Writing书面表达拓展课件 外研版英语九年级上册

Writing

1.Writingcangiveavoicetoshystudentsaswritingcanserveasamediumthroughwhichlessconfidentstudentscancommunicatewiththeirteacher.

2.Writingcanbelessthreateningforanxiousstudentsasitgivesthemtothinkabouttheirmeaningandpourpose.

3.Writingcanalsoraiseawarenessofhowlanguageworks.Throughwriting,studentswillbecomemorefamiliarwiththelinguisticandsocialconventionsofwritinginEnglish.▼Theyaremainlyaccuracy-based.▼Theyaredesignedtopractiseacertaintargetstructures.▼Thereisinsufficientpreparationbeforethewritingstage.▼Thereisnosenseofaudience.▼Thereisnosenseofauthenticity.▼Studentsaregivenideastoexpressratherthanbeinginvitedtoinventtheirown.▼Thereisnoopportunityforcreativewriting,particularforexpressingunusualororiginalideas.▼Manyofthemaretest-oriented.Problemsinwritingtasks最近，国家教育部要求中小学生参加冬季长跑活动：建议小学生每天跑1000米，初中生1500米，高中生2000米。对此，有些人表示支持，有些人表示反对。请你根据以下材料，写一篇以“Shouldwegivemoreattentiontostudents'healthorgrades?”为题的短文，谈谈你的看法。支持方的理由反对方的理由你的看法及理由1.可以促进对体育的重视。2.可以增强学生的体魄。3.更有利于提高学习效率。1.学生以学习为主，考试成绩决定个人前途。2.过高的要求学生难以达到。3.长跑可能引起感冒或伤害。（考生自行发挥2-3点）注意：1.词数150左右。短文的开头已为你写好，不计入总次数；2.对所给要点，逐一陈述，适当发挥，不要简单翻译。Suggestions:Agoodbeginningmakesagoodending.Yourcompositionshouldbedividedintoparagraphs.You’dbetterusesomelinkingwords.Handwritingisofgreatimportance.第一段：1.SomepeopleagreetoNo.One,becausetheyusuallythinkthat...Inthemeantime,...Inaddition...2.SomepeoplethinkthatAisrightbecause...3.Somepeoplesuggest/saythat...Atthesametimetheypointoutthefactthat...What'smore...4.SomepeoplepreferNo.One.IntheiropinionA...Inaddition...第二段：Ontheotherhand,somepeopleholdthatBisright.Theythink…2.Butmanymorepeopledon’tagreewiththem.TheypreferB.Theysaythat…Thereasonisthat…3.Onthecontrary,somepeopleholdthat…4.SomepeoplethinkthatBisbetter.Itisclearthat…What’smore,…Also…在第一段和第二段中一定要用原因或列举等方式展开段落。第三段：提出自己的见解并加以论证InmyopinionBisbetterthanA.Thereisnodoubtthat…IsupportA.Thereasongoesasfollows…3.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreetothelatter.First…Second…Finally…4.Itislikelythatpeoplewillgoonarguingoverthesequestions.Ithinkthateverythinghasbothitspositiveandnegativesides.Weshouldkeepanopenmind.5.Peoplewillcontinuetoargueoverthequestions,Ithinkwe’dbetterkeepanopenmindbecauseeverythinghastwosides.Itallrelieson…6.Ofthesetwowaysof…Iprefer…Firstofall,…Second,…Shouldwegivemoreattentiontostudents'healthorgrades?

TheMinistryofEducationofChinahasurgedallthestudentstoparticipateinthewinterlong-distancerunningactivity.Itissuggestedthatprimaryschoolstudentsshouldrun1,000metersaday,juniorschoolstudents,1,500andseniorschoolstudents,2,000.Differentpeoplealwaysoffervariousviews.

Somepeoplesay“yes”tothisactivity.Theythink,foronething,itcanmakepeoplepaymoreattentiontophysicaleducation;foranother,runningcanimprovestudents'healthandhelpthemstudeyeffcientlysotheycanhavegoodgrades.However,othersholdoppositeopinionsabouttheactivity.Theybelievethatlearningisthemostimportanttaskforstudentsandtheirfuturedependsontheirgradesintheirsubjects.Meanwhile,

manycan’tmeetthehighrequirements.What’smore,somewillsuffercoldandinjuries.Inmyopinion,it’sallrightforschooltocareaboutstudents’healthandcarryouttheactivitystepbystep.Rememberagoodbodyhelpsmakehighefficiency.Inmyopinion,it’sallrightforschoolstopaymoreattentiontostudents’healthandcarryouttheactivitystepbystep.

Rememberagoodbodyhelpsmakehighefficiency.Whatdoyouthinkabouttheconcludingparagraph?Isitagoodone?Ifnot,howcanyouimproveit?Inmyopinion,it’sbetterforschoolstopaymoreattentiontostudents’healthandcarryouttheactivitystepbystep,becauseagoodbodyhelpsmakehighefficiency.What’smore,itnotonlyhelpsstudentsgetrelaxed,butalsowillbenefitthemintheirfuturelife.AcommunicativeapproachtowritingAprocessapproachtowritingFocusontheprocessofwritingthatleadstothefinalwrittenproduct;Helpstudentwritersunderstandtheirowncomposingprocess;Helpthembuildrepertoriesofstrategiesforprewriting,drafting,andrewriting;Givestudentstimetowriteandrewrite;Placecentralimportanceontheprocessofrevision;FeaturesofprocesswritingLetstudentsdiscoverwhattheywanttosayastheywrite;Givestudentsfeedbackthroughoutthecomposingprocess(notjustonthefinalproduct)toconsiderastheyattempttobringtheirexpressioncloserandclosertointention;Encouragefeedbackbothfromtheinstructorandpeers.Includeindividualconferencesbetweenteacherandstudentduringtheprocessofcomposition.Makethetopicofwritingascloseaspossibletostudents’life.Leavestudentsenoughroomforcreativityandimagination.Preparestudentswellbeforewriting.Enoughcollaborativegroupwritingaswellasindividualwriting.Provideopportunitiesforstudentstsharetheirwritings.Provideconstructiveandpositivefeedback.Treatstudents’errorsstrategically.Givestudentsasenseofachievementfromtimetotime.

CreatingamotivationtowriteForexample,ifstudentsareaskedtowriteacompositionon“Smoking”,theymaybrainstormthefollowingideas:

BrainstormingSmoking●badforhealth●causelungcancer●expensive●badfornon-smokers●pollutetheair●causefire●dangerous●…●wastemoney

MappingsmokingbadforhealthpollutetheairdangerousexpensivecausefireWasteofmoneycauselungcancerbadfornon-smokersindoorsmokingpublicplacesDifferentfrombrainstormingwhichencouragesgenerationofideas,mappinghelpsstudentsorganisetheseideas.Adiagramoranoutlinecanbeusedtodothis(seeexamplesbelow).Brainstormingoftenresultsinalistofideas,however,theseideasarenotnecessarilyallusefulorrelatedtooneanother.Mappingwillgivestudentstheopportunitytoselectfromthelistthoseusefulideastobeincludedintheirwritingandalsotoseehowtheseideascanbeputtogetherinacoherentorlogicalwaytopresentaconvincingargument.

Freewritingreferstothestagewhenstudentsstartwritingfreelyaboutthetopicfollowingmapping.Usuallystudentsaregiven10to15minutesduringwhichtimetheyareaskedtowriteanythingthatcomestotheirmindsasquicklyaspossible.Atthisstage,theydonotneedtocaretoomuchaboutspellingorgrammar.Alltheyneedtodoistoputtheirideasonpaper.Freewritingcanhelpstudentsdevelopfluencyinwriting.

FreewritingAfterstudentshavegatheredenoughideas,theyneedtowriteamoredetailedoutline.Anoutlineusuallyillustratesthemainorganisingstructureandthemostimportantpointsoftheessay.Itmayincludethemainideaofeachparagraphwithtopicsentencesandnotesforsupportingdetails.Itmayalsoincludeanintroductionandaconclusion.Anoutlineneednotbefixeditcanbechangedifthewriterhasbetterideas.

OutliningAfterstudentshavedevelopedanoutlineoftheessay,theycanstarttowrite.Theyshouldbegivenenoughtimetowritethefirstdraft.Atthisstage,thedevelopmentofideasaremoreimportantthangettinggrammaticalstructures,punctuationorspellingcorrect.

Drafting

Editingisthestagewhenstudentsreadthroughtheirwritingsandchecktheclarityofideasorthelogicaldevelopmentoftheirarguments.Also,studentscheckcarefullythegrammar,spelling,andpunctuationoftheirwritings.

EditingTheprocessapproachtowritingdoesnotonlypayattentiontowhatstudentsdowhiletheyarewriting,italsoattachesgreatimportancetowhattheyandtheteacherdobeforetheystartwritingandaftertheyfinishwriting.Themainproceduresofprocesswr