完形填空 职称英语 卫生类 版

1BetterControlofTBSeenIfaFasterCure15Found2Influenza3oneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLive4Diet,AlcoholLinkedtoNearlyoneThirdofCancers5MenTooMaySufferfromDomesticViolence6once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatment7Exercise8FoodSafetyandFoodborneIllness9ManyWomenWhoBeatCancerDon’tChangeHabits10HospitalMistreatment第一篇BetterControlofTBSeenIfaFasterCure15FoundTheWorldHealorganizationestimatesthataboutone-thirdofallpeopleareinfectedwithbacteriathatcausetuberculosis.Mosttimes,theinfectionremainsinactive.ButeachyearabouteightmillionpeopledevelopactivecasesofTB,usuallyintheirlungs．Twomillionpeopledieofit.ThediseasehasincreasedwiththespreadofAIDSanddrug-resistantformsoftuberculosis.Currenttreatmentstakeatleastsixmonths.Patientshavetotakeacombinationofseveralantibioticdrugsdally.Butmanypeoplestopassoonastheyfeelbetter.Doingthatcanleadtoaninfectionthatresiststreatment.Publichealthexpertsagreethatafaster-actingcurefortuberculosiswouldbemoreeffective.Nowastudyestimatesjusthoweffectiveitmightbe.AprofessorofinternationalhealthatHarvardUniversityledthestudy.JoshuaSalomonsaysashortertreatmentprogramwouldlikelymeannotjustmorepatientscured.Itwouldalsomeanfewerinfectiouspatientswhocanpassontheirinfectiontoothers.Theresearchersdevelopedamathematicalmodeltoexaminetheeffectsofatwo-monthtreatmentplan.TheytestedthemodelwithcurrentTBconditionsinSoutheastAsia.Thescientistsfoundthatatwo-monthtreatmentcouldpreventabouttwentypercentofnewcases,anditmightpreventabouttwenty-fivepercentofTBdeaths.Themodelshowsthatthesereductionswouldtakeplacebetweentwothousandtwelveandtwothousandthirty.Thatis,ifafastercureisdevelopedandinwideusebytwothousandtwelve.TheWordHealthOrganizationdevelopedtheDOTSprogramnineteenninety.DOTSisDirectlyobservedTreatment,Short-course.Healthworkerswatchtuberculosispatientstaketheirdailypillstomakesuretheycontinuetreatment.Earlierthisyear,aninternationalpartnershipoforganizationsannouncedaplantoexpandtheDOTSprogram.Theten-yearplanalsoaimstofinanceresearchintonewTBdrugs.Thefourmostcommondrugsusednowaremorethanfortyyearsold.TheGlobalAllianceforTBDrugDevelopmentsaysitslong-termgoalisatreatmentthatcouldworkinasfewastendoses.第二篇InfluenzaInfluenzahasbeenwithusalongtime.AccordingtosomeGreekwritersonmedicalhistory，theoutbreakof412B.C.wasofinfluenza.ThesamehasbeensuggestedofthesicknessthatsweptthoughtheGreekarmyattackingSyracusein395B.C.Fluisadiseasethatmovesmostquicklyamongpeoplelivingincrowdedconditions,hence,itislikelytoattackarmies.Duringthenineteenthcenturytherewerefivewidespreadoutbreaksofinfluenza.Thelastofthefivehappenedin1889andmarkedthebeginningofthestoryofinfluenzainourtime.Liketherecentoutbreak,itstartedinAsia.Formorethanfortyyearsbeforethatoutbreak,influenzahadsteadilydecreasedandwasbelievedtobedyingout.Anewgroupofoutbreakswasintroducedbythegreatoutbreakof1889-1890andforthenextquarterofacenturyfluremainedaconstantthreat.InApril1918flubrokeoutamongAmericantroopsstationedinFrance.Itquicklyspreadthroughallthearmiesbutcausedrelativelyfewdeaths.Fourmonthslater,however,asecondoutbreakstartedwhichprovedtobeakiller.Itkillednotonlytheoldandalreadysickbutalsohealthyoungadults.Itwentthrougheverycountryintheworld,onlyafewdistantislandsintheSouthAtlanticandthePacificremaininguntouched.Itbroughtthelifeofwholecountriestostop，foodsuppliesstoppedandworklosswasverygreat.Beforethegreatoutbreakended,ithadkilledatleast15millionpeople·Thereaftertherehavebeenseveralgreatoutbreaksthroughouttheworld.Itisthusclearthatinfluenzaisaterribleinfectionthatwehavetopaymoreattentionto.第三篇oneGoodReasontoLetSmallpoxLiveIt’s,nowafairbetthatWeWillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980,whensmallpoxwasinthewild,bydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanet,whatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves?Inreality,ofcourse,itwasnaïvetoimaginethateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapotentpotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhaveafewvials.Andthelast“official”,stocksoflivevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia,fornoobviousgain.NowAmericanresearchershavefoundananimalmodelofthehumandisease,openingthewayfortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Soonceagainthere'sagoodreasontokeepthevirus—justincasethediseaseputsinareappearance.HowdowedealwiththemistrustoftheUSandRussia?Simple.Keepthevirus．Underinternationalauspicesinawell—guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobject,ofcourse,justasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideaiswrong.Ifthevirusisuseful,thenlet’smakeittheservantofailhumanity—notjustapartofit.第四篇Diet,AlcoholLinkedtoNearlyoneThirdofCancersDietissecondonlytotobaccoasaleadingcauseofcancerand,alongwithalcohol,isresponsiblefornearlyonethirdofcasesofthediseaseindevelopedcountries,aleadingresearchersaidonTuesday.Dr.TimKey,oftheUniversityofOxford,toldacancerconferencethatscientistsarestilldiscoveringhowcertainfoodscontributetocancer，buttheyknowthatdiet,alcoholandobesityplayamajorrole."Fivepercentofcancerscouldbeavoidedifnobodywasobese,"hesaid.Whiletobaccoislinkedtoabout30percentofcancercases,dietisinvolvedinanestimated25percentandalcoholinaboutsixpercent.Obesityraisestheriskofbreast,womb,bowelandkidneycancer,whilealcohol15knowntocauseCancersofthemouth,throatandliver.Itsdangerousimpactisincreasedwhencombinedwithsmoking.KeytoldthemeetingofthecharityCancerResearchUKthatotherelementsofdietlinkedtocancerarestillunknownbutscientistsarehopingthattheEPICstudy,whichiscomparingthedietsof500，000peoplein10countriesandtheirriskofcancer,willprovidesomeanswers.EarlyresultsofthestudyhaverevealedthatNorway，SwedenandDenmarkhavethelowestconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesamongEuropeancountrieswhileItalyandSpainhavethehighest.Eatingatleastfiveportionsoffruitandvegetablesadayisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcancer.Key,principalscientistontheEPICstudy,saidit15lookingatdietarylinkstosomeofthemostcommoncancersincludingcolorectal,breastandprostate.第五篇MenTooMaySufferfromDomesticViolenceNearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimes,accordingtooneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen.“Manymenactuallydoexperiencedomesticviolence,althoughwedon’thearaboutitoften,"Dr.RobertJ.ReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle,oneofthestudy'sauthors,toldReutersHealth.“Theyoftendon’ttellandwedon’task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolencethattheyarenotaloneandtherealeresourcesavailabletothem.Theresearchersaskedstudyparticipantsaboutphysicalabuseandnon-physicalabuse，suchasthreatsthatmadethemfearfortheirsafety,controllingbehavior(forexample,beingtoldwhotheycouldassociatewithandwheretheycouldgo),andconstantname-calling.Amongmen18to54yearsold,14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartnerviolenceinthepastfiveyears,while6.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear.Rateswerelowerformen55andolder，with5.3percentreportingviolenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months.Overall,30.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeenvictimsofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfoftheviolencethemenexperiencedwasphysical.However,thephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn’tasthatsufferedbywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrateditassevere,cornparedto61percentofwomen.Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreproblemsthanthosewhohadnot,especiallyoldermen,theresearchersfound.第六篇once-dailyPillCouldSimplifyHIVTreatmentBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepill.Sometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.Malaria,tuberculosisandHIV/AIDS,,forexample,arealltreatedwithcombinationsofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbesimplerifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepill,takenjustonceaday.Now,twocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejuststartingtreatmentforHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-Myers'SquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhavedevelopedasinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthemunderthenameofSustiva.GileadcombinedtheothersEmtrivaandViread,intoasinglepillintwothousandfour.Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethantechnicalissues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetitionifthedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultofwhatisdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV.InJanuarythenewEnglandjournalofMedicinepublishedastudyofthenewpill.ResearcherscompareditseffectivenesstothatofthewidelyusedcombinationofSustivaandCombivir.Combivircontainstwodrugs,AZTand3TC.Theresearcherssaythatafteroneyearoftreatment,thenewpillsuppressedHIVlevelsinmorepatientsandwithfewersideeffects.Gileadpaidforthestudy.ProfessorJoelGallantattheJohnsHopkinsSchoolofMedicineinBaltimore,Maryland,ledtheresearch.HeisapaidadvisertoGileadandBristol-MeyersSquibbaswellasthemakerofCombivir,GlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlinereactedtothefindingsbysayingthatasinglestudyisoflimitedvalue.ItsaystheeffectivenessofCombivirhasbeenshownineachofmorethanfiftystudies.Thepriceofthenewonce-dailypillhasnotbeenannounced.ButGileadandBristol-MyersSquibbsaytheywillprovideitatreducedcosttodevelopingcountries.TheyplaninthenextfewmonthstoasktheUnitedStatesFoodandDrugAdministrationtoapprovethenewpill.Therearelimitstowhocouldtakeitbecauseofthedifferentdrugsitcontains.Forexample,pregnantwomenaretoldnottotakeSustivabecauseoftheriskofbirthdisorders.ExpertssaymorethanfortymillionpeoplearoundtheworldarelivingwithHIV.第七篇ExerciseWeatherornotexerciseaddstothelengthoflife,itiscommonexperiencethatacertainamountofregularexerciseimprovesthehealthandcontributesafeelingofwell-being.Furthermore,exercisewhichinvolvesplayandrecreation,andrelievesnervoustensionandmentalfatiguein50doing,15notonlypleasantbutbeneficial.Howmuchandwhatkindofexerciseoneshouldtakemeritscarefulconsideration.Thegrowingchildandthenormalyoungmanandyoungwomanthrillwiththeexhilarationofstrenuoussports.Theyfatiguetothepointofexhaustionbutrecoverpromptlywithaperiodofrest.Butnotsowiththoseofmiddleageandbeyond.Forthemmoderationisofvitalimportance.Justhowmuchexerciseapersonofagivenagecansafelytakeisaquestionhardtoanswer.Individualviabilityistoogreattopermitofgeneralization·Agameoftennismaybeperfectlysafeforonepersonoffortybutfollyforanother.Thesafelylimitforexercisedependsontheconditionoftheheart,theconditionofthemuscles,thetypeofexercise,andtheregularitywithwhichitistaken.Twogeneralsuggestions,however,willserveassoundadviceforanyone.Thefirstisthattheconditionoftheheartandgeneralhealthshouldbedeterminedperiodicallybycareful,thoroughphysicalexaltations.Theotheristhatexerciseshouldbekeptbelowthepointofphysicalexhaustion.Whattypeofexerciseoneshouldchoosedependsuponone'sphysicalcondition.Youngpeoplecansafelyenjoyvigorouscompetitivesports,butmostolderpersonsdobettertolimitthemselvestolessstrenuousactivities.Walking,swimming,skatingareamongthesportsthatonecanenjoyandsafelyparticipateinthroughoutlife.Regularityisimportantifoneistogetthemostenjoymentandbenefitoutofexercise."第八篇FoodSafetyandFoodborneIllnessFoodsafetyisanincreasinglyimportantpublichealthissue.Governmentsallovertheworldareintensifyingtheireffortstoimprovefoodsafety.Theseeffortsareinresponsetoanincreasingnumberoffoodsafetyproblemsandrisingconsumerconcerns.Foodborneillnessesaredefinedasdiseases,usuallyeitherinfectiousorto劝cinnature,causedbyagentsthatenterthebodytrilogytheingestionoffood.Everypersonisatriskoffoodborneillness.Foodbornediseasesareawidespreadandgrowingpublichealthproblem,bothindevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Theglobalincidenceoffoodbornediseaseisdifficulttoestimate,butithasbeenreportedthatin2005alone8millionpeople,diedfromdiarrhoealdiseases.Agreatproportionofthesecasescanbeattributedtocontaminationoffoodanddrinkingwater.Additionally,diarrhoeaisamajorcauseofmalnutritionininfantsandyoungchildren.Inindustrializedcountries,thepercentageofthepopulationsufferingfromfoodbornediseaseseachyearhasbeenreportedtobe10upto30%.IntheUnitedStatesofAllmerica(USA),forexample,around76millioncasesoffoodbornediseases，resultingin325,000hospitalizationsand5,000deaths,areestimatedtooccureachyear.Whilelesswelldocumented,developingcountriesbearthebruntoftheproblemduetothepresenceofawiderangeoffoodbornediseases,includingthosecausedbyparasites.ThehighprevalenceofdiarrhoealdiseasesinmanydevelopingcountriessuggestsmajorunderlyingfoodsafetyProblems·Inpartnershipwithotherstakeholders,WHOisdevelopingpoliciesthatwillfurtherpromotethesafetyoffood.thepoliciescovertheentirefoodchainfromproductiontoconsumptionandwillmakeuseofdifferenttypesofexpertise.第九篇ManyWomenWhoBeatCancerDon’tChangeHabitsManywomenwhobattlebreastcancerwilltellyouitisalife-changingexperience.However,anewstudyshowsthatformanywomen，thechangesaren’talwayspositiveorpermanent.BethSnokehaswatchedhermotherandbothgrandmothersbattleandsurvivebreastcancer．Sowhenshewasdiagnosed,therewasnodoubtinhermindwhatshehadtodo.“IdoexactlywhatthedoctorssayasfarasthemedicinethatI'mon,asfarasthevitamins,thediet,andthefitness.And1can’t,stressenoughhowimportantthatis,“saysBethSnoke.Butasurprisingnewstudyshowsthatnoteverywomanwhobeatsbreastcancerisgettingthatmessage.Infact,nearly40%ofthemsayevenaftersurvivingbreastcancer,theyhaven’tmadesignificantchangesinthewaytheyeatorhowmuchtheyexercise."Notallsurvivorsaretakingadvantageofthisteachablemomentandmakingpositivehealthchangesintheirlife,“saysElectraPaskett,PhD,atOhioStateUniversity'sComprehensiveCancerCenter.PaskettsaysdietandexercisehavebeenProventonotonlyhelpwomenfeelbetterduringandaftertreatment,theymayalsoplayaroleinpreventingsomecancersfromcomingback．Despitegrowingevidence,somewomenjustaren’tlistening·

“Coloncancersurvivorswhoexercisehaveactuallybeenshowntohaveimprovedsurvivalrates.So,yes,it'istruethatperhapsbymakingsomeofthesehealthychoiceswecanactuallyincreasetheirhealth,"saysPaskett.Asabreastcancersurvivorherself,Paskettknowsfirsthandhowmuchdifferencedietandexercisecanmake.Thechallenge,shesays,istogetmoresurvivorstobemorelikeBeth,duringandaftertreatment.Expertssayexercisingmoreandeatingahealthierdietcanalsocutdownonstressandhelpwomenovercomedepression.Therearemorethan2millionbreastcancersurvivorslivingintheU.S.ofthose,nearlyamillionhaveyettochangetheirdietorexerciseroutines.第十篇HospitalMistreatmentAccordingto