定语从句讲义

语法复习专题（1）定语从句定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引出。

关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。

关系副词有：when,where,why等。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1、who,whom,that：这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?（who/that在从句中作主语）

Heisthemanwho/whom/thatIsawyesterday.（who/whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2、Whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）,例如：

Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.

Pleasepassmethebookwhosecover/thecoverofwhichisgreen.3、which,that：它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。

Thecarwhich/thatwasstolenbelongstoJack.（which/that在句中作主语）

Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisfromLondon.(which/that在句中作宾语）4、只能用that的情况：a)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。先行词指人的时候，可以用who.Therearealargenumberofcarsthataredamagedintheflood.Thereare50workersthat/whodemandtogettheirpayraised.

b)先行词是不定代词all,everything,something,anything,nothing,none,some,much,few,little,theone,等，关系代词必须用thatTheydidall(that)theycouldtohelpthepoor.Sheislookingforsomethingthatwaslostyesterday.--Doyoufindanythingthatinterestsyouverymuch?--Sorry,thereislittlethatinterestsmeverymuch.--Whichbookdoyouwant?--Iwanttheonethathasabluecover.c)先行词被all,every,some,any,nofew,little等修饰，关系代词必须用thatHaveyoureadanybookthatiswrittenbyMarkTwain?Wecanfindfewriversinthecountrythatarecleanandclear.d)先行词指的是事、物，而且被theonly,thevery修饰时，只用that。如果先行词是人，也可以用who。ThisistheverycomputerthatIwanttobuy.Itistheonlychancethatyoumustcatchtogoabroad.Iwastheonlypersonwhowasinvited.You’retheverypersonwho/whomI’mlookingfor.

e)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。.Chinaisthefirstcountrythatinventedpaper.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeversee.

f)先行词既有人，又有物时。Inherdiary,MarydescribedthepeopleandplacesthathesawonherjourneytoYunnan.g)在疑问句中，有疑问词which,who,为了避免重复，定语从句只能用that引导：Whichisthecomputerthatyouboughtlastweek?Whoisthepersonthatyouarelookingfor?5、只能用which的情况：a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。

Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后。

Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.二、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1、when,where,why：关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和|“介词+which”结构交替使用，例如：

Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustgivein.

Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.

Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?2、that代替关系副词：that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：

Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.3.先行词为抽象地点的定语从句，关系副词用where。这些抽象地点的名词有：situation,case,point,position,activity,story等。You

reach

a

point

where

medicine

can’t

help.你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。Today,wewilldiscuss

a

number

of

casesswherebeginnersofEnglishfailtousethelanguageproperly.He

got

into

a

situation

where

it

is

hard

todecide

what

is

right

and

wrong.Itputs

me

in

a

position

where

I

can’t

afford

to

take

the

job.Those

successful

deaf

dancers

think

thatdancing

is

an

activitywhere

sight

matters

morethanhearing.Remember

that

the

best

relationship

is

onewhere

your

love

for

each

other

is

great.

三、判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.

I’llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.

（错）ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.（对）Thisisthemountainvillage(which/that)Ivisitedlastyear.

（错）IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.（对）I'llneverforgetthedays(which/that)Ispentinthecountryside.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

1.Isthismuseum_______youvisitedafewdaysage?

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

2.Isthisthemuseum__________theexhibitionwasheld.

A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone

例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis_________youvisitedafewdaysago.

例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum_________theexhibitionwasheld.

在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,onwhich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有theone既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。

四、限制性和非限制性定语从句

1、定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：

Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）

Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2、当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.

Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.3、非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.Jennypassedthedrivingtest,whichsurprisedallofus.五、介词+关系词引导的定语从句

介词+which/whom/whose+n.

1、介词后面的关系代词不能省略。

Thisisthefilmaboutwhichtheyhavebeentalking.(talkaboutsth)Tomisthepersonwithwhomwewenttothecinema.(wenttothecinemawiththeperson)Mr.BrownisthemanagerinwhosecompanyIhaveworkedforages.(Ihaveworkedinhiscompanyforages.)Theywentintoashopwhoseownerwasatallman.=theownerofwhichwasatallman.=ofwhichtheownerwasatallman.Jackhascollectedover2,000stamps,mostofwhicharevaluable.Chinawon36goldmedalsinthegames,20ofwhichwerewonbywomen.Weneed46employees,20ofwhomshouldbegirls.YesterdayImetMr.Smithinwhosecompanyemployeesmustbewelleducated.

2、某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以和关系副词when、where、why互换。

Thisisthehouseinwhich/whereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhich/whenyoujoinedourclub?

Thisisthereasonforwhich/whyIwaslate.六、as,which非限定性定语从句

1、由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。as一般放在句首，也可以放在主句后，甚至放在主句中，翻译成“正如”。而which只能放在主句后，翻译成“这”。

Asweknow,/Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Chinaisadevelopingcountry,asisknowntoall.LuXun,asyouknow,wasagreatChinesewriter.

Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.2、固定句型：Asweknow/Asisknown(toall/us)众所周知；Aswementionedabove/Aswasmentionedabove正如上面提到的Asisoftenthecase情况总是这样

3、as引导的定语从句的特殊结构：thesame…as；such…asIhavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).我已经陷入了和他一样的困境中。

ThisisthesamewatchasIlost.这块表和我丢失的表一样。（两块表）ThisisthesamewatchthatIlost.这就是我丢失的那块表。（一块表）Ihaveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过像他讲得故事。精典名题导解1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome_________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.（NMET2001）A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where解析：答案为C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词thehours和关系词被介词短语tome所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词hours,并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。___________isknowntoeverybody,thenoontravelsaroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(NMET2001)A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What解析：答案为B。本题考查as引导的非限制定语从句。as作“正如……”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当as在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：asisknown、asissaid、asisreported、asisannounced等。要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown___________hegrewupasachild.(NMET1996)A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when 解析：答案为B。本题考查限制性定语从句中关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语thesmalltown,且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词where引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。4.TheEnglishplaymystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich解析：答案为C。考定语从句。主句部分应是TheEnglishplayattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.从句补全为独立句子应是mystudentsactedintheplay。所以应选inwhich，其余介词不妥。5.Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousersshehadwipedherhands.A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that解析：答案为A。本题考地点状语从句，用where引导。句意是“她的裤子上她擦过手的地方有脏痕”。此处不能用时间状语从句，排除C，本题易被误认为考定语从句，意为“在她擦过手的裤子上有脏痕”。定语从句修饰trousers，也只能用where。B和D可引导定语从句，但只作主、宾等成分。定语从句缺少状语，不缺主语、宾语，故不可用。Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,thesailingtimewas226days.A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich解析：答案为A。本题考定语从句，关系代词which指代thejourney，定语从句恢复为独立句子应是：Thesailingtimeofthejourneywas226days,故选ofwhich。三、高考真题练习1..Mariahaswrittentwonovels,bothof________havebeenmadeintotelevisionseries.

A.them B.that C.which D.what2.Theairqualityinthecity,___isshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.A.that B.itC.as D.whatEllenwasapainterofbirdsandofnature,______,forsomereason,hadwithdrawnfromallhumansociety.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.whomWeliveinanage_______moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.A.whyB.whenC.towhomD.onwhich5.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_______urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.A.which B.who C.whereD.whatＡlotoflanguagelearning,hasbeendiscovered,ishappeninginthefirstyearoflife,soparentsshouldtalkmuchtotheirchildrenduringthatperiod.A.asB.itC.whichD.This7．By16:30,wasalmostclosingtime,nearlyallthepaintingshadbeensold. A．which B．WhenC．WhatD．thatCareofthesoulisagradualprocess______eventhesmalldetailsoflifeshouldbeconsidered.A.whatB.inwhatC.whichD.inwhichSalesdirectorisaposition_______communicationabilityisjustasimportantassales.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where10.Inourclassthereare46students,_____halfwearglasses.A.inwhomB.inthemC.ofwhomD.ofthem11.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,______hassurprisedusall.A.that B.where C. which D.what12.Whendeeplyabsorbedinwork,______heoftenwas，hewouldforgetallabouteatingorsleeping.A.that B.which C.where D.when13.Thatevening,_____Iwilltellyoumoreaboutlater,Iendedupworkingverylate.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.when14.IwishtothankProfessorSmith,without_______helpIwouldneverhavegotthisfar.whoB.whose C.whom D.whichTheprizewillgotothewriter________storyshowsthemostimagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.whatTedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,______isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.whichMarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers,_________,ofcourse,makealltheothersupset.A.who B.which C.what D.that18.You’llfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation____youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.A.which B.where C.when D.as19.Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_____arebuiltclosetoeachother.A.they B.where C.what D.thatSheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction_____hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.A.forwhich B.withwhich C.ofwhich D.towhichBetweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,_______theaudiencecanbuyice-cream. A.whenB.whereC.thatD.whichWhateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,_____itwillkeepfortwoor