2021年考研英语一真题及答案解析

绝密★启用前2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂2B铅笔填涂。考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名..PAGE1.SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It 1 inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen 2 startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But 3 agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe 4 ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe 5 thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor 6 thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat 7 measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand 8 thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople 9 highermeasuresofabdominalfat 1 0 worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears 11 .Forwomen,theassociationmaybe 12 tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe 13 .Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould 14 thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent 15 formenandwomen. 16 therearestepsyoucan 17 tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental 18 Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour 19 ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.[A]pauses [B]returns [C]peaks [D]fades2.[A]alternatively [B]formally [C]accidentally [D]generally3.[A]while [B]since [C]once [D]until4.[A]detection [B]accumulation [C]consumption [D]separation5.[A]possibility [B]decision [C]goal [D]requirement6.[A]delay [B]ensure [C]seek [D]utilize7.[A]modified [B]supported [C]included [D]predicted 8.[A]devoted [B]compared [C]converted [D]applied9.[A]with [B]above [C]by [D]against10.[A]lived [B]managed [C]scored [D]played11.[A]ranout [B]setoff [C]drewin [D]wentby12.[A]superior [B]attributable [C]parallel [D]resistant13.[A]restored [B]isolated [C]involved [D]controlled14.[A]alter [B]spread [C]remove [D]explain15.[A]compensations [B]symptoms [C]demands [D]treatments16.[A]Likewise [B]Meanwhile [C]Therefore [D]Instead17.[A]change [B]watch [C]count [D]take18.[A]well-being [B]process [C]formation [D]coordination19.[A]level [B]love [C]knowledge [D]space20.[A]design [B]routine [C]diet [D]prescriptionSectionⅡ ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

..PAGE10.Text1Howcanthetrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetworktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear’srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementsothat,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain’srailways.Yes,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservices,punctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

Theauthorholdsthatthisyear’sincreaseinrailpassengerfares[A]haskeptpacewithinflation.[B]isabigsurprisetocommuters.[C]remainsanunreasonablemeasure.[D]willeasetrainoperators’burden.22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor[A]cardrivers.[B]railtravelers.[C]localinvestors.[D]ordinarytaxpayers.23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators[A]areofferingcompensationtocommuters.[B]aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions.[C]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice.[D]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes.24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface[A]thelossofinvestment.[B]thecollapseofoperations.[C]areductionofrevenue.[D]achangeofownership.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn’tWork[C]CanNationalisationBringHope?[D]Ever-risingFaresAren’tSustainable

Text2LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They’realreadyusedindozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon’tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.That’sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon’tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia’spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces.“Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.That’slikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody’sguess.FerrarosuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn’treducepoverty,Ferrarosays,“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”

Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto[A]facilitatehealthcarereform.[B]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff.[C]improvelocaleducationsystems.[D]lowerdeforestationrates.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat[A]cattleraisinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor.[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles.[C]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers.[D]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout[A]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs.[B]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation.[C]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss.[D]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat[A]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries.[B]itwillreduceregionalinequality.[C]itcanprotecttheenvironment.[D]itcanbenefitgrainproduction.Whatisthetextcenteredon?[A]Theeffectsofaprogram.[B]Thedebatesoveraprogram.[C]Theprocessofastudy.[D]Thetransferabilityofastudy.

Text3Asahistorianwho’salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I’vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof‘SmilingVictorians’makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday’sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictorianmaxim,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular‘pearlywhites’wasararesightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedgnashers)lackedclass:drunks,tramps,andmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarroll’sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixedforever”.

AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor’spostsonTwitter[A]changedpeople’simpressionoftheVictorians.[B]highlightedsocialmedia’sroleinVictorianstudies.[C]re-evaluatedtheVictorian’snotionofpublicimage.[D]illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?[A]Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.[B]Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.[C]Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.[D]Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?[A]Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.[B]Theirtensionbeforethecamera.[C]Theirdistrustofnewinventions.[D]Theirunhealthydentalcondition.34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas[A]adeep-rootbelief.[B]amisguidedattitude.[C]acontroversialview.[D]athought-provokingidea.35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?[A]WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?[B]WhydidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographs?[C]WhatmadephotographydevelopintheVictorianperiod?[D]Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligenceistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon’tinvolvedoom-andgloommassunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,”saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.“(41)”Onecompanythat’sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)_________Theseare"toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.Domingossays,“(43)”Improvedaccuracy“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatisticswhichmakesdatamorevaluable,”saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”(44)__ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen."Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it’sveryexpensive,”saysDomingos.“(45)”[A]AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn’thavetimefor.[B]Oneaccountingfirm,BY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthe·contracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.[F]We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.[G]AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.

PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodemWesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountriesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-