IntheUS,Father’sDayfallin_______June.4.We’llgotoWuhanby_______traintomorrow.5.Thereisnolivingthingon_______moon.6.Theboyhas_______breakfastat7everymorning.■考点四：常见含有冠词及不含冠词的词组1.常见含有冠词的词组(1)常见含有不定冠词的词组alittle/few/bit;havealook/rest/cold/fever;haveagoodtime;inahurry;alotof;agreattime;anumberof;makeadecision;makealiving;makeaface;makeamistake;inaword;takeabus/train/plane(2)常见含有定冠词的词组inthedaytime;inthemorning/afternoon/evening;inthemiddleof;intheend;intheopenair;byt