中考英语语法专项练习：现在完成时

中考英语语法专项练习：现在完成时一、现在完成时的构成（一）肯定式主语＋助动词have／has＋过去分词＋其它说明：这里的have／has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。has，have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例：1）I'vejustcopiedallthenewwords．我刚抄写了所有的生词。(表示不要再抄了)2）Shehaslostherbooks．她丢失了她的书。（表示到目前为止还没有找到）(如果用过去时：Shelostherbooks.则强调书是过去丢的这一动作，而不知现在有没有找到)3）We'vejustcleanedtheclassroom．我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）（二）否定式主语＋助动词have／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have／has后面加not就行。havenot，hasnot的缩略式分别为haven't，hasn't。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。实例：1）Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet．我还没有完成我的作业。2）Shehasn'ttravelledonatrain．她没有坐火车旅行过。3）Wehaveneverspokentoaforeigner．我们从来没有和外国人说过话。注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：4）Ihaveneverseenhimbefore．以前我从来没有见过他。（三）一般疑问式助动词Have／Has＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some，already改为any，yet就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes，主语＋have／has．否定回答用“No，主语＋haven't／hasn't．”有时也可以用“No，notyet．／No，never．／No，notevenonce．”等。实例：1）—Haveyouevermadedumplings？你曾经做过饺子吗？—Yes，Ihave．是的，我做过。2）—Hassheeverbeenabroad？她曾经出过国吗？—No，never．不，从来没有。3）—Havetheyfoundthelostbooksyet？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？—Yes，theyhave．是的，他们找到了。注意：当句中有否定词not，hardly（几乎不），never的时候，在改为反意疑问句时，附加部分用肯定形式。例如：Youhavenevercometoourschool，haveyou？你以前从来没有来过我们学校，是吗？二、现在完成时的用法（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经），yet（还、已经），just(刚刚、仅仅)，ever（曾经），never（从不），before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下：1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：1）I'vealreadyreadthisbook.我已经读过这本书了。（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）2）I'vewashedmyclothesalready．我已经洗了衣服。（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例：3）Haveyoumethimalready？你（真的）已经见过他了？2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：1）—Hashefoundhiswatchyet？他已经找到他的手表了吗？—No，notyet．不，还没有。2）Thewomanhasn'tfoundherdogyet．那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：Hehasjustcomebackfromschool．他刚从学校回来。4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：1）HaveyoueverbeentoHongKong？你曾去过香港吗？2）Ihaven'teverspokentoher．我未曾和她说过话。5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：Ihavenevertravelledbyplanebefore．我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：1）HaveyoubeentoHainanbefore？你以前去过海南吗？2）Ihaven'teatenGuangdongfoodbefore．我以前没吃过广东菜。（二）现在完成时用法2——持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for＋一段时间或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及sofar（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。for+段时间since+点时间实例：1）I'velivedheresince1990．自从1990年以来我就住在这里。=I'velivedheresince13yearsago.=I'velivedherefor13years.=Itis13yearssinceIbegantolivehere.2）Ihaven'tseenhimforthreeyears．我三年没有看见他了。=Ihaven'tseenhimsincethreeyearsago=Ihaven'tseenhimsince2000.=Itis3yearssinceIsawhimlasttime.3）MrWanghasworkedinthefactorysincehecametothecity．自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。4）She'sbeenatthisschoolsincefiveyearsago．自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。。。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用Howlong1）他入团两年了。误：HehasjoinedtheLeaguefortwoyears．正：HehasbeenaLeaguememberfortwoyears．2）我买这辆自行车三年了。误：Ihaveboughtthisbikeforthreeyears．正：Ihavehadthisbikeforthreeyears．2）▲部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：短暂性动词延续性动词die→bedeadborrow→keepbuy/catch→havegetup→beupcome→beinfinish→beoverleaver→beawayopen→beopenclose→beclosedbegin→beonbecomeinterestedin→beinterestedin有人可能会问：一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？☆答：①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。例：Hesawthefilmlastnight.(过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)Hehas(ever)seenthefilmbefore.（现在\完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）一、单项选择。1、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey______what'shappenedtohim.A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.willknow2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai,hashe?A.alreadyB.neverC.everD.still3、HaveyoumetMrLi______？A.justB.agoC.beforeD.amomentago4、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear.A.iswritingB.waswritingC.wroteD.haswritten5、—Ourcountry______alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.A.haschanged;wellB.changed;goodC.haschanged;betterD.changed;better6、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.A.was;studyingB.will;studyC.has;studiedD.are;studying7、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I______ittwice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD.see9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When_____there?A.willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygoD.havetheygone10、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.A.Did;do;finishedB.Have;done;finishedC.Have;done;havefinishedD.will;do;finish11、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin12、—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemade13、—Howlonghaveyou____here?—Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived14、Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.began15、It_____tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.A.isB.hasC.willD.was16、MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.A.hasgoneB.wentC.willgoD.hasbeen17、Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen18、Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,______?A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey19、_______hasMrWhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehe_______toChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived20、Hisuncle_____formorethan9years.A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtoworkC.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity二，A）用since和for填空1)______twoyears 2)_______twoyearsago 3)_______lastmonth4)______1999 5)_______yesterday 6)_______4o’clock7)______4hours 8)_______anhourago9)______wewerechildren10)_____lunchtime 11)______shelefthereB）用since和for填空1.HehaslivedinNanjing________theyearbeforelast.2.I’veknownhim__________wewerechildren.3.OurteacherhasstudiedJapanese_________threeyears.4.Shehasbeenawayfromthecity___________abouttenyears.5.It’sabouttenyears__________sheleftthecity.三，用have/hasbeento/in,havegoneto的各种形式填空。WhereisJack?He__________hiscountry.John_______Englandsincehecameback.Howlong_____have_____thisvillage?TheSmiths______Beijingforyears.—_____youever____America?--Yes,I_____theremanytimes.I_____thisschoolsincethreeyearsago.四、A）按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词①arriveat/insw.getto/reachsw.come/go/movetosw.→beinsw./atschool/athome/onthefarm/behere/bethereHegottoBeijingfiveminutesago.He__________________________Beijingfor__________________.ImovedtotheUSAlastyear.I__________________________theUSAsince____________________.Iwenthomeyesterday.I________________________homefor___________________.Theycameherelastweek.They__________________heresince___________________.②come/goback,return→beback come/goout→beoutHecameouttwoyearsago.He____________________________for____________________.WereturntoFuzhouyesterday.We_________________________toFuzhousince__________.③become→beIbecameateacherin2000.I__________________ateacherfor__________________.Theriverbecamedirtylastyear.Theriver__________________dirtyfor___________________.④close→beclosedopen→beopenTheshopclosedtwohoursago.Theshop__________________________for__________________.Thedooropenedatsixinthemorning.Thedoor________________________forsixhours.⑤getup→beupdie→bedead leavesw.→beawayfromsw. fallasleep/gettotsleep→beasleep finish/end→beovermarry→bemarriedIgotuptwohoursago.I________________________since________________.HeleftFuzhoujustnow.He________________________________Fuzhouforfiveminutes.Mygrandpadiedin2002.Mygrandpa______________________for_______________.Themeetingfinishedatsix.Themeeting____________________forsixhours.Igottosleeptwohoursago.I__________________________since___________________.Theymarriedin1990.They___________________________since_________.⑥start/begintodosth.→dosth. begin→beonIbegantoteachatthisschoolin1995.I________atthisschoolsince____.Thefilmbegantwominutesago.Thefilm____________for________.⑦borrow→keep lose→nothave buy→have puton→wear catch/getacold→haveacold gettoknow→knowTheyborroweditlastweek.They__________________itsince____________________.Iboughtapentwohoursago.I__________________apenfor__________________.Igottoknowhimlastyear.I___________________himsince____________________.Iputonmyglassesthreeyearsago.I____________________myglassesfor__________________.⑧have/hasgoneto→havebeeninHehasgonetoBeijing.He_____________Beijingfortwodays.⑨jointheleague/theParty/thearmy →bealeague/aPartymember/asoldier→beamemberoftheleague/theParty→beintheleague/the