中考英语语法基础知识复习（语法讲义+真题练习）语法基础知识复习讲义-动词和动词短语（学生版）

专题八动词和动词短语专题八动词和动词短语知识梳理知识梳理第一部分动词的分类考点一：实义动词一、实义动词的定义动词根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为及物动词和不及物动词两类，其缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。实义动词在句中能独立作谓语。二、实义动词的分类（一）及物动词：及物动词后面必须跟宾语。常见的及物动词有：accept,discover,enjoy,forget,borrow,buy,catch,invent,like,find等。常见及物动词的句型结构：1.“主语+谓语+宾语”，宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。如：HereachedParisthreedaysago.他三天前到了巴黎。Ifinishreadingthebook.我读完了这本书。to表示“给”,强调动作的对象for表示“为;替”,强调动作的目的物（sth.）人（sb.）2.to表示“给”,强调动作的对象for表示“为;替”,强调动作的目的物（sth.）人（sb.）【知识拓展】常考的带双宾语的动词：passsb.sth.=___________________【知识拓展】常考的带双宾语的动词：passsb.sth.=___________________递给某人某物offersb.sth.=___________________提供某人某物givesb.sth.=___________________给某人某物lendsb.sth.=___________________借给某人某物showsb.sth.=___________________向某人展示某物buysb.sth.=___________________买某物给某人Myauntboughtmeacomputer.我阿姨买给我一台电脑。=.3.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”，宾补的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。它可以由名词、形容词、副词、v-ing、动词不定式和介词短语等充当。如：Theyaskedmetogofishingwiththem.他们邀请我和他们一起去钓鱼。【知识拓展】（1）使役动词make,let,have等后接不带to的不定式作宾补。如：makesb.dosth.让某人做某事（2）感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等后既可接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing作宾补。前者（不带to的不定式）表示动作已结束，后者（动名词）表示动作正在进行。如：seesb.doingsth.看见某人正在做某事seesb.dosth.看见某人做过/经常做某事（二）不及物动词：不及物动词无需跟宾语，其本身意思完整。不及物动词后若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of,at等后方可跟上宾语。不及物动词没有被动语态。只能用于“主语+谓语”句型。常见的不及物动词有：arrive,agree,belong,come,fail,fall,go,hurry,listen,look,sit,succeed,work等。如：Thetrainstopped.火车停下了。Lookatmecarefully!认真看着我！【注意】1.有些动词既可以用作及物动词又可以用作不及物动词。如：WhendidtheyleaveBeijing?他们什么时候离开北京的？（及物动词）Theyleftlastweek.他们上周离开了。（不及物动词）2.有些不及物动词可与其他词搭配在一起构成动词短语，相当于及物动词。如：lookat+宾语；listento+宾语；arriveat/in+宾语考点二：系动词一、系动词的定义系表结构作谓语系动词是指连接主语和表语的动词，用以说明主语的身份、性质、特征及状态。系动词词义不完整，不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语，构成“系表结构”。系表结构作谓语二、系动词的分类类别功能例词表示状态的系动词表示主语所处的状态be（am/is/are）表示持续的系动词表示主语继续或保持某种身份或状态keep,remain,stay表示感官的系动词表示人体感官的系动词（感官动词）感官动词后接词作表语look,feel,smell,taste感官动词后接词作表语表示状态变化的系动词表示主语从一种状态变换到另一种状态become,get,go,grow,turn如：Iamastudent.我是个学生。Pleasekeeptheclassroomclean.请保持教室整洁。Thefoodtastesdelicious.这食物尝起来很美味。Inspring,treesturngreen.春天，树木变绿了。基础练习【注意】系动词没有被动语态！基础练习用所给词的适当形式填空Dreamsarepowerfulandtheycandriveyoutoworkharderand__________(become)betterthanbefore.—Doesthedishtasteas__________(well)asitlooks?—Yes.Ican’twaittoeatit.Iliketeacherswho__________(be)alwaysfriendly,helpfulandfairtoeachstudent.Well,letmesee.Ipromiseto__________(keep)thesecret.TheoverseasChineseinYemengot__________(excite)whentheysawChinesesoldierscomingtotheirhelp.考点三：助动词一、助动词的定义协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。与被协助的主要动词构成时态，语态、疑问句、否定句和加强语气等。助动词是语法功能词，本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，它没有对应的汉语意思。如：Hedoesn’tlikeEnglish.他不喜欢英语。（doesn’t是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义）二、助动词的分类、变化形式及其用法分类常见的变形用法be现在时态①助动词be+现在分词，构成进行时态。②助动词be+过去分词，构成被动语态。③助动词be+动词不定式，表示根据安排要发生的事情。过去时态现在分词过去分词do原形①构成疑问句。如：Doyoulikecollegelife?②与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。如：Idon’tlikehim.③加强语气。如：Hedidknowthat.④用来代替前面刚提到的动词以避免重复。如：Iworkharderthanhedoes.我工作比他努力。第三人称单数过去式现在分词过去分词willwouldwill构成一般将来时，would构成过去将来时，后接动词原形。如：HewillgotoShanghai.//Hesaidhewouldcome.shallshouldshall构成一般将来时，should构成过去将来时，用于第一人称，后接动词原形。如：IshallstudyharderatEnglish.have原形①have+过去分词，构成完成时态。如：HehasleftforLondon.②have+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时。③have+been+过去分词，构成现在完成时的被动语态。④have+动词不定式，表示因客观环境而不得不做的事情。⑤had+过去分词，构成过去完成时。第三人称单数过去式现在分词过去分词基础练习基础练习根据汉语提示完成下列句子，每空一词。1.汤姆问我昨晚八点在干什么？TomaskedmewhatIateightlastnight.2.窗户是汤姆打碎的。ThewindowbyTom.3.我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。IEnglishfortenyears.4.过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。Inthepast,manystudentstheimportanceofEnglish.5.天正在下大雨，我不得不呆在家里。It’sraininghard.Iathome.6.他下周要去纽约。HetoNewYorknextweek.考点四：情态动词情态动词+动词原形作谓语一、情态动词的定义情态动词+动词原形作谓语情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，表示“可能”、“应当”、“必要”等含义，但其本身词义不完全，不能单独作谓语，必须和动词原形连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。其否定形式一般是在情态动词后加not(must,haveto除外)，其疑问形式是将情态动词提至主语前。二、情态动词的用法（见专题九）真题演练真题演练一、单项选择1.（2023·湖北十堰）—Theairinourcitybecomesfresherandfresher.—Ithinkso.Tocutdownairpollution,manyfactories________newenergycars.A．produce B．throw C．cancel D．divide2.（2023·山东青岛）Tom,anEnglishdoctor,hopestogo________forvacation.Chinaishisfirstchoice.A．back B．down C．abroad D．up3.（2023·山东东营）Scientistsfoundthatdogsmayknowhuman’sfeelingsby________ourbreathandsweat(汗).A．tasting B．smelling C．touching D．watching4.（2023·辽宁丹东）—Dad,whatareyoucooking?It________sogood.—Themaindishforourdinner.Youwilllikeit.A．gets B．smells C．sounds D．tastes5.（2023·辽宁沈阳）Whenautumncomes,leavesstartto________fromthetrees.A．grow B．fall C．appear D．come6.（2023·辽宁丹东）OnSeptember1,students________theirnewschooluniformstogotoschoolhappily.A．takeoff B．giveaway C．makeup D．puton7.（2023·辽宁丹东）Youshould________thetimewithyourparentsbecauseyouwillleavethemwhenyougrowup.A．change B．stop C．avoid D．value8.（2023·山东青岛）—Areyoureadyfortheshow?—No.It’seasyto________aplaybutdifficulttoactitout.A．makeup B．takeup C．lookup D．putup9.（2023·青海）AccordingtotheWorldHappinessReport2023,Finland(芬兰)istheworld’shappiestcountry.People________moretimewithfamiliesandfriendsthere.A．cost B．spend C．pay10.（2023·青海）Thankstothehelpofthegovernment,farmersinChinaare________ahappierandricherlife.A．living B．changing C．planting二、用所给词的适当形式填空1.（2023·甘肃武威·统考模拟预测）TheTV(be)inventedbeforethecar.2.（2023·甘肃定西·统考一模）There(be)twoimportantcompetitionsinourschoollastweek.3.（2022·甘肃武威·统考二模）Wewillgoonapicnicifit(notrain)thisafternoon.4.（2023·江苏无锡·统考二模）It’sreportedthatadeepbreathoften(help)whenyoufeelstressed.5.（2023·湖南永州·统考三模）Mostofthestudentsthinkthreeyearsofjuniorhighschoollife(be)notlong.6.（2023·云南·统考一模）Thesignsarevery(use).Theytellusthingsthatwemaywanttoknow.7.（2023·云南昭通·统考一模）“Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.”meansifyouwanttobe(success),youhavetodosomethingbeforeothers.8.（2023·黑龙江·校联考一模）Therich(be)notalwayshappy.Everyonehasworries.9.（2023·上海青浦·统考二模）Themagiciansurprisedtheaudiencebymakingtherabbit(appear)inhishat.10.（2022·江苏南京·统考中考真题）TheteachertoldusthatthegravityonMars(be)onlyaboutthree-eighthsofthatonEarth.第二部分用所给动词的适当形式填空用所给动词的适当形式填空包括动词的基本形式、动词变名词、动词变动名词、动词变不定式和动词变形容词。考点一：动词的基本形式英语动词共有五种基本形式，即动词原形、第三人称单数(一般现在时)、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。形式规则变化举例动词原形没有经过任何变形，即词典中一般给出的形式be,do,have,come第三人称单数一般情况在动词原形后直接加_____work→_______read→_______以s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的动词，后加_____go→_______wash→_______以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变_____为_____，再加_____fly→_______try→_______study→_______过去式与过去分词一般情况在动词原形后直接加_____work→_______stay→_______以不发音的e结尾的动词后，只加_____like→_______live→_______以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变_____为_____，再加_____cry→_______study→_______try→_______以重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先_______末尾辅音字母，再加_____stop→_______plan→_______现在分词一般情况在动词原形后直接加_____sleep→_______wait→_______以不发音的e结尾的动词，去_____再加_____move→_______write→_______以重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先_______末尾辅音字母，再加_____cut→_______put→_______sit→_______少数以ie结尾的动词，先变_____为_____再加_____lie→_______die→_______tie→_______考点二：动词变名词一、填名词的判断方法如下：1.名词＋名词，如：booklovers(love)；asnowglobecollectors’(collect)club2.oneofthe/afew＋名词复数，如：oneoftheNobelPrizewinners(win)in2015；afewplayers(play)3.形容词＋名词，如：agoodlistener(listen)；aheavysleeper(sleep)4.a/an/the＋名词单数，如：Shewantstobeadancer(dance).；gototheoldpeople’shomeasahelper(help)5.the＋形容词＋名词，如：thegreatinventor(invent)6.大于1的数词＋名词复数，如：Thereareelevenswimmers(swim)inthisteam.二、动词变名词的变化规律如下：1.v.＋­er(or/r)act→collect→dance→ design→designerdrive→ help→listen→ love→manage→ paint→painterplay→ read→report→ run→sing→ sleep→sleeperspeak→teach→wait→waiter win→work→ write→2.v.＋­mentachieve→ agree→agreementenjoy→enjoyment develop→excite→excitement improve→improvement3.v.＋­ion/tion/sion或去e＋­ion/tion/ationcollect→collection discuss→direct→direction educate→invent→ pollute→4.v.＋­ing或双写末尾字母＋­ingbegin→beginning build→buildingfeel→feeling mean→meaningmeet→meeting swim→swimming5.其他choose→choice die→fail→ weigh→weight考点三：动词变动名词填动词v.­ing的判断方法如下：1.介词短语/介词后＋动名词，如：begoodatsinging(sing)；withoutworking(work)；beinterestedinreading(read)；2.空前有be动词构成现在进行时或过去进行时，如：Herearesomestudentsmaking(make)preparationsforit.3.用于固定搭配中，如：enjoywatching(watch)4.动名词作主语，如：Learning(learn)Englishwellisimportant.5.动名词＋or/and＋动名词，如：eatingfoodandwatching(watch)TV6.标志词now，look，listen所在的进行时句中，如：Listen!Birdsaresinging(sing).7.while引导的时间状语从句，如：PleasebequietwhileI’mtalking(talk)toyou.考点四：动词变不定式填动词不定式的判断方法如下：1.用在及物动词后作宾语，如：HouYiplannedtodrink(drink)itwithhiswife.2.在“动词＋宾语＋不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补足语如：Italsoencouragesgovernmentandsocialgroupstothink(think)aboutways.3.作状语主要表示原因、目的和结果等，如：Tofight(fight)badpeople,theMonkeyKingusesamagicstick.4.放在被修饰的名词的后面，作后置定语，如：ShenNongwasthefirsttodiscover(discover)teaasadrink.；Laughingfortwohoursisagoodwaytorelax(relax).5.在固定搭配中，如：likebeingabletotravel(travel)andmeetnewpeople6.不定式＋and＋省略to的不定式，如：Theword“OK”iseasytosay,writeandunderstand(understand)考点五：动词变形容词一、填形容词的判断方法如下：1.系动词/半系动词＋形容词，如：getexcited(excite)；whathesaidisunbelievable.(believe)2.themost＋形容词，如：ThestoryofChang’eisthemosttouching.(touch)3.形容词＋名词，如：unbelievable(believe)things4.固定句型：Itis＋adj.＋of/forsb.todosth.，如：Itispleased(please)ofhimtohelpothers.二、动词变形容词的规律如下：1.v.＋­d/­ed/­ing或去e＋­ingamaze→amazed/amazingbore→bored/boringexcite→excited/excitinginterest→interested/interestingplease→pleased/pleasingrelax→relaxed/relaxing2.v.＋­ableaccept→acceptable enjoy→enjoyablechange→changeablev.＋­ive或去e＋­iveact→active create→creative4.其他die→dead wake→awakesleep→asleep基础练习基础练习用所给词的适当形式填空1.Allofusarelookingforwardto(win)thevolleyballmatchinHongKong.2.Henry'suncleisplanning(take)atriptoDunhuangnow.3.It'sveryimportantforus(keep)healthy.4.Heisknownasoneofthegreatest(write)intheworld.5.Thefamous(sing)willgiveaconcerttoraisemoneyforthepoorchildren.6.After(repeat)theexperimentseveraltimesinourlaboratory,wefinallygotaresult.7.Aftergraduation,someofmyclassmatesarebusy(prepare)fortheirnewjourneys.8.TheAvengersIVisso(bore)thatIfellasleepwhenIsawitinthecinema.9.The(drive)checkedthecarandfoundtherewassomethingwrongwiththewheels.10.Weareallshockedtoseethelittlegirl's(amaze)abilityinmusic.真题演练真题演练用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2019曲靖腊山二中九年级期中考试)Shesuggested(go)byplane,butIthoughtitwouldcosttoomuch.2.(2023·云南昆明·昆明八中校考二模)Tomy(surprise),hehasmadegreatprogressduringthiswintervacation.3.（2023·甘肃天水）You’reexpected(shake)handswhenmeetingpeopleforthefirsttimeinChina.4.（2023·湖南永州）MyparentsandI(visit)YangmingshanMountainthiswinter.5.（2023·湖南永州）Chinaplanstopaymoreattentiontoscientific(educate)initsprimaryandmiddleschools.6.（2023·江苏扬州）Itseemsthatfamiliesare(spend)moreandmoretimetogether.7.（2023·江苏扬州）Theartistsare(encourage)totellgoodChinesestoriesintheirfavoriteartforms.8.（2023·云南）Amyismybestfriend.She’salwaystheretobeagood(listen).9.（2023·四川达州）Theoldsaying“Afallintoapit,againinyourwit.”meansweshouldlearnfrommistakesandavoid(make)thesamemistakesagain.10.（2023·湖南永州）Lastweekmysister_________(fail)hercookingexambecausesheburntsomething.第三部分动词短语考点一：同一动词型短语动词类型构成短语含义动词类型构成短语含义comecomeacross(偶然)遇见looklookaftercomeback回来；想起来lookatcomein进入；进来lookthroughcomefromlookupcomeonlookaround向四周看comeoutlookforcomeover顺便来访lookover检查cometruelooklikecomeupwithlookout当心；小心makemakefriendsputputawaymakemistakesputback放回原处makeprogress取得进步putdown记下；放下makesureputinto把……放进；使进入makeupputoffmakeadifferenceputonmakeaneffort作出努力putoutmakeawish许愿putuptaketakeafterturnturnontakeaway拿走turnofftakeoffturnuptakepartinturndowntakeupturn...into把……变成takecareofturnaround转身；调头takeprideinturnright向右转基础练习基础练习单项选择1.Grandmotherliveswithmyparents.Theyhereveryday.A.lookat B.lookafter C.lookinto D.lookup2.Theengineerearlyeverymorningtocatchthefirstbus.A.getsup B.getsoff C.getsdown D.getson3.Heisverytallandoutgoingbecausehehismother.A.takescareof B.takesawayC.takesafter D.takesplace4.—Marry,youcanmakecookiesifyoupromisenottointhekitchen.—OK.A.makeadifference B.makeamessC.makealiving D.makeawish5.Beforeyoustarttoreadanewbookyou'dbetteritsbackgroundfirst.A.lookout B.lookaround C.lookthrough D.lookfor真题演练真题演练单项选择1.(2019甘肃省卷)Don'tforgettothelightswhentheyarenotinuse!A.turnover B.turnoff C.turnup D.turnon2.（2023·河北）Wearesupposedto________ourhandbeforewespeakinclass.A.putup B.putout C.putdown D.putaway3.（2023·云南）It’sagoodhabitto________thelightswhenyouleavearoom.A.turndown B.turnup C.turnoff D.turnon4.（2023·江苏扬州）Papercut-outsof“doublehappiness”areoften________inthemarriedcouple’shometobringgoodwishes.A.putback B.putup C.puton D.putoff5.(2023新疆)-Whatabilitiesshouldadogtrainerhave?-Ithinkheshouldberesponsibleandnever.A.giveawayB.giveoutC.givebackD.giveup6.(2023鄂州)-HowwasyourcampinginSifengMountainlastweekend?-Itwasgreat.Weourtentsonthetopofthemountainandenjoyedourselves.A.putupB.putoffC.putonD.putaway考点二：同一介词/副词型短语介词/副词类型构成短语含义介词/副词类型构成短语含义atarriveatupcheeruplaughatcutuppointat指向eatup吃光shoutat对……大喊，训斥getupsmileat向……微笑giveupstareat盯着看growupofhearof听说pickupthinkofsetuprunout(of)showup出现；露面takecareofcleanupondependonwakeup唤醒getonstayupkeepon继续(进行)fixupoffgetoffoutblowoutcutoffbringout使显现；使表现出takeoffworkout解决；算出shutoff关闭findoutshowoff炫耀；卖弄hangoutgooff发出响声；离开cleanout把…打扫干净；清除fromhearfromgiveoutlearnfromsetout出发；启程基础练习基础练习单项选择1.—Doyouthinkitispopulartoredenvelops(红包)onWeChatduringfestivals?—Yes.ButIprefergivinggiftstofamilymembers.A.giveout B.giveaway C.giveback D.giveup2.—Idon'tlikepracticingplayingthepiano.—Ifyouit,youwillplayitwell.A.stickto B.getto C.talkto D.shoutto3.—Jackistellin