新概念第四册Lesson+36+The+cost+of+government讲义

新概念第四册Lesson36Thecostofgovernment单词精讲disunited【释义】分裂的，不团结的。【词源】来自于dis-（否定前缀）和united（团结的）的组合。【短语】adisunitednation（一个分裂的国家）；adisunitedfamily（一个不和睦的家庭）。【例句】Adisunitednationhastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。correspondingly【释义】相应地，相对地。【词源】来自于correspond（对应）的副词形式。【短语】correspondinglyhigh（相应地高）；correspondinglylow（相应地低）。【例句】Lifeinthecityismoreexpensive,butsalariesarecorrespondinglyhigher。backward【释义】落后的，向后的。【词源】来自于back（后面）和-ward（表示方向的后缀）的组合。【短语】abackwardcountry（一个落后的国家）；abackwardglance（向后看一眼）。【例句】Itshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry。incur【释义】承担，遭受。【词源】来自于拉丁语incurrere，意为“跑入，遭遇”。【短语】incurdebts（承担债务）；incurlosses（遭受损失）。【例句】Adisunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。administer【释义】管理，执行。【词源】来自于拉丁语administrare，意为“管理，照顾”。【短语】administeracountry（管理一个国家）；administerjustice（执行正义）。【例句】Theeconomyhasbeenbadlyadministeredbythepresentgovernment。administrative【释义】行政管理的，行政的。【词源】来自于administer的形容词形式。【短语】administrativecosts（行政成本）；administrativetasks（行政任务）。【例句】Administrativecostsarecostsrelatedtothenormalrunningofthebusiness。analogous【释义】类似的，相似的。【词源】来自于希腊语analogos，意为“成比例的，相似的”。【短语】analogousto（类似于）；analogoussituation（类似的情况）。【例句】Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation。overheads【释义】一般费用，管理费用。【词源】来自于over（在...之上）和head（头）的组合，意为“在头顶上的费用”。【短语】administrativeoverheads（行政费用）；fixedoverheads（固定费用）。【例句】Overheadsarebusinesscoststhatarerelatedtotheday-to-dayrunningofthebusiness。initiative【释义】主动，积极性。【词源】来自于initiate（开始，发起）的名词形式。【短语】taketheinitiative（采取主动）；showinitiative（表现出积极性）。【例句】Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow。checker【释义】检查人员，收银员。【词源】来自于check（检查）的名词形式。【短语】qualitychecker（质量检查员）；cashchecker（收银员）。【例句】Thebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly。foreman【释义】监工，领班。【词源】来自于fore（前面）和man（人）的组合，意为“在前面的人”。【短语】constructionforeman（建筑监工）；factoryforeman（工厂领班）。【例句】Thebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly。dividend【释义】红利，股息。【词源】来自于拉丁语dividendum，意为“应分配的东西”。【短语】paydividends（支付股息）；dividendyield（股息收益率）。【例句】Thebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment。unduly【释义】过度地，不适当地。【词源】来自于un-（否定前缀）和due（适当的）的组合。【短语】undulyworried（过度担心）；undulyinfluenced（受到不适当的影响）。【例句】Adisunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment。二、课文精讲“Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether.”句子结构这是一个主从复合句。“Ifanationisessentiallydisunited”是条件状语从句，“itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether”是主句，其中“it”是形式主语，真正的主语是“toholdittogether”。语言点“essentially”：本质上、基本上，是由名词“essence”（本质）加上后缀“-ally”构成的副词。例如：Heisessentiallyakindperson.“disunited”：分裂的、不团结的，是由否定前缀“dis-”和“united”（团结的）构成的形容词。“hold...together”：使……团结在一起，例如：Weneedtoholdourteamtogether.“Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry.”句子结构这是一个并列句，由“and”连接。前半句“Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment”为主谓宾结构；后半句“reducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry”中，“reduces”是谓语，“theamountofeconomicresources”是宾语，“correspondingly”是副词作状语，“thatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry”是定语从句修饰“economicresources”。语言点“correspondingly”：相应地、相对地，是由动词“correspond”（对应）加上后缀“-ingly”构成的副词。“economicresources”：经济资源，例如：Naturalgasisanimportanteconomicresource.“Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.”句子结构这是一个复合句。“it”是形式主语，“shouldnotbeforgotten”是谓语，“howsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry”是真正的主语，是一个主语从句。语言点“backward”：落后的，例如：abackwardarea（落后地区）。“Wherethecostofgovernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.”句子结构这是一个主从复合句。“Wherethecostofgovernmentishigh”是地点状语从句，“resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow”是主句。语言点这里的“where”引导地点状语从句，表示在某种情况下（这里指政府成本高的情况）。“Thismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.”句子结构这是一个简单句，是被动语态。“This”是主语，“maybeillustrated”是谓语，“bycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise”是方式状语。语言点“illustrate”：说明、阐明，例如：Theexamplecanillustratehispoint.“compare...with...”：把……与……比较，例如：Compareyouranswerwithmine.“Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.”句子结构这是一个简单句。“Anenterprise”是主语，“hastoincur”是谓语，“certaincostsandexpenses”是宾语，“inordertostayinbusiness”是目的状语。语言点“incur”：招致、引起，例如：Heincurredalotofdebts.“stayinbusiness”：继续营业，例如：Howcanwestayinbusinessduringthisdifficulttime?“Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost--thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.”句子结构这是一个简单句。“Forourpurposes”是状语，“we”是主语，“areconcernedonlywith”是谓语，“onekindofcost”是宾语，“thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness”是对“onekindofcost”的补充说明。语言点“beconcernedwith”：关心、涉及，例如：Iamconcernedwithenvironmentalissues.“administer”：管理、执行，例如：Thegovernmentadministersthelaws.“Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation.”句子结构这是一个简单句。“Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusiness”是主语，“areanalogousto”是谓语，“thecostofgovernmentinanation”是宾语。语言点“analogous”：类似的、相似的，例如：Thetwosituationsareanalogous.“Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.”句子结构这是一个主从复合句。“Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelow”是主句，“totheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm”是程度状语从句，其中“workinginthebusiness”是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰“everyone”，“thatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm”是定语从句修饰“way”。语言点“totheextentthat”：达到……的程度，例如：Hewasangrytotheextentthathecouldn'tspeak.“promote”：促进、提升，例如：Weshouldpromoteenvironmentalprotection.“Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow.”句子结构这是一个主从复合句。“Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilitiesandtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere”是条件状语从句，“thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow”是主句。在条件状语从句中，“asfallswithintheirsphere”是定语从句修饰“suchinitiative”。语言点“initiative”：主动性、首创精神，例如：Heshowedgreatinitiativeinthisproject.“sphere”：范围、领域，例如：Thisproblemiswithinmysphereofknowledge.“Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.”句子结构这是一个主从复合句。“Itwillbelow”是主句，“becauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse”是原因状语从句。在原因状语从句中，“lookingaftereachjob”是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰“oneman”，“whatheisdoing”是宾语从句。语言点“lookafter”：照顾、照料，例如：Shelooksafterherlittlesister.“keep...inline”：使……守规矩，例如：Theteachertriestokeepthestudentsinline.“reporton”：报告、汇报，例如：Hehastoreportonhisworkeveryweek.“Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.”句子结构这是一个主从复合句。“ifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob”是条件状语从句，“thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly”是主句，是一个并列句，由“and”连接。语言点“actina...manner”：以……方式行事，例如：Youshouldactinapolitemanner.“armiesof”：大批的、大量的，例如：Therearearmiesoftouristsduringtheholiday.“Asadministrativeoverheadsrise,sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.”句子结构这是一个复合句。“Asadministrativeoverheadsrise”是时间状语从句，“sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingtheexpenseofadministration,willfall”是主句，“andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment”是并列句。语言点“earnings”：收益、盈利，例如：Thecompany'searningsincreasedthisyear.“distributeasdividends”：作为股息分配，例如：Thecompanywilldistributepartofitsprofitsasdividends.“Itispreciselythesamewithanation.”句子结构这是一个简单句。“It”指代前面关于企业的情况，“ispreciselythesamewith”是谓语，“anation”是宾语。语言点“precisely”：精确地、恰恰，例如：That'spreciselywhatImean.“Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,thegovernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofpoliceandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.”句子结构这是一个主从复合句。“Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyala