《大数据专业英语教程（第1版）》参考试卷

《大数据专业英语教程》（机械工业出版社）参考试卷命题人：张强华司爱侠参考试卷一、写出以下单词的中文意思（每小题0.5分，共10分）1accumulate11authentication2operation12malware3complexity13ransomware4filtering14vulnerability5leakage15process6engine16validity7recovery17interpretation8storage18classification9ensure19element10accumulate20executable二、根据给出的中文意思，写出英文单词（每小题0.5分，共10分）1n.元数据11n.并发（性）2n.特性；属性12n.数据库3n.服务器13adj.程序的，过程的4n.推荐引擎；推荐系统14n.仓库；贮藏室5n.标准，规格15vt.收集；采集6adj.定性的16n.聚集；集成；集结7n.登记，注册17adj.跨平台的8n.备份18vt.取得，获得；实现9n.容量；性能19n.体系结构；（总体、层次）结构10n.冗余；过多，过剩20v.担保；确保n.保证；保修单1dataflow2datamart3datamining4datasharing5datadefinition6datastorage7datavisualization8operatingsystem9semi-structureddata10sampledata四、根据给出的中文意思，写出英文短语（每小题1分，共10分）1非结构化数据2层次数据模型，分级数据模型3文本分析4数据点5数据收集6自治数据库7数据仓库8混合云9机器学习10非关系数据库五、写出以下缩略语的完整形式和中文意思（每小题1分，共10分）缩略语完整形式中文意思1AI2BDF3CMS4API5DDL6DML7DQL8ELT9JVM10SLA六、阅读短文，回答问题（每小题2分，共10分）TheImportanceofClusteringandClassificationinDataScienceThepurposeofclusteringandclassificationalgorithmsistomakesenseofandextractvaluefromlargesetsofstructuredandunstructureddata.Ifyou’reworkingwithhugevolumesofunstructureddata,itonlymakessensetotrytopartitionthedataintosomesortoflogicalgroupingsbeforeattemptingtoanalyzeit.Clusteringandclassificationallowsyoutotakeasweepingglanceofyourdataenmasse,andthenformsomelogicalstructuresbasedonwhatyoufindtherebeforegoingdeeperintothenuts-and-boltsanalysis.Intheirsimplestform,clustersaresetsofdatapointsthatsharesimilarattributes,andclusteringalgorithmsarethemethodsthatgroupthesedatapointsintodifferentclustersbasedontheirsimilarities.You’llseeclusteringalgorithmsusedfordiseaseclassificationinmedicalscience,butyou’llalsoseethemusedforcustomerclassificationinmarketingresearchandforenvironmentalhealthriskassessmentinenvironmentalengineering.Therearedifferentclusteringmethods,dependingonhowyouwantyourdatasettobedivided.Thetwomaintypesofclusteringalgorithmsare:Hierarchical:Algorithmscreateseparatesetsofnestedclusters,eachintheirownhierarchallevel.Partitional:Algorithmscreatejustasinglesetofclusters.Youmighthaveheardofclassificationandthoughtthatclassificationisthesamethingasclustering.Manypeopledo,butthisisnotthecase.Inclassification,beforeyoustart,youalreadyknowthenumberofclassesintowhichyourdatashouldbegroupedandyoualreadyknowwhatclassyouwanteachdatapointtobeassigned.Inclassification,thedatainthedatasetbeinglearnedfromislabeled.Whenyouuseclusteringalgorithms,ontheotherhand,youhavenopredefinedconceptforhowmanyclustersareappropriateforyourdata,andyourelyupontheclusteringalgorithmstosortandclusterthedatainthemostappropriateway.Withclusteringtechniques,you’relearningfromunlabeleddata.Tobetterillustratethenatureofclassification,though,takealookatTwitteranditshash-taggingsystem.Sayyoujustgotholdofyourfavoritedrinkintheentireworld:anicedcaramellattefromStarbucks.You’resohappytohaveyourdrinkthatyoudecidetotweetaboutitwithaphotoandthephrase“ThisisthebestlatteEVER!#StarbucksRocks.”Well,ofcourse,youinclude“#StarbucksRocks”inyourtweetsothatthetweetgoesintothe#StarbucksRocksstreamandisclassifiedtogetherwithalltheothertweetsthathavebeenlabeledas#StarbucksRocks.YouruseofthehashtaglabelinyourtweettoldTwitterhowtoclassifyyourdataintoarecognizableandaccessiblegroup,orcluster.Whatisthepurposeofclusteringandclassificationalgorithms?Whatareclustersintheirsimplestform?Whatareclusteringalgorithms?3.Howmanymaintypesofclusteringalgorithmsarethere?Whatarethey?4.Whatdoyoualreadyknowinclaasification?5.Howcanyoubetterillustratethenatureofclassification?将下列词填入适当的位置（每词只用一次）。（每小题10分，共20分）填空题1供选择的答案:uniquehierarchicalprocessesincludeacceptableinvolvesaccuracyhackerslinkedissuesTypesofDataIntegrityTherearetwotypesofdataintegrity:physicalintegrityandlogicalintegrity.Bothareacollectionofprocessesandmethodsthatenforcedataintegrityinboth___1___andrelationaldatabases.PhysicalintegrityPhysicalintegrityistheprotectionofdata’swholenessand___2___asit’sstoredandretrieved.Whennaturaldisastersstrike,powergoesout,orhackersdisruptdatabasefunctions,physicalintegrityiscompromised.Humanerror,storageerosion,andahostofother___3___canalsomakeitimpossiblefordataprocessingmanagers,systemprogrammers,applicationsprogrammers,andinternalauditorstoobtainaccuratedata.LogicalintegrityLogicalintegritykeepsdataunchangedasit’susedindifferentwaysinarelationaldatabase.Logicalintegrityprotectsdatafromhumanerrorand___4___aswell,butinamuchdifferentwaythanphysicalintegritydoes.Therearefourtypesoflogicalintegrity.2.1EntityintegrityEntityintegrityreliesonthecreationofprimarykeys,or___5___valuesthatidentifypiecesofdata,toensurethatdataisn’tlistedmorethanonceandthatnofieldinatableisnull.It’safeatureofrelationalsystemswhichstoredataintablesthatcanbe___6___andusedinavarietyofways.2.2ReferentialintegrityReferentialintegrityreferstotheseriesof___7___thatmakesuredataisstoredanduseduniformly.Rulesembeddedintothedatabase’sstructureabouthowforeignkeysareusedensurethatonlyappropriatechanges,additions,ordeletionsofdataoccur.Rulesmay___8___constraintsthateliminatetheentryofduplicatedata,guaranteethatdataisaccurate,and/ordisallowtheentryofdatathatdoesn’tapply.2.3DomainintegrityDomainintegrityisthecollectionofprocessesthatensuretheaccuracyofeachpieceofdatainadomain.Inthiscontext,adomainisasetof___9___valuesthatacolumnisallowedtocontain.Itcanincludeconstraintsandothermeasuresthatlimittheformat,type,andamountofdataentered.2.4User-definedintegrityUser-definedintegrity___10___therulesandconstraintscreatedbytheusertofittheirparticularneeds.Sometimesentity,referential,anddomainintegrityaren’tenoughtosafeguarddata.Often,specificbusinessrulesmustbetakenintoaccountandincorporatedintodataintegritymeasures.填空题2供选择的答案:programsarchitecturelayerhandlingcreatecenterinfrastructurenetworksstoragemachinesBigDataCloudReferenceArchitectureThecloudarchitectureforbigdataisefficienttomanagecomplicatedcomputingscalability,storage,andnetworkinginfrastructure.Theinfrastructureasserviceprovidersmainlydealswithservers,___1___,inadditiontostorageapplicationsandoffersfacilitiessuchasvirtualization,basicmonitoringandsafety,operatingsystem,serverinadata___2___,andstorageservices.Thefourlayersofbigdatacloudarchitecturearediscussedbelow:BigDataAnalytics-SoftwareasaService(BDA-SaaS):Theanalyticsofbigdataofferedasservicegivesusersthecapabilitytoquicklyworkonanalyticswithoutspendingon___3___andpayforthefacilitiesused.Thefunctionsofthislayerare:•Arrangementofsoftwareapplicationsrepository•Software___4___deploymentontheinfrastructure•Resultdeliverytotheusers.BigDataAnalytics-PlatformasaService(BPaaS):Thisisthesecondlayerofthe___5___.Itisthecorelayerthatprovidesplatform-relatedservicestoworkwithstoredbigdataandcomputing.Datamanagementtools,schedulers,andprogrammingenvironmentsfordata-intensiveanddataprocessingtasks,whichareconsideredasmiddlewaremanagementtoolsresideinthisregion.This___6___responsiblefordevelopingsoftwaredevelopmentkitsandtoolsnecessaryforanalytics.BigDataFabric(BDF):Thisisthefabriclayerofbigdata,responsibleforaddressingtoolsandAPIsthatsupportthe___7___ofdata,datacomputation,andaccesstodifferentapplicationservices.ThislayercomprisesAPIsandinteroperableprotocoldesignedtoconnectthespecifiedmultiplecloudinfrastructuralstandards.CloudInfrastructure(CI):Thecloudinfrastructureisresponsiblefor___8___theinfrastructurefordatastorageandcomputationasservices.TheservicesofferedbyCIlayerareasfollows:●Tocreatelarge-scaleelasticinfrastructureforbigdatastorage,capableofon-demanddeployment.●Tosetupdynamicvirtual___9___.●Togenerateson-demandstoragefacilitiesthatrelatetobigdatamanagementforfile,block,andobject-based.●Toenableseamlesspassageofdataacrossthestoragerepositories.●To___10___virtualmachinesandtomountthefilesystemwiththecomputenode.短文翻译（每小题10分，共20分）翻译题1DataCleaningWhatisdatacleaning?Datacleaningistheprocessoffixingorremovingincorrect,corrupted,incorrectlyformatted,duplicate,orincompletedatawithinadataset.Datacleaning,whichisalsoreferredtoasdatacleansinganddatascrubbing,isoneofthemostimportantstepsforyourorganizationifyouwanttocreateaculturearoundqualitydatadecision-making.Datacleaningisnotsimplyabouterasinginformationtomakespacefornewdata,butratherfindingawaytomaximizeadataset’saccuracywithoutnecessarilydeletinginformation.Datacleaningincludesmoreactionsthanremovingdata,suchasfixingspellingandsyntaxerrors,standardizingdatasets,andcorrectingmistakessuchasemptyfields,missingcodes,andidentifyingduplicatedatapoints.Mostimportantly,thegoalofdatacleaningistocreatedatasetsthatarestandardizedanduniformtoallowbusinessintelligenceanddataanalyticstoolstoeasilyaccessandfindtherightdataforeachquery.Whatisthedifferencebetweendatacleaninganddatatransformation?Datacleaningistheprocessthatremovesdatathatdoesnotbelonginyourdataset.Datatransformationistheprocessofconvertingdatafromoneformatorstructureintoanother.Transformationprocessescanalsobereferredtoasdatawrangling,ordatamunging,transformingandmappingdatafromone"raw"dataformintoanotherformatforwarehousingandanalyzing.BenefitsofdatacleaningHavingcleandatawillultimatelyincreaseoverallproductivityandallowforthehighestqualityinformationinyourdecision-making.Thebenefitsinclude:●Removaloferrorswhenmultiplesourcesofdataareatplay.●Fewererrorsmakeforhappierclientsandless-frustratedemployees.●Abilitytomapthedifferentfunctionsandwhatyourdataisintendedtodo.●Monitoringerrorsandbetterreportingtoseewhereerrorsarecomingfrom,makingiteasiertofixincorrectorcorruptdataforfutureapplications.●Usingtoolsfordatacleaningwillmakeformoreefficientbusinesspracticesandquickerdecision-making.翻译题2DataVisualization  Datavisualizationisthepracticeoftranslatinginformationintoavisualcontext,suchasamaporgraph,tomakedataeasierforthehumanbraintounderstandandpullinsightsfrom.Themaingoalofdatavisualizationistomakeiteasiertoidentifypatterns,trendsandoutliersinlargedatasets.Thetermisoftenusedinterchangeablywithothers,includinginformationgraphics,informationvisualizationandstatisticalgraphics.Datavisualizationisoneofthestepsofthedatascienceprocess,whichstatesthatafterdatahasbeencollected,processedandmodeled,itmustbevisualizedforconclusionstobemade.Datavisualizationisalsoanelementofthebroaderdatapresentationarchitecture(DPA)discipline,whichaimstoidentify,locate,manipulate,formatanddeliverdatainthemostefficientwaypossible.Datavisualizationisimportantforalmosteverycareer.Itcanbeusedbyteacherstodisplaystudenttestresults,bycomputerscientistsexploringadvancementsinartificialintelligence(AI)orbyexecutiveslookingtoshareinformationwithstakeholders.Italsoplaysanimportantroleinbigdataprojects.Asbusinessesaccumulatedmassivecollectionsofdataduringtheearlyyearsofthebigdatatrend,theyneededawaytoquicklyandeasilygetanoverviewoftheirdata.Visualizationtoolswereanaturalfit.Visualizationiscentraltoadvancedanalyticsforsimilarreasons.Whenadatascientistiswritingadvancedpredictiveanalyticsormachinelearning(ML)algorithms,itbecomesimportanttovisualizetheoutputstomonitorresultsandensurethatmodelsareperformingasintended.Thisisbecausevisualizationsofcomplexalgorithmsaregenerallyeasiertointerpretthannumericaloutputs.Datavisualizationprovidesaquickandeffectivewaytocommunicateinformationinauniversalmannerusingvisualinformation.Thepracticecanalsohelpbusinessesidentifywhichfactorsaffectcustomerbehavior;pinpointareasthatneedtobeimprovedorneedmoreattention;makedatamorememorableforstakeholders;understandwhenandwheretoplacespecificproducts;andpredictsalesvolumes.Otherbenefitsofdatavisualizationinclude:●theabilitytoabsorbinformationquickly,improveinsightsandmakefasterdecisions;●anincreasedunderstandingofthenextstepsthatmustbetakentoimprovetheorganization;●animprovedabilitytomaintaintheaudience'sinterestwithinformationtheycanunderstand;●aneasydistributionofinformationthatincreasestheopportunitytoshareinsightswitheveryoneinvolved;●eliminatingtheneedfordatascientistssincedataismoreaccessibleandunderstandable;and●anincreasedabilitytoactonfindingsquicklyand,therefore,achievesuccesswithgreaterspeedandlessmistakes.

参考试卷答案一、写出以下单词的中文意思（每小题0.5分，共10分）1accumulatev.堆积，积累11authenticationn.身份验证；认证2operationn.操作；运算12malwaren.恶意软件，流氓软件3complexityn.复杂性13ransomwaren.勒索软件4filteringn.过滤14vulnerabilityn.弱点；脆弱性5leakagen.漏出；泄露15processvt.加工；处理6enginen.引擎，发动机16validityn.有效性，合法性7recoveryn.恢复，复原17interpretationn.解释，说明8storagen.贮存18classificationn.分类，归类9ensurevt.确保19elementn.元素；要素；原理10accumulatev.堆积，积累20executableadj.可执行的；实行的二、根据给出的中文意思，写出英文单词（每小题0.5分，共10分）1n.元数据metadata11n.并发（性）concurrency2n.特性；属性property12n.数据库database3n.服务器server13adj.程序的，过程的procedural4n.推荐引擎；推荐系统recommender14n.仓库；贮藏室repository5n.标准，规格standard15vt.收集；采集gather6adj.定性的qualitative16n.聚集；集成；集结aggregation7n.登记，注册registration17adj.跨平台的cross-platform8n.备份backup18vt.取得，获得；实现achieve9n.容量；性能capacity19n.体系结构；（总体、层次）结构architecture10n.冗余；过多，过剩redundancy20v.担保；确保n.保证；保修单guarantee1dataflow数据流2datamart数据集市3datamining数据挖掘4datasharing数据共享5datadefinition数据定义6datastorage数据存储7datavisualization数据可视化8operatingsystem操作系统9semi-structureddata半结构化数据10sampledata样本数据四、根据给出的中文意思，写出英文短语（每小题1分，共10分）1非结构化数据unstructureddata2层次数据模型，分级数据模型hierarchicaldatamodel3文本分析textanalysis4数据点datapoint5数据收集datacollection6自治数据库autonomousdatabases7数据仓库datawarehouse8混合云hybridcloud9机器学习machinelearning10非关系数据库nonrelationaldatabase五、写出以下缩略语的完整形式和中文意思（每小题1分，共10分）缩略语完整形式中文意思1AIArtificialIntelligence人工智能2BDFBigDataFabric大数据结构3CMSContentManagementSystem内容管理系统4APIApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序编程接口5DDLDataDefinitionLanguage数据定义语言6DMLDataManipulationLanguage数据操作语言7DQLDataQueryLanguage数据查询语言8ELTExtract,Load,Transform提取、加载、转换9JVMJavaVirtualMachineJava虚拟机10SLAServiceLevelAgreement服务等级协议，服务级别协议六、阅读短文，回答问题（每小题2分，共10分）Thepurposeofclusteringandclassificationalgorithmsistomakesenseofandextractvaluefromlargesetsofstructuredandunstructureddata.Intheirsimplestform,clustersaresetsofdatapointsthatsharesimilarattributes,andclusteringalgorithmsarethemethodsthatgroupthesedatapointsintodifferentclustersbasedontheirsimilarities.Therearetwomaintypesofclusteringalgorithms.Theyarehierarchicalalgorithmsandpartitionalalgorithms.Inclassification,beforeyoustart,youalreadyknowthenumberofclassesintowhichyourdatashouldbegroupedandyoualreadyknowwhatclassyouwanteachdatapointtobeassigned.Tobetterillustratethenatureo