中考英语一轮复习课件-第十一章++构词法

第十一章构词法第二部分语法强化

英语的构词法主要有转化法、合成法、派生法、混成法、截短法和词首字母缩略法。一、常用前缀前缀含义例词un­不;无;没有happy—unhappy,lucky—unlucky,comfortable—uncomfortable,able—unable,like—unlikeil­不;无legal—illegal,logical—illogicalim­不;无;非possible—impossible,polite—impolitein­不;无;缺effective—ineffective,direct—indirect,complete—incomplete,dependent—independentir­不;无;非regular—irregular,relative—irrelativedis­否定;相反;去除agree—disagree,like—dislike,cover—discoverre­重新;再tell—retell,write—rewrite,open—reopen,call—recall,build—rebuild名词后缀二、常用后缀

后缀含义例词

-er/-or从事某种工作的人;某地人wait—waiter,visit—visitor,London—Londoner

-ian某种人history—historian,India—Indian

-ness/-ity(ty)(抽象)状态;性质;特征useful—usefulness,safe—safeness,cruel—cruelty,able—ability

-ess/-ress女性;雌;母actor—actress,wait—waitress

-hood时期;状态;集合boy—boyhood,child—childhood,man—manhood

-ship身份;情况;关系leader—leadership,friend—friendship,member—membership(续表)名词后缀后缀含义例词

-tion/-ion状态;行动act—action,direct—direction,operate—operation

-ment手段;结果;状态;行动improve—improvement,move—movement,argue—argument

-age作用;结果;物;状态pack—package,short—shortage

-th状况;性质grow—growth,warm—warmth,true—truth

-ing动作;性质;状态build—building,boat—boating动词后缀(续表)后缀含义例词

-ify变成;转变beauty—beautify,diverse—diversify,simple—simplify

-ize/-en使……化;变得……modern—modernize,popular—popularizethreat—threaten,length—lengthen后缀含义例词

-ful充满;有use—useful,beauty—beautiful,hope—hopeful

-less没有;无hope—hopeless,harm—harmless,care—careless

-ly有……的品质friend—friendly,brother—brotherly

-y/-ish充满;像……一般sun—sunny,sand—sandy,noise—noisy,girl—girlish,fool—foolish

-al有关……的culture—cultural,music—musical,person—personal

-ary/-ory属于……的imagine—imaginary

-ous富含……的danger—dangerous,mountain—mountainous

-ive/-able/-ible易于;能;可……的attract—attractive,eat—eatable,reduce—reducible(续表)形

容

词

后

缀区分表示“人”的词缀1．从社会层次、地位、工作职务上看(1)加­er表示“人”，这类词泛指从事某项活动和职业的人。如：beginner初学者/新手driver司机traveller旅游者(2)加­or表示“人”，这类词在多数情况下表示从事专业性较强的职业的人。如：actor(男)演员

director主任；导演

collector收藏家(3)加­ist表示“人”，这类词在多数情况下表示事业有较高成就或较为特殊的人。如：artist艺术家

pianist钢琴家

scientist科学家physicist物理学家

journalist新闻记者

dentist牙医2．从性别上来看通常加­er/­or多为“男性”，加­ess多为女性。如：waiter男服务员

waitress女服务员

actor男演员actress女演员3．从主动、被动上来看，加­er/­or为主动，加­ee为被动。如：employer雇主(雇佣别人)

employee雇员(被雇佣)interviewer面试者;采访者

interviewee被接见者;被访问者;被面试者4．有时会直接用表示人的单词来构词，如­boy，­girl，­man，­woman。如：cowboy牛仔

salesgirl女店员

salesperson推销员workman男工人

postman邮递员三、常用合成词class(班级)＋room(房间)→

classroom(教室)black(黑色的)＋board(木板)→

blackboard(黑板)note(记录)＋book(簿本)→

notebook(笔记簿)hide(躲藏)＋and(和)＋seek(寻找)→

hide­and­seek(捉迷藏)一、用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。1.(2024·达州市中考改编)An________(invent)isapersonwhohasinventedsomething.2.(2024·临夏州中考改编)It'simportanttothinktwicebeforewemakea________(decide)．3.(2024·无锡市中考改编)Thefatherisalwaysareal________(fight)inthelittlekid'sheart.4.(2024·包头市中考改编)Asa________(lead)ofateam，youneedtoplanwellandmakegooddecisionsquickly.leaderinventordecisionfighter5.(2024·云南省中考改编)Davidisa________(work)atacarfactory.Heloveshisjob.6.(2024·黑龙江省中考改编)ChatGPTisoneofthemostamazing_________

(invent)．Ithinkitwillchangetheworld.7.(2022·扬州市中考改编)Wedoourbestforourdreamsandasmallsuccesscangiveusasenseof____________

(achieve)．8.(2023·永州市中考)Chinaplanstopaymoreattentiontoscientific__________(educate)initsprimaryandmiddleschools.9.(2023·凉山州中考改编)Inmyopinion，goodfriendsshouldshare__________

(happy)orsadnesswitheachother.happinessworkerinventionsachievementeducation10.(2023·云南省中考)Amyismybestfriend.She'salwaystheretobeagood________(listen)．11.Thebookisverypopularamongthe________(visit)．12.Weareamazedtoseethe________(India)attheschoolgate.13.The________(post)isknockingatthedoornow.14.Whydoyouwanttobean________(art)inthefuture?15.Thegovernmentisworkinghardtoreducethe_________(pollute)．16.The_____________(advertise)arebadforthechildren.17.Youshouldthinkaboutthe___________(difficult)inyourstudy.difficultieslistenervisitorsIndian(s)postmanartistpollutionadvertisements18．Canyoutellmethe________(true)?19．Thankyouforyour________(kind)．20．Theaudienceisexcitedatthe____________(perform)．21．Theywanttobe________(science)whentheygrowup.22．Hehasmore___________(confident)thanLily.23．It'smy_________(please)tohelpyou.24．________(fail)isthemotherofsuccess.Failuretruthkindnessperformance

scientistsconfidencepleasure用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。1．(2024·无锡市中考改编)Jimhasgonetobed?Thisisvery________

(usual)．Healwaysstaysuplate.2．(2024·黑龙江省中考改编)Itis________

(polite)totalkloudlyinpublicplaces.3．Thekidissoshortthatheis________

(able)topicktheapplesonthetree.unableunusualimpolite4．Jim________

(like)runningbecauseheistoolazy.5．Ohdear！Itis__________

(possible)tofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.6．Lucyisso________

(careful)thatsheoftenmakesmistakes.carelessdislikesimpossible用括号里所给单词的适当形式填空。1．Itis________

(cloud)today.2．How________

(luck)sheis!3．Sheisa________

(love)girl.4．Itis________

(help)todosomesports.5．We'dliketofinda___________

(comfort)room.comfortablecloudyluckylovelyhelpful6．Toswiminthedeepwateris_________

(danger)．7．Intheend，hebecamea__________

(success)businessman.8．TheGreatWallislocatedin__________

(north)China.9．Itisourdutytoprotectthe_________

(person)information.10．Weshouldbe________

(act)inclass.11．Thechildrenwere________

(excite)aboutopeningtheirpresents.12．Wehavean__________

(interest)day.

interestingdangeroussuccessfulnorthernpersonal