利用循环经济的贸易（英文版）

CIRCULARECONOMYTRANSITIONPAPERSERIES

HarnessingTrade

fortheCircularEconomy

CircularSTEP

StakeholderEngagementPlatform

2

CircularSTEP

AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Copyright©2023UnitedNations.Allrightsreservedworldwide.

Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedhereinarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheUnitedNationsoritsofficialsormemberStates.

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerialinthisinthispolicypaperoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE)donotimplytheexpres-sionofanyopinionwhatsoeverconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorarea,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

Thispaperisintendedforlearningpurposes.TheinclusionofcompanynamesandexamplesdoesnotconstituteanendorsementbyUNECE.Referencetonamesoffirmsandcommercialproductsandprocesses,whetherthesehavebeenpatented,ornot,doesnotimplytheirendorsementbyUNECEandanyfailuretomentionaparticularfirm,commercialproductorprocessisnotasignofdisapproval.

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AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

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Contents

Preface7

Acknowledgements8

Chapter1

THELINEARANDTHECIRCULARECONOMICMODELS9

Chapter2

TRADEANDTHECIRCULARECONOMY:AREVIEW17

Supplychainsascatalystsforthecirculareconomy17

Theinterfacebetweentradeandthecirculareconomy20

Chapter3

SCALINGUPTHECIRCULARECONOMY:

TRADE-RELATEDPOLICYINTERACTIONSANDSPECIFICSECTORS25

Policyinteractions25

Tradeandinvestmentandfinancing25

Tradeandinnovation26

Tradeanddigitalisation27

Tradeandprocurement29

Specificsectors30

Tradeinservices30

Tradeinagriculturalproducts31

Tradeintextiles32

Tradeincriticalminerals34

Chapter4

REGULATORYFRAMEWORKSFORTRADEANDTHECIRCULARECONOMY36

Multilaterallevel36

WorldTradeOrganization36

Internationalstandards39

Regionallevel41

Nationallevel43

Chapter5

TRADEANDTHECIRCULARECONOMYINTRANSITIONECONOMIES45

Availabledata46

Policies52

Challengesandopportunities54

Chapter6

CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS56

Annex160

Bibliography61

Getintouch66

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AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Figures

Figure1

Tradeandenvironment-relatedmeasuresnotifiedtotheWTO(2009–2017)20

Figure2

Numberofnewinterventionsonmetalwaste&scrap23

Figure3

Ecologicalfootprintandbiologicalcapacitypercapita,region,past10years47

Figure4

Ecologicaldeficitorsurplus,bycountry,total47

Figure5

Ecologicalfootprintpercapitabycategory48

Figure6

Exportsbycountryandmaterialgroup,201949

Figure7

Importsbycountryandmaterialgroup,201950

Figure8

MappingofNationalCircularEconomyPoliciesworldwide,202251

Figure9

Relevanceofkeycirculareconomytopics(survey)52

Figure10

Environment-relatedmeasuresnotifiedtotheWTO53

FigureA1

Comparingcircularbusinessmodelsandthelinearvaluechain60

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CircularSTEP

AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Boxes

Box1

Fivebusinessmodelsofthecirculareconomytoshapematerialloops11

Box2

Examplesofcirculareconomyapproachesinbusiness13

Box3

Circulareconomyandclimatechangeobjectives15

Box4

Regulatinginternationaltradeinhazardouswaste23

Box5

UNECEAgriculturalQualityStandards32

Box6

UNECE’sworkonsupplychainsofcriticalminerals35

Box7

TheTradeandEnvironmentalSustainabilityStructuredDiscussion38

Box8

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations42

Tables

Table1

Makinginternationaltracecircular:possibletrendsandkeyquestions18

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CircularSTEP

AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Abbreviations

ASEANCEFACTDNV

DPPEFTAEGAEPRESGFTAGHGHS

IP

ISO

ITU

MSMEsOECD

PPP

SDGs

SPECATESSDToS-ICPTRIPS

UNECEUNEP

VSS

WBCSDWtE

WTO

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations

CentreforTradeFacilitationandElectronicBusinessDetNorskeVeritas

DigitalProductPassport

EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation

EnvironmentalGoodsAgreement

ExtendedProducerResponsibility

Environmental,SocialandGovernanceFreeTradeAgreement

GreenhouseGas

HarmonizedSystemIntellectualProperty

InternationalOrganizationforStandardizationInternationalTelecommunicationUnion

Micro-,Small-andMedium-sizedEnterprises

OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentPublic-PrivatePartnership

SustainableDevelopmentGoals

SpecialProgrammefortheEconomiesofCentralAsia

TradeandEnvironmentalSustainabilityStructuredDiscussionsTeamofSpecialistsonInnovationandCompetitivenessPolicies

Trade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRightsUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

VoluntarySustainabilityStandards

WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopmentWastetoEnergy

WorldTradeOrganization

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AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

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Preface

Acirculareconomyisaneconomywhere(i)thevalueofmaterialsintheeconomyismaximisedandmaintainedforaslongaspossible;(ii)theinputofmaterialsandtheirconsumptionisminimised;and(iii)thegenerationofwasteispreventedaswellasnegativeenvironmentalimpactsreducedthroughoutthelife-cycleofmaterials(ECE/CES/2023/3).

TheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE),oneoffiveUnitedNationsRegionalEconomicCommissions,hastakenimportantstepstoadvancethetransitiontoamorecirculareconomy.Atits69thsessioninApril2021,UNECEmemberStatesrequestedrelevantsectoralcommitteesandbodiestoscaleuptheireffortstopromotecirculareconomyapproachesandthesustainableuseofnaturalresources.MemberStatesalsoaskedtoconsiderhowtoenhancetheimpactofexistingUNECEinstruments,includingbyproposingwaystoidentify,evaluateandaddressgapsingovernanceandbestpractices(E/ECE/1494).Initsmorerecent70thsession,inApril2023,theCommissionaddressedprogressmadeandinvitedtomainstreamdigitalandgreentransformationsforsustainabledevelopmentasacross-cuttingpriority(E/ECE/1504).

Overthelastthreeyears,theUNECEsecretariathasrespondedtothisrequestandworkedtointegratethecirculareconomyapproachinthefullscopeofitsrelevantactivitystreams.Amongothers,thisincludesexploringtheroleoftradeinacceleratingthetransitiontocircularity.

Thispolicypaperanalysestheroleofinternationaltradeasanacceleratorofthecircularityprocess.Itinvestigatesthepoliciesthatcanboostandthosethatcanhamperthetransition,andlaysoutrecommendationsforthewayforward.Attentionisgiventothespecificpositionoftransitioneconomiesandtheirchallengesinusingtradeasameanstomovetowardsamorecirculareconomy.Finally,thepaperpresentsentrypointsforthetypeandnatureofassistancethatUNECEcouldprovidetoitsmemberStatestosupportthistransition.

Ihopethispublicationwillhelppolicymakersintheregiontoharnessthepoweroftradeforthecirculartransition,buildeconomicprosperityandresilience,andachieveprogressintheattainmentoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),particularlySDG12onresponsibleconsumptionandproduction.

ElisabethTürk

Director,EconomicCooperationandTradeUNECE

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AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Acknowledgements

ThispaperwasdraftedbyJosipPervan,InternationalTradeConsultant.Hecompiledthedata,carriedouttheanalysisandinterviewsanddraftedthestudy.

ThefollowingUNECEcolleaguesprovidedsubstantiveinputstothedraft:TonyBonnici,OliviaChassot,JamesDaher,EvaJohannsen,RalphHeinrich,CamilleMalafosse,TemirlanNurmoldayev,JosePalacin,AnastasiaPankova,MariaTeresaPisani,RoksolanaShelest,Na-dezhdaSporyshevaandHarikrishnanTulsidas.

Insummer2022,thepaperwasthenpeer-reviewedthroughUNECE’sCircularSTEPandreceivedcommentsfromnationalfocalpointsEvgeniyYakushkin,SerdarCharyyev,AnnaBladhChristiansson,VictoriiaKovalenko,internationalexperts,representativesofacademiaandthinkstanksintheregion.ParticularthanksgoestoYvonneBartmann,BentolilaDolores,NathalieBernasconi,RumenDobrinski,BeatrizFernandez,HenriqueSilvaPaciniCosta,RashidKaukab,LeslieSajois,PatrickSchroeder,YingZhang.

ApreliminaryexecutivesummaryofthispaperwassubmittedtotheseventhsessionoftheUNECESteeringCommitteeonTradeCapacityandStandards(SCTCS)inJune2022anddiscussedatitshigh-levelevent.

ThepaperwaseditedbyLiseLingoandvisualdesignwaspreparedbyOndineJung.

ThedevelopmentoftheseriesofpolicypapersisledbyElisabethTürk,DirectorofEconomicCooperationandTradeDivision(ECTD)andbenefitsfromtheUNECE-widetaskforceoncirculareconomy,undertheleadershipofDmitryMariyasin,DeputyExecutiveSecretaryofUNECE.

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AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

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Chapter1

Thelinearandthecirculareconomicmodels

Chapter1

THELINEARAND

THECIRCULAR

ECONOMICMODELS

Thecurrentglobaleconomyreliesheavilyontheextractionanduseofrawmaterials.Ma-terialsaretransformedthroughproductionprocesses,usedorconsumed,andultimatelydiscardedintotheenvironment.This“take-make-waste”approachisthecornerstoneofthelineareconomicmodel.Thismodelgeneratesabout50percentofallgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,1whichputsitattheheartoftheharmfulimpactsthathumanshaveontheenvironment.Withaprojectedglobalpopulationgrowthto10billionpeopleby2060andanunrelentingappetitefornewconsumergoods,humanityisoncoursetoincreaseGHGemissionsby80percent2whileexhaustingtheEarth’sfinitebaseofmaterialresources.Atthesametime,theworldpopulationisprojectedtogenerate3.40billiontonsofwasteby2050.3

Theunderlyingparadigm,whichassumesthatsocietycanenjoyuninterruptedgrowthbasedonextractionandpollutionbydrawingonEarth’sfiniteresources,isnotviableinthelongterm.Infact,thereisgrowingconsensusamongexpertsthatthecurrenteconomicmethodsmustbeabandoned.4

Thecirculareconomymodeloffersaresponsetothismultitudeofchallengesbyreducingwasteandclosingthematerialandprocessloops,therebypreservingEarth’snaturalcapital.TheEllenMcArthurFoundation,aninternationalfoundationfocusedonacceleratingthetransitiontothecirculareconomy,definesitasasystemsolutionframeworkbasedonthreeprinciples,drivenbydesign:

•Eliminatewasteandpollution.

•Circulateproductsandmaterials(attheirhighestvalue).

•Regeneratenature.

1UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,GlobalResourcesOutlook,NaturalResourcesfortheFutureWeWant,AreportoftheInternationalResourcePanel,2019.Availableat

/global-resources-outlook-2019

.

2OECD,GlobalMaterialResourcesOutlookto2060:EconomicDriversandEnvironmentalConsequences,2018.Availableat

/10.1787/9789264307452-en

.

3WorldBank,WhataWaste2.0:AGlobalSnapshotofSolidWasteManagementto2050.UrbanDevelopment,2018.Availableat

/handle/10986/30317

.

4AsnotedinUNEP,DecouplingNaturalResourceUseandEnvironmentalImpactsfromEconomicGrowth,AReportoftheWorkingGrouponDecouplingtotheInternationalResourcePanel,2011.Availableat

/index.

php?page=view&type=400&nr=151&menu=1515

.

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AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Chapter1

Thelinearandthecirculareconomicmodels

Underpinningtheseprinciplesisatransitiontorenewableenergyandmaterials.Inthecir-culareconomy,activitiesaredecoupledfromtheconsumptionoffiniteresources,creatingaresilientsystemthatisbeneficialforbusiness,people,andtheenvironment.5

Oftenmistakenlyequatedwithrecycling,thecirculareconomyisabroader,evolvingconceptthataimstorevolutionizehumanity’swayofproducing,consuming,andinteractingwithnature.Thecirculareconomyischaracterizedbyreduceddemandforprimarymaterials,broughtaboutbydesigningvariousformsofwasteoutofeconomicactivity.Consequently,movingtoamorecirculareconomycanimprovethequalityoflife,createaregenerativesociety,anddevelopasustainable,nature-positiveglobaleconomy.Inthecirculareconomy,productsaredesignedfordurabilityandupgradeability,therebyreducingwasteandcrea-tingmarketsforby-products,whichexpandsthescopeofeconomicsectorswithlessneedforextractingprimaryresources.Thisessentiallymeansthatthecirculareconomyentailsreducing,reusing,repairing,remanufacturing,andfinallyrecyclingandrecovering,asthelastandleastdesirableoptions.6

Fromthisbroaderperspective,existinglinearbusinessmodelsarelargelyresource-inefficientandwasteful.Oneofthemainchallengesinmovingtothecirculareconomyhasbeentostimulatebusinessestoconceptualizeandintegratenewbusinessmodelstoaddresstheseinefficienciesandcreatenewvalue.Anumberofcircularbusinessmodelsattempttoclose,slowdown,narrow,intensifyanddematerializeresourceloops.7Thepurposeofsucheffortsistokeepmaterialscirculatingintheeconomy,therebyreducingwaste,ortorecovermaterialsfortheirsubsequentusewithinanotherloop.Theresourceloopscanbeclosedthroughdifferentchannels:reusing,remanufacturing,repairingorrecycling.Box1providesanoverviewofthebusinessopportunitiestoshapematerialloopsthatthecirculareconomyoffers.

5EllenMacArthurFoundation,“Whatisacirculareconomy?”,2022.Availableat

/topics/

circular-economy-introduction/overview

.

6ReTrace,CircularEconomyandthe6REs,2019.Availableat

https://www.retrace-itn.eu/2019/07/15/the-6-res-of-the-circular-

economy-reduce-reuse-repair-remanufacture-recycle-and-recover/#:~:text=As%20the%20Circular%20Economy%20

is,Remanufacture%2C%20Recycle%2C%20and%20Recover.

7MartinGeissdoerfer,SandraMorioka,MarlyMonteirodeCarvalhoandSteveEvans,“Businessmodelsandsupplychainsforthecirculareconomy”,JournalofCleanerProduction,vol.190(20July2018),pp.712–721.

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CircularSTEP

AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Chapter1

Thelinearandthecirculareconomicmodels

Box1Fivebusinessmodelsofthecirculareconomytoshapematerialloops

MethodExplanation/example

Closing

resourceloops

Substitutingprimarymaterialswithsecondarymaterialsthroughrepairing,rema-nufacturingorrecycling

Slowingdownresourceloops

Reducingtheenvironmentalfootprintbyextendingthelifecycleofproducts

Narrowing

resourceloops

Improvingtheefficiencyofproduction,distribution,andconsumptionprocessesbyimplementingtechnologicalimprovementsandreducingwasteorenergyconsumption

Intensifying

resourceloops

Removingidletimeswhenproductsarenotused(e.g.rentingapartmentsthatareotherwiseempty)

Dematerializing

Movingfromproductstoservices(e.g.movingfromowningCDstosubscribing

resourceloops

toonlinestreamingservicestoobtainmusic)

Source:UNECE,basedonGeissdoerfer(2018).

Theprivatesectorisattheforefrontofinnovationandthetransitiontocircularity.Toacertaindegree,entrepreneursaroundtheworldcanshape,steer,andforeseefutureconsumptiontrendsthroughdailyinteractionwithconsumers.Consumersindevelopedandemergingeconomiesareraisingtheirexpectations,movingtowardsmoredurableandsustainableproducts,andareincreasinglyreadytopaythepriceforthem.Despitethosedemands,thetransitiontoamorecirculareconomywillbedifficultformanyestablishedcompanies,asitwillrequireacompleterethinkingofproductionprocesses,businessmodelinnovation,productionredesign,refittingandrepurposingofvaluechains,amongothers.

Asthetrendtowardscircularitycontinuesandgovernmentsbeginestablishingincentivesforthetransition,lessresource-efficientcompanieswillberequiredtoadaptandadoptmorecircularbusinessmodelsanddevelopstrategiesforthetransition.AsnotedintheCircularEconomyHandbook(Lacy,LongandSpindler,2020),circular-borncompaniesstandtoenjoyanadvantageinthetransitiontoapredominantlycircularworld,astheywillofferatleastthreebenefits:

1.Greaterresilience(byhavingmorecontroloverinputstotheirproductionprocessesascomparedwithlinearcompanies)

2.Higherefficiency(byusingfewerinputs,businessforecastingmodelstoreduceoverstock,andcirculardesignaimedatreducingrawmaterialandsourcingitfromcheaperrecoveredsources)

3.Moresustainablebusinessmodels(productdesignthatfostersrepair,upgradeability,easierdisassembly,remanufacturingorrecycling,nosourcingofvirginrawmaterials,areducedcarbonfootprintandsoon).8

8PeterLacy,JessicaLong,WesleySpindler,TheCircularEconomyHandbook:RealizingtheCircularAdvantage(London,PalgraveMacmillan,2020).Availableat

/book/10.1057/978-1-349-95968-6?page=2#toc

.

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AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Chapter1

Thelinearandthecirculareconomicmodels

Accordingtoarecentsurveyof793companies9acrossindustriesinEurope,NorthAmerica,CentralandSouthAmericaandAsiabyDNV(DetNorskeVeritas)andtheWorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment(WBCSD),10thecirculareconomymodelisgraduallybeingassimilatedintobusinessstrategies:11

•75percentofcompaniesareanalysingordiscussingcircularity-relatedoptions.

•12percenthaveintegratedcirculareconomyintotheircorebusinessstrategies.

•26percentembeddedcirculareconomyintheirsustainabilitystrategies.

Althoughthecurrentcirculareconomymaturityofcompaniesmightseemlow,thesurveypredictsconsiderableimprovementinthenextfiveyears.Therearemanyexamplesofsuc-cessfulbusinessmodels,productsandservicesbeingappliedworldwidebybothsmallerandbiggercompanies(box2).

9Outof793companies,4.3percentareactiveintheprimarysector,73.8percentinthesecondarysectorand22.9percentinthetertiarysector.Themajorityofinterviewedcompaniesareeithersmall(29.2percent)ormedium(33.3percent)insize.

10ViewPointTeam,DNV,andWBCSD,CircularEconomy:HowAretheCompaniesTransitioning,2021.Availableat

https://www.

/assurance/viewpoint/viewpoint-surveys/2021Q3/download.html

.

11ThestudywasconductedinMarch–April2021.

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CircularSTEP

AcceleratingtheTransitiontowardsaCircularEconomyintheUNECERegion:

HarnessingTradefortheCircularEconomy

Chapter1

Thelinearandthecirculareconomicmodels

Box2Examplesofcirculareconomyapproachesinbusiness

Examplesofcirculareconomyapproachesabound,asmoreinnovativeapproachesarecreated.Big,smallandstart-upcompaniesareforgingthepathforbringingcircularityintotheglobaleconomicmainstream:

•

CircosBV(Netherlands)isanonlineshopwitharentalsubscriptionserviceforchildren’sandmaternitywear,foundedwiththemissiontoincreasetheuseandprolongthelifeofgarmentsthataretypicallyusedforonlyashorttime.

•

CloseTheLoopLtd.(Australia)usestechnologytoconvertsoftplasticsandoldprintercartridgesintoroads,improvingtheirqualityanddurability.

•

HP(UnitedStates)leadsthewayincollectingplasticsfromriversandlakesbeforereachingoceansandtransformingthemintoscreensandcomputers.

•

Hygglo(Sweden)isanonlineplatformforsharingandrentingallkindsofproductsbetweenindividuals,particularlyitemsthatarenotusedeveryday.

•

HYLAMobile,Inc.(UnitedStates)cooperateswithmanyleadingelectronicsmanufacturers,repurposingoldsmartphonesandtabletsandsimilardevicesandmakingthemusableagain.

•

LeviStrauss&Co.(UnitedStates)repurposesoldgarmen