大学英语四级考试模拟卷二（带答案）

大学英语四级考试模拟卷二

（总分：32.00,做题时间：130分钟）

一、问答题（总题数：2,分数：2.00）

l.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudents

无（分数：1.00）

正确答案：(高分范文

IheImportanceofFrustrationEducationAmongCollegeStudents

Eachyearthereareagrowingnumberofcollegestudentscommittingsuicidewhen

confrontedwithsetbacksandfrustration,whichsuggeststhatfrustrationeducationis

extremelyimportantforcollegestudents.

Firstofall,whatcannotbeignoredisthatmostcollegestudentswhoarefarawayfrom

theirfamiliesneedtofacechallengesaloneandmayeasilygetconfusedandfrustrated.Thus,

strengtheningfrustrationeducationcanhelpthembecomestrong-mindedandteachthem

howtodealwithsetbacks.Secondly,collegeguidanceonhowtocorrectlydealwithnegative

emotionsisbeneficialtostudents'mentalhealthandencouragesthemtotakeapositive

attitudetowardstheirschoollife.Moreover,frustrationisinevitableinourlives.lfcollege

studentsdonotlearnhowtocopewithitwhentheyareyoung,theymayencountermore

problemsintheirfuturecareers,suchaslackofconfidence,difficultiesingettingalongwell

withothersandunwillingnesstotrynewthings,whichcertainlywiIIbecomeobstaclesto

theirsuccess.

Inshort,frustrationeducationcanbringgreatbenefitstostudents,whichshouldnotbe

neglectedatcollege.)

解析：

2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中国传统戏剧中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已有600多年的

历史。几百年来，昆曲在上海及长江三角洲下游地区发展繁荣。从16世纪到18世纪，

昆曲一直主宰着中国戏曲。此外，昆曲还影响了许多其他的中国戏曲形式。例如，在京

剧里，我们可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，联合国教科文组织宣布昆曲为“人类口述

和非物质文化遗产代表作”。

无(分数:1.00)

正确答案：(参考译文

KunquOperaisoneofthemostveneratedformsoftraditionalChineseoperawitha

historyofmorethan600years.Forhundredsofyears,ithasprosperedinShanghaiand

aroundthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverDelta.KunquOperadominatedChineseopera

fromthe16thtothe18thcentury.lnaddition,KunquOperahasalsoexertedinfluenceon

manyotherformsofChineseopera.Forexample,Kunquelementsarestilldiscerniblein

PekingOpera.In2001,UNESCOdedaredKunquOperaamasterpieceoftheoraland

intangibleculturalheritageofhumanity.)

解析：

二、单选题(总题数：30,分数：30.00)

3.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod——makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处26.应填

无(分数：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.techniqueV

解析：空格前出现了不定冠词和形容词，故应填入名词。由上文可知，行为激活疗

法是针对抑郁症的一种治疗方法，且第二段也出现了approach“方法”，故填入O)

technique”方法，技巧”。

4.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition*Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处27.应填

无(分数：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

□,collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linkedJ

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于系动词之后，从语法上来说填入名词、形容词和动词分词形式都说

得通，但空格前出现了由and连接的平行结构，由此推测文章是在讲人的行为和感受之

间的关系。由下文可知，治疗师可以利用患者重视的事物对其行为进行干预和修正，

可知行为和感受之间是相互联系的，故填入G)linked。

5.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily»for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处28.应填

无(分数：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.scheduleV

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格前出现了encourage和to,由此可知需要填入动词原形构成不定式，作

宾语补足语。结合空格后的adailywalk“每天散步”可推测，这里应填入L)schedule

“安排，计划”。H)range用作动词时，放在此处虽然也符合语法，但它指的是按照一定

位置或顺序给某物进行位置上的排列或排序，放在这里不符合句意，故排除。

6.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards>a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处29.应填

无(分数:1.00)

A.access

B.altemativeV

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于不定冠词之后，应填入名词。空格后出现了negativepastimes”消

极的消遣方式”，而空格所在从句中的引导词which代指的是前面主句的内容，即“治

疗师可能鼓励病人安排每天都和孙儿一起去公园散散步”，这是一种积极的消遣方式，

由此可知，前后是两种完全不同的选择，故填入B)alternative,它可以搭配介词to,

表示“可供选择的事物”。A)access"进入权，使用权”虽然也能和介词to搭配使用，

但放在这里意思就变成了“接触更消极的消遣方式”，不符合语境，故排除。

7.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod-makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处30.应填

无(分数：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaboration

E.involved

Rjunior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorousJ

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于more之后、名词短语scientificevidence之前，最有可能填入形容

词。根据句意“虽然行为激活疗法已经存在了几十年……但我们需要更……的科学证据

去评估其作为一种独立方法的相对优势。”修饰“科学证据”，填入K)rigorous“严谨的，

严格的”最为合适，故为答案。

8.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT，yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy>a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处31.应填

无(分数：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

0.collaborationJ

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于冠词和介词之间，应填入名词。后面出现了18researchers,故推测

填入D)collaboration”合作，协作”,表示这项研究是由18名研究人员共同完成的。arange

of表示“一系列的”，侧重强调范围广，种类多，不用来修饰人，故排除H)。

9.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterlfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began,As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处32.应填

无(分数：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assignedV

0.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于代词they之后，且这句话缺少谓语，故应填入动词。因为研究已

经完成了，故进一步明确应填入动词的过去式，且该动词可以和介词to搭配使用，符

合这些要求的只有C)assigned,assignsb.tosth.表示“把某人分配到某个任务或岗位”,

放在这里符合句意，意为“将440名抑郁症患者分配到为期16周的两种治疗方法中”。

E)involved一般和介词in搭配使用，故排除。

lO.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27_____/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition;Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处33.应填

无(分数：1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

□.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealedV

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：as当连词使用时可引导非限制性定语从句，代指前面或后面的一整句话，这

种从句中通常会把it和系动词省略，而直接写成“as+过去分词”的形式。空格后面出

现了团队的研究发现，由此可知这里的as代指的是他们发现的内容，故填入间/ealed,

这句话的完整版本是"AsitwasrevealedinapaperpublishedintheLancet.…"，意为“正

如发表在《柳叶刀》上的一篇论文显示的那样……

ll.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily»for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began.As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod-makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处34.应填

无(分数:1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.juniorJ

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantly

□.technique

解析：空格位于名词短语healthworkers之前，应填入形容词。由本段破折号后的

内容可知，行为激活疗法比认知行为疗法成本低得多，因为认知行为疗法需耍高度专业

的治疗师，由此推测行为激活疗法并不需要特别专业的人员。根据空格后面的内容可知,

这些医疗，作者还需要接受短期的培训，由此可知他们是资历比较浅的或者没看什么经

验的，符合此意思的只有F)junior,表示“(地位、职位、级别)较低的

12.Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffective

ascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT,BAisanoutside-in

26inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."

Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27/'saysDavidRichards,a

healthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeterIfapatientvaluesnatureandfamily,for

example,atherapistmightencouragehimto28adailywalkintheparkwithhis

grandchildren,whichcouldcreatea(n)29tomorenegativepastimessuchas

ponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades,andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT,yet

more30scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-alone

approach.lnarecentstudy,a31of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBT

head-to-head.

They32440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwo

approaches,thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6,12and18monthsaftertreatment

began,As33inapaperpublishedintheLancet,theteamfoundthetreatmentstobe

equallyeffective.

Inaddition,Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34healthworkerscould

provideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod-makingit35cheapertoimplementthanCBT,

whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboonto

developingcountries,whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.

空白处35.应填

无(分数:1.00)

A.access

B.alternative

C.assigned

D.collaboration

E.involved

F.junior

G.linked

H.range

I.regularly

J.revealed

K.rigorous

L.schedule

M.scholarly

N.significantlyV

□.technique

解析：空格位于形容词比较级cheaper之前，应填入副词来修饰。根据句意可知，

这里需要填入一个程度副词来修饰cheaper,表示“便宜得多"，故填入N)significantly

“显著地，极大地”。全文并未提及行为激活疗法只在特定的时间或情况下成本低于认

知行为疗法，故排除I)regularly"定期地，有规律地”。

13.UniversalHealthCare,Worldwide,IsWithinReach

(A)Bymanymeasurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000the

numberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmosthalf,tO5.6m.Life

expectancyhasreached71,againoffiveyears.Morechildrenthaneverare

vaccinated.Malaria,TBandHIV/AIDSareinretreat.

(B)Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestillgreaterpotentialthatmedicineoffers

hasperhapsneverbeenwiderAtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorld

HealthOrganizationdeemsessentialjndudingantenatal,(产前的)care,insecticide-treated

bednets,screeningforcervicalcancer(子宫颈癌)andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria(白

喉)，tetanus(破伤风)andwhoopingcough.Safe,basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bn

people.

(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacripplingprice.Morethan800m

peoplespendover10%oftheirannualhouseholdincomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180m

spendover25%.Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.Instudiesof

consultationsinruralIndianclinics,just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrectdiagnosis.That

isaterriblewasteAsthisweek'sspecialreportshows,thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcare

issensible,affordableandpractical,eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit,thepotentialof

modemmedicinewillbesquandered.

(D)Universalbasichealthcareissensibleinthewaythat,say,universalbasiceducation

issensible一becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswellastoindividuals.Insomequarters

theveryidealeadstoadangerouselevationofthebloodpressure,becauseitsuggests

paternalism(家长式统治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealth

insuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor,theyoungtosubsidisetheoldand

thehealthytounderwritethesick.Anduniversalschemesmusthaveawayofforcingpeople

topay>throughtaxes,say,orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.

(E)Butthereisaprincipled,liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthis

somethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfull

individualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsof

inaccessible»expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetan

educationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullof

disease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudiestconfidenceabouthealthmakes

peoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.

(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberich

beforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary,treatment.Healthcareisa

labour-intensiveindustry,andcommunityhealthworkers,paidrelativelylittlecompared

withdoctorsandnurses,canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadya

lotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries,butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria,for

example,morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.More

servicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney-andtheriskoffallingill-werepooled.

(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjotted

onthebackofprescriptionpads.ltissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.Chileand

CostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhave

similarlifeexpectancies.ThaiIandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth,andyethas

outcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy,forexample,

isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealth

insuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000live

birthsin2000tounder3Ulastyear

(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.ltisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassing

onthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers,forexam