考研英语阅读理解A节(传统题型)分类精讲社会伦理类-(二)

考研英语阅读理解A节（传统题型）分类精讲社会伦理类-（二）

（总分：100.00,做题时间：90分钟）

一、SectionIIReadingComprehension（总题数：5,分数：100.00）

Beingsmartisthemostexpensivethingwedo.Notintermsofmoney,butinacurrencythatis

vitaltoalllivingthings:energy.Onestudyfoundthatnewbornhumansspendcloseto90percent

oftheircaloriesonbuildingandrunningtheirbrains.（Evenasadults,ourbrainsconsumeas

muchasaquarterofourenergy.）If,duringchi1dhood,whenthebrainisbeingbui11,some

unexpectedenergycostcomesalong,thebrainwillsuffer.Infectiousdiseaseisafactorthat

mayroblargeamountsofenergyawayfromadevelopingbrain.Agreatdealofresearchhasshown

thataverageIQvariesaroundtheworld,bothacrossnationsandwithinthem.

HigherIQpredictsawiderangeofimportantfactors,includingbettergradesinschool,ahigher

levelofeducation,betterhealth,betterjobperformance,higherwages,andreducedriskof

obesity.Sohavingabetterunderstandingofvariationsinintelligencemightyieldagreater

understandingoftheseotherissuesaswell.

Inastudyin2010,itwasfoundthat,amongallthefactorsthat.affectintelligence,infectious

diseaseworksasthebestpredictorofthebunch.ArecentstudybyChristopherHassallandThomas

Sherrattrepeatedthestudyusingmoresophisticatedstatisticalmethods,andconcludedthat

infectiousdiseasemaybetheonlyreallyimportantpredictorofaveragenationalIQ.

Supportforthishypothesiscomesnotonlyfromcross-nationalstudies,butfromstudiesof

individuals.Therehavebeenmanystudies,forexample,showingthatchildreninfectedwith

intestinalwormshavelowerIQlaterinlife.AnotherstudybyAtheendarVenkataramanifoundthat

regionsinMexicothatwerethetargetofmalariaeradicationprogramshadhigheraverageIQthan

thosethatwerenot.Tnpracticalterms,however,thismeansthathumanintel1igenceismutable.

IfdifferencesinIQacrosstheworldarelargelyduetoexposuretoinfectiousdiseaseduring

childhood,thenreducingexposuretodiseaseshouldincreaseIQ.

Despitethestrengthofthefindings,thestudywasnotwithoutitslimitations.Theresearchers

didtheirbesttocontrolfortheeffectsofeducation.Butwhattheyreallyneededwastorepeat

theiranalysisacrossregionswithinasinglenation,preferablyonewithstandardized,compulsory

education.ThenationtheychosewastheUnitedStates.AverageIQvariesinthestates.Again,

infectiousdiseasewasanexcellentpredictorofaveragestateIQ.Thestateswiththefivelowest

averageIQallhavehigherlevelsofinfectiousdiseasethanthestateswiththefivehighest

averageIQ,andtherelationshipwasgoodacrossallofthestatesinbetween.

Sofar,theevidencesuggeststhatinfectiousdiseaseisaprimarycauseoftheglobalvariation

inhumanintel1igence.Sincethisisadevelopmentalcause,ratherthanageneticone,it'sgood

newsforanyonewhoisinterestedinreducingglobalinequalityassociatedwithIQ.Itwillallow

peopleinterestedinusingthisinformationtoraisetheIQofpeoplearoundtheworldtotarget

theireffortsmosteffectivelyandefficiently.

（分数：20.00）

（1）.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat

A.energyisthemostimportantfactorthataffectsintelligence.

B.newbornbabiesspendmorecaloriesthanadultsinrunningtheirbrains.

C.extraenergycostmaycauseintellectualdamagetochildren.

D.thereareIQvariationsamongandwithinnations.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推断题。根据题干定位在第一段。最后一句话提到，大量的研究证明，在全世界，平均IQ

都有差异，而这种差异不只是存在于国与国之间，也存在于一个国家的内部。D项“国家之间以及国家内

部都存在智商的差异”是此处的同义改写，故D项正确。其他三项均与原文不符。

(2).HigheraverageIQinoneplacemay

A.explainwhypeopletherecangetabetterunderstanding.

B.indicatethepossibilityofhavinganinfectiousdisease.

C.showthehistoryoflessinfectiousdiseasesthere.

D.showthatpeoplethereareslimmerthanthosewithlowerIQ.(分数：4.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干higheraverageIQ定位在第二、三段。第二段主要说明高智商对人的教

育、健康等方面有影响。2010年研究表明，传染性疾病在所有影响智力的因素中具有最大的影响。接下来

又指出，最近也有研究表明传染病也许是预测国民平均智商的唯一真正重要的因素。由此可推断出，传染

性疾病影响智力的发展，一个地区智力平均水平高，则可以反过来说明该地区所经历的传染性疾病可能相

对较少，故C项“表明那一地区较少的传染病史”正确。

(3).Theword"mutable”(Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto

A.changeable.B.exchangeable.

C.acceptable.I),susceptible.(分数：4.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］含义题。根据题干定位在第四段。第四句话Inpracticalterms,however,thismeansthat

humanintel1igenceismutable(然而从实践的角度出发，这意味着人们的智商是—)，句中的this

指代第二、三句的内容，这两句用两个研究分别从正反两方面指出传染病对智力的影响，第一个研究表明

患过肠虫病的孩子智商比较低，第二个研究表明在实施过消除疟疾措施的地区，人们的智商更高。mutable

后第五句是研究得出的结论：既然在很大程度上，智商的差异是由传染性疾病的情况决定的，那么减少传

染病就可能提高智商。由此可以推出，人的智商是可以通过减少传染病来提高，即人类的智商是可以改变

的，故A项“可以改变的”为正确答案。

(4).WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphs4and5?

A.ChildrenwithhigherIQmayhavesufferedfromintestinalworms.

B.MalariaaffectsmostMexicans*physicalhealth.

C.AverageIQvariationintheU.S.isnotsoobvious.

D.Educationisalsoafactorthataffectsintelligence.(分数：4.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位到第四、五段。这两段对研究的结论以及过程进行了详细的介绍，第

五段第一句指出，尽管研究结论非常具有说服力，但研究仍然有局限性。接着第二、三句具体指出：研究

人员尽全力控制教育因素对研究结果产生的影响，实施标准化义务教育的国家会更适合成为研究的对象，

也就是说要将教育者这一因素变成一个常量，才能够准确得知传染病对智商的影响，故可推断出D项“教

育也是影响人智商的一个因素”正确。

(5).Thefindingoftheresearchesisbeneficialinthat

A.itgivespeoplethehopeofeliminatingsocialinequality.

B.itenablespeopletoraisetheIQlevelsofmankindinabetterway.

C.ithelpstoimprovepeople*sintelligencegenetically.

D.itreducesthepossibilityofpeople*ssufferingfromdiseases.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位在最后一段。该段首先总结了研究的结论：传染性疾病是导致全球智

商差异的首要因素，最后一句指出研究结果的应用：对此感兴趣的研究者可利用这一结果，高效地提高人

类的智商，故可推断出：研究结果可以帮助研究者为提高人类智商找到更好的途径，B项“它使人们能以

更好的方式提高智商”为正确选项。

Youwouldthinkthatpeoplewithahistoryofbeingdiscriminatedagainstintheworkplacemight

givethosewhomtheyresembleabreak.Butagrowingbodyofresearchconfirmsexactlytheopposite:

womenarejustaslikelyasmentoshow,sexismtowardwomeninhiringpractices,salariesand

professionalmentorship.

OvertdisplaysofsexismarelargelypasseintheAmericanworkplace.Whatremains,unfortunately,

isasetofsubtlerandmoreingrainedcognitivebiasesdeeplyrootedinourevolutionaryand

culturalpast.Gettingridofthemwillrequireanhonestreckoningwiththeinalienablefact

thathumansareinclinedtomakeimpliciterrorsinperceptionandevengoodpeoplewhoactively

avoidbiasmaynonethelessharborsubtleyetdamagingstereotypesofwhichtheyareunaware.

Inoneofthelateststudies,apsychologyexperimentpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNational

AcademyofSciences,seniorsciencefacultyacrosstheU.S.werepresentedwithidenticalresumes

fora1ab-managerjob（apositionthatcanoftenleadtograduatestudy）thatdifferedonlyin

thegenderofthehypotheticalapplicant.Theresumeraterswerestatisticallymorelikelyto

ratethemalecandidatehigheroncompetenceandhirabilityandwerealsomorelikelytooffer

themalecandidateabiggersalaryandgreaterprofessionalmentorship.Bycontrast,the

hypotheticalfemaleapplicantswereratedmorelikablebutlesshirable.Femalescientistswere

justaslikelytofavormalecandidatesaspotentialhiresasmalescientistswere.

Therearecountlessexamplesofbiasagainstwomenbybothsexesinnonsciencefields,including,

famously,theincreaseinwomenwhowerehiredfororchestraswhenmusiciansauditionedbehind

ablindscreen.It'shardtoimaginewhythiskindofcognitivebiaspersistsinthe21stcentury,

especiallywhentheachievementgapsbetweenmalesandfemalesarcclosingrapidly.

Butthisonlyseemspuzzlingbecausewetendtothinkthatbiasisanevi1word,infectedwith

uglyismsandthedeliberatediminishingofcertainkindsofpeople.Currentresearchisshowing

thatallhumanbeingshaveunconsciouscognitivebiases-whatHarvardprofessorMahzarinBanaji

calls〃mindbugs."Thesebiasesmayhavebeenadaptivethousandsofyearsago,whenpeoplelived

insmall,homogeneouscommunitiesandin-groupfavoritismmighthavemadethedifferencebetween

lifeanddeath.Buttheyareproblematicinourglobal21stcenturyworld.

Thepervasivenessofcognitivebiasisdepressing.It,smorecomfortabletothinkofsexismor

racismorageismasasymptomofafewrottenapplesthanasafundamentalhumantrait.Butif

we'realldoingit,eventoourselves,howonearthcanwemovebeyondthestereotypes?Ifwe

wanttoeliminatetheperceptionthatwomenarelesscompetentthanmenforcertainjobsheld

bybothsexes,it'snotenoughtohiremorewomenfortraditionallymale-dominatedjobs.

Amorefundamentalproblemisthatcognitivebiasisrootednotonlyinourprimitivepastbut

alsoinourcontemporaryculture.Wecanttbesurprisedbyunconsciousstereotypesaboutwomen

whenwestillembraceacultureinfectedwithsexismineverythingfrompopularmoviestorecent

congressionaldebates.

（分数：20.00）

（1）.Thebiasheldbywomenagainstwomenischaracterizedbyits

A.greatintensity.B.obviousobsoleteness.

C.deliberateill-intention.D.indirectexpression.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位到前两段。在文章的第二段中，作者提到了这种偏见的观点是subtler

和moreingrained,subtle在本文中的意思是nolimmedialelyobvious（不是直接而明显的），ingrained

指的是deep-seatedinmind（头脑中根深蒂固的），这个并不能从表面轻易的看出来。因此选D项indirect

expression（非直接表现）。另外文中也说了这种偏见不是overt,而是implicit,也是强调其隐蔽性和间

接性。

（2）.Toovercomecognitivebiasespeopleshouldstartby

A.acknowledgingthattheydohavesuchbiases.

B.givingeveryresumeanimpartialrating.

C.acceptingthesefactswhichprovetobetrue.

D.knowinghowharmfultheirstereotypescanbe.（分数：4.00）

A.J

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位到第二段。文中Gettingridofthemwi1］requireanhonestreckoning

withtheinalienablefact...表明要想去除认知偏见，就要求我们认真评估一个无法摆脱的事实。即人

类可能在知觉上犯错，甚至好人也可能有先入之见。reckonwith意为cometotermswith（接受），或take

intoaccount（把……考虑进去），inalienable原意为“不可剥夺的”，在本文中指“不可回避的，无法

摆脱的”。文中的意思是：要想克服偏见，必须首先承认偏见确实存在于我们身上。因此，本题答案为A

项。

（3）.Itisimpliedthatfewerwomenhavebeenactuallyhiredfororchestrabecause

A.theirperformancesarenotshownonscreen.

B.theauditionsarecarriedonface-to-face.

C.moremalesaremembersofthejudgingpanel.

D.womenhaveprovedlessofamusicianthanmen.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推断题。根据题干定位到第四段。本段举例论证了女性和男性是一样的，在评判女人时会做

出歧视女性的判断。文中说到，如果在面试演员时用幕布隔开，不让评判者看到被评判者，那么乐团雇用

的女性就会增加。通过这个例子说明了，平时乐团里缺乏女性音乐家是因为面对面的面试让评委能看到应

聘者的性别，结果显示女性遭到了歧视。因此正确答案为B项“面对面地进行面试”。

（4）.Intheauthor'sassessment,ourcognitivebiases

A.areevilinthattheyhavedamagingsocialeffects.

B.canbedeliberatelydiminishedbycallingthemevil.

C.aredifficulttoeliminateduetotheirdeeproots.

D.becomestrongerinsmal1andhomogeneoussocieties.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.

C.J

D.

解析：［解析］细节题。在文章的第二段指出，认知偏见深深地植根于人类的evolutionalandcultural

past（进化史和文明史）。第五段是说其进化论上的根源，即人类为了生存要实行in-groupfavoritism,

也就是对自己的社会以外的人实行偏见，或警惕外人。文章的最后一段指出，由于认知偏见有如此深厚的

历史文化基础，因此当我们看到它们普遍存在的时候就不奇怪了。因此答案为C项。

（5）.Theauthorconsiderstheexistenceofcognitivebiasestobe

A.astonishing.B.hypothetical.

C.unsurprising.D.irrational.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］态度题。文章的第四段指出，由于女性已经取得跟男人同样大的成就，所以看到认知偏见仍

然存在于现代社会很难想象，但是在文章中的第五段第一句指出，我们感到难以想象（puzzling这里指上

一句提到的hardtoimagine）,是因为我们把“偏见”这个词看作是邪恶的贬义词。就像最后一段所说的

那样，如果我们承认偏见是人类历史文化属性的一部分，我们就会对这种先人之见的普遍存在不再感到奇

怪了。

Despiteongoingnegotiationswithitsunions,UnitedAirlineshastoldthebankruptcycourtthat

the“likelyresult"willbeaterminationtoitspensionplans.Thatwouldprecipitatethebiggest

pensiondefaultinhistory.Themoveisexpectedtodestabilizethealreadystrugglingairline

industry,promptingothercarrierstoeventuallyfollowsuittomaintaincompetitiveness.

Itwou1dalsoputadditionalpressureonthePensionBenefitGuarantyCorporation（PBGC）,the

federalagencythatinsurestraditionalpensionsincasecompaniesbellyup.AdefaultbyUnited

wouldsaddleitwithanadditional$8.4billioninunfundedobligations.Ifotherairlinesfollow,

thePBGCmayhavetogotoCongressandpleadforabailout.Morebroadly,whatallthismeans

isthatretirementforUSworkersjustisn'twhatitusedtobe.Theimpactofglobalizationand

competitionfromlow-wagecompaniesthatdon,tprovidebenefitshasshiftedtheonusof

retirementsecurityfromlargerfirmsontoindividuals.

Twentyyearsago,40percentofAmericanworkerswerecoveredbytraditionalpensionsknownas

defined-benefitplans.Todaythatnumber*sdroppedto20percent.AstheUnitedexamplesshow,

eventhat20percentmaynotbeabletocountonwhatthey,vebeenpromised.Currently,about

75percentofthosecorporateplansareunderfunded.Therearenumerousthreatstoretirement

inthefuture,soit*sincumbentonindividualstobewelIinformed,prudentabouttheir

investments,andtosaveaccordingly.

BettyhasbeenflyingforUnitedfor26years.Shewasexpectingtoretireat60with$140,000

ayear.Aftertherecentroundofgive-backs,thatwascutto$90,000.ButifUniteddefaults

asexpected,she*dreceiveonly$28,000.Ifshewaitsuntil65tostartcollecting,shecould

beeligibleforasmuch$44,500ayear.Eitherway,oncepilotsareforcedtoleavethecockpit

at60,mostwi11probablylookforanotherjobratherthanloungeonthegolfcourse.Bettyhas

alreadystartedamediationbusinessontheside."Allofthebenefitshavebeenerasedbycorporate

Americangreed,“shesays,“Youhavetoseethebigpicture.Ifthemoneyisn'tthere,itisn*t

there.”

Forthepilotsunion,whichnegotiatedthepensionbenefits,oftengivingupwageincreasesfor

betterretirementpackages,thecurrentsituationisinfuriating.Theyseepensionsasbenefits

thatareearned,notabonustobegivenaslongasacompanycanaffordit.〃Itseemsimmoral

thatjustbecausetheyhappentobeinalegalsituation,theycanwalkawayfromthose

obligations,""saysSteveDerebey,spokesmanforAirLinePilotsAssociation."Whythisisn,ta

burning,blazingcampaignissueisbeyondme./

（分数：20.00）

(1).Thepotentialpensioncrisisforretiredpilotsismainlycausedby

A.adefaultcarriedoutbyUnitedAirlines.

B.pressureforcompaniestoremaincompetitive.

C.companiesthatdonotpaypensionatall.

D.immoralityofthecompanies.(分数：4.00)

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位到第一段。最后一句话说promptingolhercarrierstoevenlually

followsuittomaintaincompetitiveness(其他的航空公司最终也会受刺激，跟着这么做以保持竞争力)。

可见保持竞争力就是造成现阶段养老金危机的主要原因。因此，本题应该选B项。其他三项均与原文不符。

(2).Theword"incumbent”(Para.3)probablymeans

A.urgent.B.important.

C.clear.D.obligatory.(分数：4.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］含义题。根据题干定位到第三段。本文的中心话题即是保障养老金的责任归属问题，现在工

人们所面临的形势就是要自己承担该责任，因此可以猜出incumbent应为obiigatoi-y(义不容辞的)°

(3).Togetbetterpreparedforretirement,thepassagedoesNOTsuggest

A.makingpeoplewellinformedandcarefulabouttheirmoney.

B.pleadingforsocialsupportagainstcompanies*defaultinpension.

C.findinganotherpart-timejob.

D.understandingthetrendanddependingononeself.(分数：4.00)

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推断题。在文中作者提到了美国大众应该认清大形势(seeIhebigpicture),认识到退休

后的生活要自己去把握。不要太指望企业和政府。要清楚地掌握情况，明智地投资以便储蓄足够的养老资

金。(it'sincumbentonindividualstobewel1informed,prudentabouttheirinvestmentsandto

saveaccordingly.)文章并没有提及B项中所述的寻求社会支持的建议，因此木题选B项。

(4).Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A.NegotiationbyUnitedAirlinesanditsunionwillprobablybebeneficialforthepilots.

B.ThedisputeoverUniled'spensionhasbecomeahotcampaignissue.

C.Therearenumerousfactorsputtingretirementatriskinthefuture.

D.Pilotsunionusedtoplacemoreimportanceonsalarythanonpension.(分数：4.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］推断题。文章第三段说到Therearenumerousthreatstoretirementinthefuture(将

来退休将面临无数的不利因素)，因此C项为正确答案。其他三项均无从推知。

(5).Theauthor'stoneofthepassageis

A.infuriating.B.partial.

C.personal.D.realistic.(分数：4.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］态度题。从全文来看，作者通过美国航空业养老金发放的现状分析了美国工人面临的退休问

题。并给出了对应的办法。文章列举了很多数据，并引用了Betty的谈话，所以语气应该是客观现实的。

因此本题选D项。

Anthropologistscommonlydistinguishthreeformsofmarriage:monogamy,themarriageofoneman

toonewoman,polygyny-themarriageofonemantotwoormorewomen,andpolyandry-themarriage

ofonewomantotwoormoremen.polygynyandpolyandryareoftenlinkedunderthesingleterm

“polygamy”,amarriageofoneindividualtotwoormorespouses.

Thoughtherearemanysocietieswhichpermit,orevenencourage,polygamousmarriages,itdoes

notfollow,insuchsocieties,thateverymarriedindividual,oreventhatamajorityofthem,

hasmorethanonespouse.Quitethecontraryistrue,forinmost,ifnotall,ofsocalled

polygamoussocietiesmonogamyisstatisticallytheprevailingform.Thereasonforthisisclear:

theproportionofmaletofemalebirthsinanyhumansocietyisroughlythesame,andifthis

proportionismaintainedamongthesexuallymature,apreponderanceofpluralmarriagesmeans

thataconsiderablenumberofeithermenorwomenmustremainunmarried.Nosocietycanmaintain

itselfundersuchconditions;theemotionalstresseswouldbetoogreattobesurvived.Accordingly,

evenwheretheculturalidealsdonotprohibitpluralmarriages,thesemayoccuronanynotable

scaleonlysocietieswhereforonereasonoranother,onesexmarkedlyoutnumberstheother.In

short,monogamynotonlyprevai1sinmostoftheworld'ssocieties,eitherastheonlyapproved

formofmarriageorastheonlyfeasibleform,butitmayalsoprevai1withinapolygamoussociety

where,veryoften,onlyaminorityofthepopulationcanactuallysecuremorethanonespouse.

Inapolygynoushousehold,thehusbandmustsupplyahouseandgardenforeachofhiswives.The

wiveslivewithhiminturn,cookingandservingforhimduringtheperiodofhisvisit.Thefirst

wifetakesprecedenceovertheothers.Polyandryismuchrarerthanpolygyny.Itisoftenthe

resultofadisproportionintheratioofmentowomen.

Insum,polygynyisnot,assofrequentlyindicated,universallyaresultofhumanimmorality.

Itissimplynottrue,inthisaspectofcultureasinmanyothers,thatpeoplewhofollowpatterns

ofculturedeemedimmoralinoursocietyaretherebylackinginmorality.Ouridealandcompulsory

patternofmarriage,whichholdsthatmonogamyistheonlyappropriateformofmarriage,isnot

sharedbyal1peoples,evenbysomeofthosewhoregularlypracticemonogamy.Inagreatmany

societies,monogamyisonlyonepossibleformofmarriage,withpolygynyorpolyandryasperfectly

possible,thoughlessfrequent,alternatives.

（分数：20.00）

（1）.Amarriagebetweenseveralmenandwomenshouldbecalled

A.polygyny.B.polyandry.

C.monogamy.I）,notmentioned.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位到第一段。文章开头介绍了儿种不同的婚姻形式，monogamy（一夫-

妻制）、polygyny（一夫多妻制）、polyandry（一妻多夫制），但并未提到几个男人和几个女人的婚姻形式，

故选D项。

（2）.Accordingtothesecondparagraphinsocietiesthatencouragepolygamousmarriages

A.polygynyisthepredominantformofmarriages.

B.mostoftheindividualsusuallyhavemultiplespouses.

C.thereareusuallyagreaterofproportionofmenthanwomen.

D.peoplearenotnecessarilymarriedtomultiplepartners.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.

C.

D.J

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位到第二段。文中提到，尽管很多社会都认可、甚至鼓励多个配偶的婚

姻形式，但这并不意味着在这样的社会中，这样的婚姻形式占据主导地位，因为婚姻形式要受性别比例的

局限，因此即使是在多配偶婚姻的社会，一夫一妻制也是最常见的婚姻形式，由此可.知，D项正确。其余

选项均不合题意。

（3）.Theauthorbelievesthatpluralmarriagesoccuronsubstantialscalesonlyinsocietiesin

which

A.polygynyisnotprohibited.

B.onesexgreatlyoutnumberstheother.

C.mostpeopleareundereducated.

D.aminorityofpeopleareveryrichandpowerful.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干pluralmarriages定位到第二段。文中提到“即使文化观念不禁止多配

偶婚姻，很明显，这种情况还是只会大规模出现在人口性别比例出于某种原因极端失调的社会中”，结合

选项可推知.B项正确。

（4）.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,polyandry

A.meansthehusbandmustprovideforthelivelihoodofhiswives.

B.isamarriagetraditioninwhichthefirsthusbandtakesprecedenceovertheothers.

C.ismuchrarerthanothermarriageforms.

D.isoftentheresultofwomenoutnumberingmen.（分数：4.00）

A.

B.

C.J

I）.

解析：［解析］细节题。根据题干定位到第三段。该段主要谈到在一夫多妻社会中的夫妻关系，其中提到，

一妻多夫制相比起一夫多妻制要罕见得多，结合选项，可知应选C项。其余选项中，A项“意味着丈夫要

给他的妻子们提供生活所需”属于一夫多妻的情况，B项”是一种传统婚姻，第一个丈夫占主导地位”在

文中并未提及，D项“通常是女人比男人多的结果”同样属于一夫多妻的情况，故均是错误的。

（5）.Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat

A.manypeop1ebelievethatpluralmarriagesdenoteimmoralityofothersocieties.

B.thosesocietiesthatdonotupholdmonogamyasthedominantmarriageformareimmoral.

C.polygynyorpolyandryarepossiblealternativemarriageformsinmostsocieties.

D.theauthorlivesinasocietywherepluralmarriagesaresociallyaccepted.（分数：4.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段。作者总结道：多配偶的婚姻制度并不像很多人认为的那

样是不道德的。其言外之意就是，大多数人认为多配偶的婚姻制度是不道德的，A项与其相符，故为答案。

B项”那些不支持一夫一妻为主要婚姻形式的社会都是不道德的”过于绝对；C项“在许多社会中，一夫多

妻或一妻多夫制是可以替换的婚姻形式”，文中说的是二者中的•个可能会和一夫一妻制交相更替，故错

误；D项“作者生活在一个多配偶婚姻得到承认的社会”在文中并未提及。

BBC'sCasualtyprogrammeonSaturdayeveninggaveviewersavoteastowhichoftwopatientsshould

benefitfromadonation.Butitfailedtotellusthatwewouldnotneedtomakesomany

1ife-and-deathdecisionsifwegottogripwiththechronicorganshortage.Beingpussyfooting

aroundinitsapproachtodeadbodies,theGovernmentisgivingakickingtosomeofthemost

vulnerableinoursociety.Onedepressingconsequenceofthisisthatasignificantnumberof

thoseonthewaitinglisttakeofftoforeigncountriestopurchaseanorganfromaliving

third-worlddonor,somethingthatisforbiddenintheUnitedKingdom.Thepoorhavenooption

buttowaitinvain.

TheHumanTissueAuthority'spositionontheretentionofbodypartsformedicalresearchafter

apost-mortemexaminationisequallyflawed.Thenewconsentformscouldhavebeendraftedby

someevilpersonseekingtostopthepreciousflowofhumantissueintothepathologicallaboratory.

Theformsaresolengthythatdoctorsrarelyhavetimetocompletethemand,eveniftheytry,

thewordingissographicthatrelativestendtolegitbeforesigning.Inconsequence,thenumber

ofpostmortemshasfallenquickly.

ThewiderworryisthatthemoralshortsightednessevidentintheHumanTissueActseemstoinfect

everyfacetofthecontemporarydebateonmedicalethics.Takethetimidapproachtoembryonic

stemcellresearch.TheUnitedStates,forexample,refusesgovernmentfundingtoscientistswho

wishtocarryoutpotentiallyground-breakingresearchonthesurplusembryoscreatedbyIVF

treatment.

Senatorsprofesstobeworriedthatembryonicresearchfailstorespectthedignityof"potential

persons”.Rarelycansuchavacuousconcepthavefounditswayintoadebateclamingtoprovide

enlightenment.Whenisthis“potential"supposedtokickin?Incaseyouwerewondering,these

supposedlypreciousembryosareatthesamestageofdevelopmentasthosethatareroutinely

terminatedbythePillwithoutanyonecrying.Thankfully,theBritishGovernmenthasrefusedthe

positionoftheUnitedStatesandoperatesoneofthemostliberalregimesinEurope,inwhich

licenceshavebeenawardedtoresearcherstocreateembryosformedicalresearch.Itispossible

that,inyearstocome,scientistswillbeabletogroworgansinthelabandfindcuresfora

rangeofdebilitatingdiseases.

Thefundamentalproblemwithourapproachtoethicsisourinabilitytoseparateemotionfrom

policy.Theonlyfactorthatshouldenterourmoralandlegaldeliberationsisthatofwelfare,

aconceptthatismeaninglesswhenappliedtoentitiesthatlack