初三化学复习重点知识点分类总结

初三化学复习重点知识点分类总结2014年中考化学知识点分类整理初三化学复习重点知识点总结物质俗名及其对应的化学式和化学名化学式俗名化学式俗名化学式俗名金刚石、生石灰、氧苛性钠、火碱、CCaONaOH石墨化钙烧碱干冰(固熟石灰、消CO体二氧化Ca(OH)NaHCO小苏打223石灰碳)酒精、乙氨水、一水合CHOHNH氨气(碱性)NH?HO25332醇:氨大理石、石灰Hg水银、汞NaCO纯碱、苏打CaCO233石铜绿、孔工业用盐、CuSO?5H42Cu(OH)CONaNO胆矾、蓝矾2232雀石有毒O1.常见物质的名称、化学式、俗称及主要物理性质oftransportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,isstrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;transportandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrowsonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checksshouldbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtothedrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableshouldfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcableprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressions,smoothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburiedatthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreeofburrsandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbendflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbelessthanthepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiameterofthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthofthesteelshaftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysicalpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupport23名称化学式俗称主要物理性质硫硫磺黄色固体，不溶于水;易溶于有机溶剂。S无色气体、能溶于水、密度比空气大，固体干冰二氧化碳固体俗称干冰CO2易升华。无色、无味气体、难溶于水，密度比空气略小，一氧化碳煤气CO有毒性。甲烷沼气、坑气无色、无味气体，极难溶于水，密度小于空气。CH4无色透明，具有特殊气味的易挥发的液体，可与水任乙醇酒精CHOH25意互溶。无色有刺激性酸味的液体，易溶于水，固体称冰乙酸醋酸、冰醋酸CHCOOH3醋酸。氧化钙生石灰白色固体，易吸水，有腐蚀性。CaO氧化铁铁锈、赤铁矿红色固体，不溶于水。FeO23四氧化三铁磁铁矿黑色固体，不溶于水。FeO34氢氧化钠火碱、烧碱、苛性钠白色固体，极易溶于水，易潮解，有强腐蚀性。NaOH熟石灰、消石灰、石氢氧化钙白色粉末状固体，微溶于水，有腐蚀性。Ca(OH)2灰水碳酸钠纯碱、口碱、苏打白色粉末状固体，易溶于水且吸湿结块。NaCO23碳酸钠晶体无色晶体，易失水风化。NaCO?10HO232碳酸氢钠小苏打白色晶体，易溶于水，但溶解度比NaCO小。NaHCO233氯化钠食盐NaCl碳酸钙石灰石、大理石白色固体，不溶于水。CaCO3硫酸铜白色粉末状固体，溶于水，其水溶液为蓝色。CuSO4硫酸铜晶体蓝矾、胆矾蓝色晶体。CuSO?5HO42高锰酸钾灰锰氧紫色有光泽晶体，溶于水，其水溶液为紫色。KMnO41calpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupporthaftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysiteelsrofthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthoftheshepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiametethantndflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbelessrsandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbeofburdatthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreemoothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieons,sbleprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressidfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcashoulhedrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableuldbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotksshowsonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checsportandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrotranstrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;transportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,isof碱式碳酸铜铜绿绿色粉末状固体，不溶于水。(OH)COCu223氯化银新制得为白色凝乳状沉淀，不溶于稀硝酸。AgCl硫酸钡天然产称重晶石白色固体，不溶于水，不溶于稀硝酸。BaSO4氢氧化铁新制得为红褐色沉淀。Fe(OH)3氢氧化铜新制得为蓝色沉淀。Cu(OH)22.几种常见药品的存放药品性质保存方法白磷着火点低，易自燃，不跟水反应放入冷水中浓硫酸易吸收空气中的水分(吸水性)放入玻璃瓶内，瓶塞要严浓盐酸易挥发放入玻璃瓶内，瓶塞要严浓硝酸易挥发放入玻璃瓶内，瓶塞要严氧化钙易吸水，易与空气中二氧化碳反应而变质密封于干燥试剂瓶中固体氢氧化钠易潮解，易与空气中二氧化碳反应而变质密封于干燥试剂瓶中1.地壳中含量最多的金属元素是铝(Al)。2.地壳中含量最多的非金属元素是氧(O)。23.空气中含量最多的物质是氮气(N)24.天然存在最硬的物质是金刚石(C)。5.最简单的有机物是甲烷。(CH)46.金属活动顺序表中活动性最强的金属是钾(K)。7.相对分子质量最小的氧化物是水(HO)。最简单的有机化合物CH24常见物质的颜色的状态1.白色固体:MgO、PO、CaO、NaOH、Ca(OH)、KClO、KCl、NaCO、NaCl、无水252323CuSO;铁、镁为银白色(汞为银白色液态)42.黑色固体:石墨、炭粉、铁粉、CuO、MnO、FeO234KMnO为紫黑色。43.红色固体:Cu、FeO、HgO、红磷?硫:淡黄色?Cu(OH)CO为绿色232232+2+3+4.溶液的颜色:凡含Cu的溶液呈蓝色;凡含Fe的溶液呈浅绿色;凡含Fe的溶液呈棕黄色，其余溶液一般为无色。(高锰酸钾溶液为紫红色)5.沉淀(即不溶于水的盐和碱):?盐:白色?:CaCO、BaCO(溶于酸)AgCl、BaSO(不溶于稀HNO)等3343?碱:蓝色?:Cu(OH)红褐色?:Fe(OH)白色?:Mg(OH)。2326.(1)具有刺激性气体的气体:NH、SO、HCl(皆为无色)32(2)无色无味的气体:O、H、N、CO、CH、CO(剧毒)22224?注意:具有刺激性气味的液体:盐酸、硝酸、醋酸。酒精为有特殊气体的液体。burrsatthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreeofothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieds,smoeprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressionfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcabloulddrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableshdbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotheshoulonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checksortandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrowstransptrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;ansportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,issoftr2lpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupportftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysicalshafthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthofthesteepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiameterontheflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbelessthaandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbend7.有毒的，气体:CO液体:CHOH;固体:NaNOCuSO(可作杀菌剂,与熟石灰混合配成324天蓝色的粘稠状物质——波尔多液)解题技巧和说明推断题解题技巧看其颜色，观其状态，察其变化，初代验之，验而得之。黑色:MnO、CuO、FeO、C、FeS(硫化亚铁)2342+蓝色:CuSO•5HO、Cu(OH).CuCO.含Cu溶液、液态固态O(淡蓝色)42232红色:Cu(亮红色)、FeO(红棕色)、红磷(暗红色)233+黄色:硫磺(单质S)、含Fe的溶液(棕黄色)2+绿色:FeSO•7HO、含Fe的溶液(浅绿色)、碱式碳酸铜[Cu(OH)CO]42223无色气体:N、CO、CO、O、H、CH22224有色气体:Cl(黄绿色)、NO(红棕色)22有刺激性气味的气体:NH(此气体可使湿润pH试纸变蓝色)、SO32有臭鸡蛋气味:HS2(二)解实验题看清题目要求是什么，要做的是什么，这样做的目的是什么。实验用到的气体要求是比较纯净，除去常见杂质具体方法:?除水蒸气可用:浓流酸、CaCl固体、碱石灰、无水CuSO(并且可以检验杂质中有无水蒸24气，有则颜色由白色?蓝色)、生石灰等;?除CO可用:澄清石灰水(可检验出杂质中有无CO)、NaOH溶液、KOH溶液、碱石灰22等;?除HCl气体可用:AgNO溶液(可检验出杂质中有无HCl)、石灰水、NaOH溶液、KOH3溶液;除气体杂质的原则:用某物质吸收杂质或跟杂质反应，但不能吸收或跟有效成份反应，或者生成新的杂质。2.实验注意的地方:?防爆炸:点燃可燃性气体(如H、CO、CH)前，要检验气体纯度。24?防暴沸:稀释浓硫酸时，将浓硫酸倒入水中，不能把水倒入浓硫酸中。?防中毒:进行有关有毒气体(如:CO、SO、NO)的性质实验时，在通风厨中进行;并要22注意尾气的处理:CO点燃烧掉;SO、NO用碱液吸收。22?防倒吸:加热法制取并用排水法收集气体，要注意熄灯顺序实验室制取三大气体中常见的要除的杂质:(1)制O要除的杂质:水蒸气(HO)22(2)用盐酸和锌粒制H要除的杂质:水蒸气(HO)、氯化氢气体(HCl，盐酸酸雾)(用稀硫22酸没此杂质)(3)制CO要除的杂质:水蒸气(HO)、氯化氢气体(HCl)22除水蒸气的试剂:浓流酸、CaCl固体、碱石灰(主要成份是NaOH和CaO)、生石灰、无水2CuSO(并且可以检验杂质中有无水蒸气，有则颜色由白色?蓝色)等;4除HCl气体的试剂:AgNO溶液(并可检验出杂质中有无HCl)、澄清石灰水、NaOH溶液(或3固体)、KOH溶液(或固体);[生石灰、碱石灰也可以跟HCl气体反应]rsandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbeofburdatthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreemoothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieons,sbleprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressidfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcashoulhedrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableuldbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotksshowsonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checsportandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrotranstrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;transportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,isof3calpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupporthaftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysiteelsrofthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthoftheshepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiametethantndflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbeless常见气体的性质(1)氧气O(通常状况下)化学性质及用途(O)无色无味的气体,不易溶于水,密度比空气略22大a.供呼吸;b.炼钢;c.气焊。(注:O具有助燃性，但不具有可燃性，不能燃烧。)2(2)氢气(H)无色无味的气体，难溶于水，密度比空气小，是最轻的气体。2?可燃性:a.填充气、飞舰(密度比空气小)b.合成氨、制盐酸c.气焊、气割(可燃性)4.提炼金属(还原性)??还原性:3H+FeO2Fe+3HO2232(3)二氧化碳(CO)无色无味的气体，密度大于空气，能溶于水，固体的CO叫“干冰”。22?CO+HO==HCO(酸性)(HCO===HO+CO?)(不稳定)22232322a.用于灭火(应用其不可燃烧，也不支持燃烧的性质)b.制饮料、化肥和纯碱CO+Ca(OH)==CaCO?+HO(鉴别CO)CO+2NaOH==NaCO+HO223222232?氧化性:CO+C==2COCaCO==CaO+CO?(工业制CO)2322(4)一氧化碳(CO)无色无味气体，密度比空气略小，难溶于水，有毒气体。?可燃性:2CO+O==2CO22(火焰呈蓝色，放出大量的热，可作气体燃料)a.作燃料b.冶炼金属高温?还原性:3CO+FeO2Fe+3CO(跟血液中血红蛋白结合，破坏血液输氧的能力)232基本化学反应化学方程式伴随现象物质反应化合反应点燃镁在空气中燃烧2Mg+O2MgO耀眼的白光、放出热量、生成白色粉末2点燃铁在氧气中燃烧3Fe+2OFeO剧烈燃烧，火星四射、放出热量、黑色固体生成234点燃氢气中空气中燃烧2H+O2HO淡蓝色火焰、放出热量、烧杯内壁出现水雾222点燃红(白)磷燃烧4P+5O2PO发出白光、放出热量、生成大量白烟。225点燃碳在氧气中充分燃烧C+OCO发出白光、放出热量、澄清石灰水变浑浊22点燃碳不充分燃烧2C+O2CO2高温CO通过灼热碳层C+CO2CO(吸热反应)22氧化钙溶于水CaO+HO==Ca(OH)(放大量热)白色块状固体变为粉末、生石灰制备石灰浆22CO+HO===HCO二氧化碳溶于水石蕊试液由紫色变成红色。2223分解反应通电水在通电分解2HO2H?+O?两电极上有气泡产生、(正氧负氢)222?紫色变为黑色、生成使带火星木条复燃的气体加热高锰酸钾2KMnOKMnO+MnO+O?42422MnO2双氧水制氧气2HO2HO+O?有气泡产生，带火星的木条复燃。2222高温锻烧石灰石CaCOCaO+CO?(二氧化碳工业制法)工业制备二氧化碳和生石灰32碳酸不稳定而分解HCO===HO+CO?石蕊试液由红色变成紫色。2322?2NaHCONaCO+HO+CO?小苏打受热分解产生使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体小苏打蒸馒头32322ftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysicalshafthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthofthesteepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiameterontheflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbelessthaandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbendburrsatthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreeofothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieds,smoeprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressionfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcabloulddrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableshdbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotheshoulonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checksortandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrowstransptrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;ansportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,issoftr4lpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupport置换反应基本形式:,，,,,,,，,单质和化合物反应生成另一种单质和另一种化合物SO==ZnSO+H?Zn+H2442酸与金属反应Fe+HSO==FeSO+H?放出气体2442Mg+2HCl==MgCl+H?22盐与金属反应2Al+3CuSO==Al(SO)+3Cu银白色金属表面覆盖有红色物质4243有气体生成、溶液显浅绿色Fe+HSO=FeSO+H?铁溶于稀硫酸2442CuSO+Zn==ZnSO+Cu银白色金属表面覆盖有红色物质44Fe+CuSO==Cu+FeSO银白色金属表面覆盖有红色物质、湿法炼铜、镀铜44高温焦炭还原氧化铁3C+2FeO4Fe+3CO?232高温木炭还原氧化铜C+2CuO2Cu+CO?黑色粉未变成红色，澄清石灰水变浑浊。2其他反应苛性钠暴露在空气中变质或CO通入氢氧化钠溶液2NaOH+CO====NaCO+HO22232澄清石灰水变浑浊。(用澄清石灰水可以检验CO，2CO通入澄清石灰水CO+Ca(OH)==CaCO?+HO22232也可以用CO检验石灰水)2高温FeO+3CO2Fe+3CO红色逐渐变为黑色冶炼金属铁232点燃甲烷在空气中燃烧CH+2OCO+2HO甲烷燃烧4222点燃酒精在空气中燃烧CHOH+3O2CO+3HO酒精燃烧25222复分解反应复分解反应条件:任意一个条件:有水、气体、沉淀生成Ca(OH)+NaCO==CaCO?+2NaOH有白色沉淀生成工业制烧碱、实验室制少量烧碱2233Ca(OH)+2HCl==CaCl+2HO无明显现象222NaOH+HCl==NaCl+HO无明显现象22NaOH+HSO==NaSO+2HO无明显现象24242FeO+6HCl==2FeCl+3HO铁锈溶解、溶液呈黄色铁器除锈2332Fe+2HCl===FeCl+H?固体溶解、溶液显浅绿色22银白色金属表面覆盖一层红色物质湿法炼铜、镀铜、溶液由Fe+CuSO==Cu+FeSO44蓝色变为浅绿色固体逐渐溶解、有使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体泡沫灭火器原NaCO+HSO==NaSO+HO+CO?23242422理?2NaHCONaCO+HO+CO?产生使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体小苏打蒸馒头32322rofthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthoftheshepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiametethantndflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbelessrsandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbeofburdatthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreemoothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieons,sbleprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressidfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcashoulhedrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableuldbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotksshowsonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checsportandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrotranstrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;transportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,isof5calpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupporthaftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysiteels固体逐渐溶解、有使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体实验室制备二+2HCl==CaCl+HO+CO?CaCO3222氧化碳、除水垢3HCl+Al(OH)====AlCl+3HO氢氧化铝药物治疗胃酸过多332NaHCO+HCl===NaCl+HO+CO?小苏打治疗胃酸过多322气体放出NaCO+2HCl===2NaCl+HO+CO?2322气体放出CaCO+2HCl===CaCl+HO+CO?3222气体放出NaHCO+HCl===NaCl+HO+CO?322消石灰放在空气中变质，生成白色不溶于水的固体Ca(OH)+CO====CaCO?+HO2232苛性钠暴露在空气中变质，遇水潮解，遇二氧化碳变质2NaOH+CO====NaCO+HO2232白色沉淀生成、不溶于稀硝酸HCl+AgNO==AgCl?+HNO33Ba(OH)+HSO==BaSO?+2HO白色沉淀生成、不溶于稀硝酸22442CuO+HSO==CuSO+HO黑色氧化铜溶于稀硫酸2442CaCl+NaCO==CaCO?+2NaCl2233NaSO+BaCl==BaSO?+2NaCl2424初中化学敞口置于空气中质量改变的1、由于吸水而增加的:氢氧化钠固体，氯化钙，氯化镁，浓硫酸;2、由于跟水反应而增加的:氧化钙、氧化钡、氧化钾、氧化(一)质量增加的;钠，硫酸铜3、由于跟二氧化碳反应而增加的:氢氧化钠，氢氧化钾，氢氧化钡，氢氧化钙1、由于挥发而减少的:浓盐酸，浓硝酸，酒精，汽油，浓氨(二)质量减少的水;2、由于风化而减少的:碳酸钠晶体NaCO•10HO失去结晶232水物质溶于水的吸热放热情况NaOH固体、CaO固体、浓HSO、Ca(OH)固体溶于水放出热量、使周围温度升高242硝酸铵(NHNO)溶于水(多数的分解反应)吸热，使周围温度下降43蔗糖、NaCl溶于水不放热初中化学溶液的酸碱性1、显酸性的溶液:酸溶液和某些盐溶液(硫酸氢钠、硫酸氢钾等)2、显碱性的溶液:碱溶液和某些盐溶液(碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠等)atthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreeofothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieds,smoeprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressionfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcabloulddrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableshdbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotheshoulonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checksortandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrowstransptrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;ansportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,issoftr6lpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupportftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysicalshafthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthofthesteepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiameterontheflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbelessthaandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbendburrs3、显中性的溶液:水和大多数的盐溶液(CaCl、NaCl)2金属和非金属单质、氧化物、酸、碱、盐之间的相互转化盐(无氧酸盐)(7)金属非金属盐2(1)+O+O2(4)(含氧酸盐)(17)(17)碱性酸性(8)氧化物氧化物(16)(15)盐和金属(11)(12)(2)+H2O-H2O(3)(5)+H2O-H2O(6)盐和氢气盐和水(9)碱酸(14)(13)碱和盐酸和盐+碱+酸两种新盐(10)盐盐物质所用试剂检验的方法、步骤现象化学反应实例石蕊试剂由?紫色石蕊取少量酸于试管并加入紫色变为红试液几滴石蕊试液。色。+酸(H)?无色酚酞取少量酸于试管并加入无色酚酞试试液几滴酚酞试液。液不变色。蘸取少量酸滴在pH试纸?pH试纸pH<7上。石蕊试剂由?紫色石蕊取少量碱液于试管中并紫色变为蓝试液加入几滴石蕊试液。色。碱无色酚酞试?无色酚酞取少量碱液于试管中并,(OH)液由无色变试液加入几滴酚酞试液。为红色。蘸取少量碱液滴在pH试?pH试纸pH>7纸上。盐酸及?取少量待测液于试管产生不溶于可溶性试剂和的白HCl+AgNO=AgCl?+HNOAgNO中稀HNO3333氯化物稀HNO?滴入几滴AgNO试剂色凝乳状沉NaCl+AgNO=AgCl?+NaNO3333,并滴加稀HNO淀。(Cl)3硫酸及?取少量待测液于试管生成不溶于BaCl试剂和SO+BaCl=BaSO?+2HClH22424可溶性的白中稀HNO3稀HNONaSO+BaCl=BaSO?+2NaCl32424硫酸盐?滴入几滴BaCl试剂色沉淀。2datthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreemoothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieons,sbleprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressidfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcashoulhedrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableuldbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotksshowsonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checsportandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrotranstrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;transportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,isof7calpathlengthofeachcable,arrangeeachcable,reducingthecableconnectors.4.1.4.3cablespacingofthesupporthaftshouldtieinwithcablereelweightandwidth.Beforelayingshouldbecalculatedaccordingtothedesignandthephysiteelsrofthecablethannot...Hurt,wellinsulated.4.1.4.2cablelinesshouldbeplacedsecurely,strengthandlengthoftheshepenetrationoftheminimumpermissiblebendingradiusofthecable.Cableprotectionpipeinnerdiameterandouterdiametethantndflatshouldnotbebiggerthantheoutsidediameterofthepipe10%;cableprotectionpipebendradiusshouldnotbelessrsandsharpedgesandcorners,andtrumpet.Cableprotectionpipeafterbending,thereshouldbenocracks,thedegreeofbeofbur,2)并滴加稀HNO(SO43?取少量待测固体或溶液于试管;冒出气泡，气+HCl=CaCl+CO?+2HOHCl或稀CaCO3222碳酸盐?加入几滴稀HCl或稀体能使澄清，澄清石NaCO+2HCl=NaCl+CO?+HOHNO,323222(CO)HNO;石灰水变浑33灰水Ca(OH)+CO=CaCO?+HO2232?将生成的气体通入澄浊。清石灰水。1.有关化学式的计算:基本公式:(1)相对分子质量=(化学式中各原子的相对原子质量×化学式中该元素原子个数)之和该元素相对原子质量，化学式中该元素原子个数，100%(2)化合物中某元素质量分数=化合物的相对分子质量(3)元素质量=物质质量×该元素的质量分数2.有关溶液的计算溶液质量=溶质质量+溶剂质量溶液质量=溶液体积×密度溶质质量,，100%溶质的质量分数溶液质量溶解度饱和溶液溶质的质量分数,，100%溶解度，100g稀释公式:浓溶液质量×稀释前浓度=稀溶液质量×稀释后浓度浓溶液质量×大浓度+稀溶液质量×小浓度=混合溶液×中浓度2.解题:计算题的类型有a(有关质量分数(元素和溶质)的计算b(根据化学方程式进行计算c(由a和b两种类型混合在一起计算(1)溶液中溶质质量分数的计算溶质质量分数=溶质的质量/溶液的质量×100%(2)化合物(纯净物)中某元素质量分数的计算某元素质量分数=某元素的原子质量和/化合物的质量×100%(3)混合物中某化合物的质量分数计算化合物的质量分数=某化合物的质量/混合物的质量×100%(4)混合物中某元素质量分数的计算某元素质量分数=某元素的质量和/混合物的质量×100%或:某元素质量分数=化合物的质量分数×该元素在化合物中的质量分数(5)解题技巧a.审题:看清题目的要求，已知什么，求什么，有化学方程式的先写出化学方程式。找出解此题的有关公式。b.根据化学方程式计算的解题步骤:?设未知量atthelargerforce,sufficientstrengthofpipeshouldbeused.4.1.2.2.2cableprotectiontubeprocessing,thetubefreeofothinsidewallsshouldbe,cableprotectionpipemaynothaveseverecorrosion,susceptibletomechanicaldamageandburieds,smoeprotectionpipeprocessingandlaying4.1.2.2.1cableprotectionpipemustbeperforated,cracksandsignificantdepressionfocusonthestore,andshallidentifythemodel,specification.Storagecablesshouldbedry,withoutwater.4.1.2.2ofcabloulddrawings,specifications,requirements,attachmentsshouldbecomplete,cableterminationshouldbetight.4.1.2.1.3cableshdbecarriedoutpromptly,thetechnicaldocumentationoftheproductsshouldbecomplete,cablelengthshouldconformtotheshoulonthecabledruminstructionsorentanglethecabledirection.Anditsannexes4.1.2.1.2cablearrivedatthescene,checksortandthescrollcablediscQian,mustguaranteecablediscfirm,cablearoundtight,andMustfollowwhenscrollingarrowstransptrictlyprohibitedwillcablediscdirectlybycarShangpushXia,cablediscnotshouldflatputtransportandthestorage;ansportandthecustody4.1.2.1.1cableintransportprocessinthenotshouldmakescableandthecablediscbyinjury,issoftr8lpathlength