2025年上海市松江区高三二模英语试卷(含答案和音频)

.42025年上海市松江区二模英语试卷2025.4（满分115分，完卷时间105分钟）考生注意：1.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。2.答题前，务必在答题纸上填写学校、班级、姓名和考号。3.答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,youwillhavesevensecondstodecidewhichchoiceisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Nowyouhave100secondstoreadallthechoicesonthescreen.A.Awallet. B.Astaffmember.C.Apieceofcleaningequipment. D.Aroomtostayforanight.A.Unhealthy. B.Beneficial. C.Common. D.Rare.A.Jamesdoesnotplayinthevideo.B.Jamespreferstoplayinthetown.C.Jamesdoesnotlooklikethepersoninthevideo.D.Jamesislearninganewplayingstylefortheconcert.A.Onthedeskintheoffice. B.Inthestorageroom.C.Nexttotheprinter. D.Inthesupplyroom.A.Linda’sassistantisattendingtheworkshoponherbehalf.B.Lindaisaseasy-goingasherassistant.C.Lindausuallyworksinanemergencyroom.D.Linda’sassistantisplanningtoleavefortheworkshop.A.Showthemanadrawingtechnique.B.Askthemodeltomovehisarm.C.Drawfromadifferentperspective.D.Sharpentheman’spencil.A.Themandidn’thaveanyextracopies.B.Themanpreparedmorethan38copies.C.Afewstudentsdidn’tbringtheirassignment.D.Thestudentsatthebackwerelateforclass.A.She’snotupsetaboutwhatthemandid.B.Shewouldlikethemantodothelaundry.C.Shedoesn’tknowhowtodealwiththeproblem.D.Shethinksit’ssillytousewhitetablecloth.A.Buyhiswifegoldearrings. B.Sendflowerstohiswife.C.Choosealessexpensivegift. D.Askforthewife’sopinion.A.Sheknewthatprogramwasonlastnight.B.Shedidn’twatchthedocumentaryoften.C.Shedidn’thavetimetohelpthemanwithbiology.D.Sheusuallywatcheddocumentariesatnight.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,youwillhavesevensecondstodecidewhichchoicewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nowyouhave30secondstoreadallthechoicesonthescreen.A.Hestarredinanewplay.B.Helearnedfromatalentedartist.C.Heproducedahitmovie.D.Hebecamethemanagerofatheatre.A.Heactedinastrongandpersuasiveway.B.Hisactingwasapparentlybloody.C.Hisperformancereliedonexpansivegestures.D.Hestruggledtoperformduetoinexperience.A.OrsonWelles’achievementsinvariousfields.B.HowWellesbecameafamousmagician.C.WhyCitizenKanebecameasuccess.D.Welles’learningexperienceanditsimpact.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nowyouhave30secondstoreadallthechoicesonthescreen.A.Avoidtalkingwithothers.B.Askaboutthetime.C.Exchangeideasoftheweather.D.Stayawayfromforeignvisitors.A.Onethatstartswithagreement.B.Onethatintroducesaquestion.C.Onethatensuresaquickend.D.Onethatavoidsexpressingfeelings.A.SomehiddenEnglishsocialrulesuncoveredinabook.B.ThereasonswhytheEnglisharehardtounderstand.C.Theauthor’sinitialreactiontoreadingthebook.D.Trafficrulesonpublictransportandatbusstops.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Nowyouhave40secondstoreadallthechoicesonthescreen.A.Potentialforobtainingmetalsfromthedeepsea.B.Profitsfromrenewableenergyfoundatsea.C.Theexplorationofbiodiversityinthesea.D.Theimpactofplasticpollutiononoceans.A.Itissuesdeep-seaminingpermissions.B.Itownsandcontrolsalldeep-searesources.C.Itdoesminingexperimentsinthedeepsea.D.Itopposesdeep-seaminingforlackoffunding.A.29. B.2027. C.38. D.1989.A.Thepossibleharmtodeep-seaecosystems.B.Argumentsoverdeep-seaownership.C.Thefunctionoftheelectronicsmaybeinfluenced.D.Insufficientmethodsfordeep-seamining.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.SmallBreaks,BigBenefitsTrainingforamarathonisoneroutetofitnessandbuildingveryshort“microwalks”intoyourdaymayalsobeapathtobetterhealth.Researchersfoundthatwhenpeoplebrokeupawalkintoperiodsof10to30seconds,(1)__________shortbreaksinbetween,theyusedupto60percentmoreenergythancoveringthesamestretchinonego.AccordingtotheprofessoroftheUniversityofMilan,DrFrancescoLuciano,(2)__________ledthestudy,themainmessageshouldbethatbriefmomentsofphysicalactivity,suchasgettingtoyourfeettomakeacupoftea,canmakeasurprisinglylargedifferenceto(3)____________________caloriesyouburn.“Breakingupmotionlessperiodswithbriefwalkgreatlyincreasesenergyconsumeddailyand(4)__________(improve)health.”ThisisthedirectquotefromDrFrancescoLucianoandhiscolleaguesinProceedingsB,aninfluentialjournal(5)__________(publish)topresentthelatestbiologicalresearch.TheNHSrecommendsthatadultsaged19to64getatleast150minutesofmoderateor75minutesofintenseactivityweekly.However,researchhaspresentedconclusiveevidencethatevenveryshortintervalsofactivity(6)__________bebeneficial.Thelatestresearch,whichhundredsofparticipantstookpartin,involved(7)__________(measure)theamountofenergypeopleconsumedwhilewalkingonanexercisemachineorclimbingstairs.Tenvolunteerswalkedorclimbedfordifferentamountsoftime,includingshortintervalsofeither10or30seconds,orlonger(8)__________ofuptofourminutes.Aftereachperiodofactivity,theypausedforseveralminutes.“Wefoundthatwalkingin(9)__________(short)periodsrequiresmoreenergy—andmoreoxygen—tocoverthesamewalkinglength,comparedtocoveringitcontinuously.It’slikeacarusingmorefuelduringthefirstfewkilometres,”hesaid.Whilebreakinglongwalksintoshortintervalsmightnotbepracticalintermsoflengthcovered,Lucianoemphasizedthat(10)__________possible,peopleshouldtakeafewstepstobreakupsittingtime.SectionBDirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.adapting B.cast C.dimension D.distance E.evidentF.picture G.preparatory H.referring I.solidified J.sought K.tuneAudreyFlack—APhoto-realistRepresentativeThephoto-realistmovement,emerginginthelate1960sand1970sintheUnitedStatesandEurope,desiredtoproduceworksindistinguishablefromhigh-resolutionphotographs.AudreyFlack,anAmericanpainterandsculptorwhosechoiceofsubjectmatteraddeda(n)11tothemovement,wasoneofthefirstartiststouseaprojectionofaphotographasanaidtopainting.FlackgraduatedfromYalewithaBachelorofFineArtsdegreein1952andwasinfluencedbyherteacher’sAbstractExpressioniststyle,12inherearlywork.ThenextyearshestudiedarthistoryatNewYorkUniversity’sInstituteofFineArts.Duringthelate1950sFlackbeganto13herselffromthisstyle,whichshefeltdidnotcommunicateeffectivelyorclearlywithviewers.ShelookedtoartistssuchasSpanishBaroqueartistLuisaRoldánasmodels.Onerepresentativeofherphoto-realistpaintingswasMacarenaofMiracles,directly14toRoldán’ssculptureVirgendelaMacarena,LaEsperanza.Duringthe1960s,theartistcontinuedto15herphotographicmethodandhersubjectmatter.Unlikemalephoto-realistssuchasRichardEstesandChuckClose,whochosesubjectsthatavoidedemotionalcontent,Flack16toconveyabroadermeaningthroughherwork.Whilegoingontocreateworkswithsociopoliticalcommentary,shestartedto17everydayitemssuchashandbagsandmakeup,usingthemtoquestiontheirroleinshapingfemaleidentity.Asignificantpaintingfromthisperiod,FarbFamilyPortrait(1969–70),wastheresultofanewworkingtechnique.Startingwithaslideofthefamilyportrait(肖像),Flack18thephotoontothecanvas(画布)anduseditasherguideforpainting.Thismethodrelievedherofhavingtomake19drawings.Shealsodevelopedamethodofapplyingpaintinlayerswithanairbrush.Usingthoseinnovations,Flackmasterfullycreatedanumberofsymbolicworks.Throughthesepractices,Flack20herroleasapioneerwhoexpandedphotorealismbeyondmerecopying,implantingitwithlayerednarrativesaboutidentityandsocietalnorms.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Historyoftealaststhroughoutthousandsofyearsandcrossesintovariousstories.Nowadays,youcanbuyhundredsofteavarietiestoaddressmanyphysicalhealthissues,asteaissupportedby__21__science.However,inancienttimes,teawasaphilosophicalcreation,notjustadrink—wisemenexperiencedthe__22__growththroughthedrinkingoftea.Learningaboutthehistoryofteais,__23__,quitefascinating.Unlikesometraditionaldrinks,teabeginswiththetaleofanemperorinChina,almost5000yearsago.Around2700BC,EmperorShenNongdiscoveredteapurely__24__.Thewell-knownleaderandwisemanwasboilingwaterinhisgardenwhenalooseleaffromatreeaccidentallyfellinand__25__thewater.Hewassofascinatedwiththetasteofdrinkthathelaterappliedhisscientificknowledgetotheprocessand__26__thevariousbenefitsofteainhisfurtherresearchintoplants.FromancientChina,teatraveledtoXizangandIndia.TangDynastyinChinabegantopromotethedrinkforitsmedicinalbenefits,leadingtomuchformalwritingonthesubject.These__27__coveredancientteapreparationsandpractices,andbecamesignificantcomparisonstohowweuseteainthemoderndays.Monks(僧侣)andpoets__28__teaEastandWest.Andtheninthe9thcenturyitreachedJapan.Butitwasgiventhecoldshoulderandstayed__29__untilMatcha,greenteamadeintopowder,waslaterinventedbythelocals.AndMatchabecametheinnovationthat__30__Japan’spassionforteainthe13thcentury.InMingDynasty,peoplestartedmakingteaaswedotodayandbusinessmenbegan__31__greentea,tradingitwithexplorersthroughoutEuropeandAsia.Inthe17thcentury,DutchpeopletradeditontheSilkRoad.ThisledteatoEnglandin1657,whereitquicklybecameapopularnationwide,fromtheroyalcourtto__32__citizens.AstheBritishEastIndiaCompanybecamethe__33__tradingempireontheplanet—controllingaroundhalfoftheworld’stradeingoods,colonies(殖民地)underitsadministrationnaturallypickedupthehabit.Historyofteaalsoinvolvesawayofshowing__34__.TheAmericansonceexpressedtheirangerwiththeBritishEmpirebythrowingteaintotheportinBoston.Yetsometimelater,throughTeaActs,preferentialtaxpolicies,newhealthfoodtrendsandmore,tearestoreditspopularityworldwide.Howevertheworldshifts,insomeplaces,suchasChina,tea__35__thenationaldrinkofchoice.A.astonishing B.groundbreaking C.environmental D.medicinalA.spiritual B.fundamental C.financial D.biologicalA.oncontrast B.therefore C.forinstance D.howeverA.onpurpose B.bychance C.witheffort D.insecretA.polluted B.purified C.flavored D.coloredA.buried B.calculated C.uncovered D.popularizedA.documents B.demonstrations C.tendencies D.theoriesA.improved B.consumed C.sweetened D.spreadA.welcome B.bitter C.controversial D.inactiveA.blocked B.awakened C.promoted D.suspendedA.givingup B.tearingdown C.dealingin D.sortingoutA.global B.senior C.plain D.urbanA.stylish B.dominant C.united D.undignifiedA.progress B.drawbacks C.approval D.oppositionA.remains B.turns C.replaces D.overtakesSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)For24-year-oldZairePerryinTexas,makingahumbleChineseeggdishshehadneverheardofafewmonthsagowasthebeginningofanunexpectedfriendship.ItbeganwhenPerrycameacrossjidangeng,orsteamedeggcustard,onapopularChina-basedsocialplatform.ManyAmericanswhocametotheplatformareinspiredtomakeanattemptatChineserecipes.Thensteamedeggcustard,asaltydishnotcommonlyfoundinChineserestaurantsinU.S.,becameextremelypopular.Perrywasitchingtostartsteamingeggsbutwasatalosswiththemanyrecipesfloatingaround,untilsheconnectedwithHuXiaoman,a35-year-oldmotherincentralChina.Husharedherfamily’srecipeandthenapplaudedPerry’sfirstattemptasahugesuccess:silkybutfirmcustardcoveredwithathinlayerofsauce,toppedoffwithspringonions.HucalledPerry“acookinggenius.”Steamedeggcustard,involvesjusteggs,waterandsalt—simpleatfirstglance,butevenChinesecookswhotryitforthefirsttimeoftenfailtogetthewater-eggproportionrightandeitherovercookorundercooktheeggs.ManyotherChineseusersalsoclickedtheirapprovalonPerry’spostandonthesteamed-eggexperimentsofotherAmericans.ForHuandPerry,steamedeggswerejustthestart.Separatedbya14-hourtimedifferenceandalanguagebarrier,thetwostartedsharingcookingtips.HusaidshewassurprisedtolearnfromPerry’srecipesthatalotofAmericandishesareservedwarm.“MyimpressionofAmericanfoodswasthattheyaremostlycold,suchasbreadslicesorsalads.Herfoodmademefeelwarm,thewarmthoffamily.”FromTexas,Perrysaid,“Foodissomethingthatcangobeyondlanguageorculturalbarriers.Idon’tevenspeakChineseandshespeaksverylittleEnglish,andyetwe’rebondingoverrecipes.”Withthehelpofrecenttranslationfeatureontheplatform,HuandPerryhavegoneontoshareexperiencesandphotosoftheirdailylives,mirroringtheupgradeoffriendlyinteractionsbetweenAmericansandChinesepeople.Asmanynetizenshaverecognized,theplatform’sfocusonculturalcontentsuchaslifestyleandtravelingdoescontributetothechange.Theword“itching”inparagraph2canbereplacedby“__________”.A.eager B.hesitant C.grateful D.uncomfortableWhatcanwelearnaboutsteamedeggcustard?A.ChineserestaurantsinU.S.helpmakeitpopular.B.Beginnersarelikelytoundercookorovercookit.C.Thesimplerecipemakesthedishlearner-friendly.D.Therightwater-eggproportionismasteredbyfew.Whatcanbeconcludedfromthepassage?A.HuandPerrysharedcookingtipsandphotographicskills.B.HuencouragedPerrytobecomeacookinaChineserestaurant.C.PerryhelpedtoresolveHu’smisunderstandingofAmericandishes.D.Perry’spostofeggsarousedotherAmericans’interestinChinesedishes.Thepassageisintendedtoconveythemessagethat__________.A.arecipeinneedisarecipeindeedB.steamedeggscanbeaculturalsymbolinChinaC.cuisineisanentranceintofriendshipandculturalexchangeD.socialmediashouldbewidelyusedtoovercomelanguagebarriers(B)ThankyouforyourinterestinbecomingahomeownerwithHabitat.Habitatiscommittedtoprovidingqualifiedhouseholdswiththeopportunityforaffordablehomeownership.Wefollowanequalpolicyofhomebuyerselectionandareaccountabletomortgage(按揭贷款)lendinglaws.Wemanagethehomeownerselectionandapprovalprocessatthelocallevel.Qualifiedhomebuyersmustbe:Inneedofsafe,affordablehousingApplicantsmaybedealingwithsubstandardhousingthatispoorlybuilt,damaged,orinaccessibleduetodisabilities.Low-incomeormoderate-incomeHouseholdincomemustnotgoover60%oftheareaaverageincomedefinedannuallybytheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment.AbleandwillingtopayanaffordablemortgageHabitatensuresthatthemonthlymortgagepaymentsdonotgobeyond30%ofthehomebuyer’smonthlyincome.WillingtopartnerwithHabitatOnceselected,homebuyersmustpartnerwithHabitatthroughouttheprocess.Thispartnershipincludesperforming“sweatequity”,suchasconductingconstructionworkontheirhomeoranotherfamily’shome,clearingbuildsitestomakewayfornewconstruction,writingthank-youcardstolocaldonorsandsoon.Thefollowingisanoverviewofthehomeownershipprocess:Step1Step2Step3Step4Step5Step6Step1:...Step2:...Step3:...Step4:...Step5:Homebuyerscompletethepaperworkforamortgage,whichendswiththeirsignature.Step6:Oncealloftheformsaresignedandalloftheconstructioniscomplete,it’stimetomoveinandcelebrate!ThemainpurposeofHabitatisto__________.A.applyforbankloansforthoseinneedofhomeB.buildhouseswiththehelpoffuturehomeownersC.offerhousestofamilieswithlowormoderateincomeD.enableaffordablehomeownershipforspecificfamiliesWhatcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.Low-wageworkersmayhavelittlechanceofbeingselectedbyHabitat.B.HomebuyerscanpartnerwithHabitatbyperformingconstructionwork.C.ThosewhowanttoimprovelivingconditionsshouldbecomeHabitat’spartners.D.Thatmonthlymortgagepaymenttakes25%oftheareaaverageincomeisacceptable.Whatisthecorrectorderofthefourmissingstepsintheprocess?LocalHabitatstaffandvolunteerscarefullyrevieweachfamily’sapplicationpacketandpresenttheirrecommendationstothelocalboardofdirectors.Thereareinformationsessionswherepotentialhomeownerscanlearnabouttheirhomeownershipprogram,askquestionsandmakeconnections.Habitatstaffmakeahomevisittohearmoreaboutapotentialfuturehomeowner’sdesiretopartnerwithHabitat.IfafamilyfeelsHabitat’shomeownershipprogramistherightfitforthem,theyapplylocallyduringanopenapplicationperiod.A.②④③① B.②①④③ C.①④③② D.①②④③(C)Beneathitsicysurface,theAntarcticOcean—avastandremotewilderness—housesahiddenworldofmicroscopiclife,includingcloudsofkrill(磷虾).Thesetinycreatures,justafewincheslong,areamongthemostplentifulandimportantanimalsonEarth.RodDownie,chiefpolaradviseratWWF-UK,describesAntarctickrillasthe“superheroesoftheSouthernOcean.”Theyserveasacriticalfoodsourceformarinewildlife,includingwhales,penguins,seals,andseabirds.Theyfeedonmicroscopicplantsinseaice,whichabsorbCO2,andareinturneatenbywhales.Whenwhalesreleasewaste,itfertilizesmarineplantsthathelpcooltheplanet.However,theunsustainablefishingofkrillcoulddisturbthiscycle.Downiesays,“Weurgentlyneedtoprotectkrillhabitatswithinanetworkofmarineprotectedareas.Thisprojectcouldgiveusanewtooltohelpmonitorandsafeguardthisvitalspecies.”Butmonitoringtheseorganismspresentsagrandchallengeforscientists.Traditionalmethods,suchasship-basedsurveysandsampling,aretime-consuming,expensive,andgeographicallylimited.ScientistsareusingslightdifferencesinseawatercolourtocountAntarctickrillfromspace.DrCaitMcCarry,aresearcherfromtheUniversityofStrathclyde,recentlyreturnedfromAntarctica,wheresheconductedexperimentstomeasurethiseffect.Sheexplained,“Westartwithseawater,thenaddakrillandmeasurehowmuchlightthewaterabsorbs.Thenweaddanotherkrillandtakeanothermeasurement.”Thisprocesshelpsscientistsunderstandhowkrillconcentrationaffectsoceancolour,enablingthemtotrackkrillpopulationsfromspace.Thetechnologyisn’twithoutitslimitations.Factorssuchascloudcover,seaice,andvariationsinwaterclaritycanaffecttheaccuracyofsatellitemeasurements.Furthermore,whilesatellitedataprovidesinformationabouttheoverallbiomass,itdoesn’tprovidedetailedinformationonthespeciescompositionorthehealthofindividualorganisms.Andinsuchcases,fieldstudies,withitsuniquecapacityforon-the-groundinvestigation,arereadytoassumeanessentialroleforamorecomprehensiveunderstanding.FromtheseeminglyinsignificantvariationsinseawatercolortothecomplexinterplayoflifewithintheAntarcticfoodweb,scientistscontinuetorevealthecomplicatedworkingsofthisvitalecosystem.Theirdedicationandtheinnovativetoolstheyemployofferhopeforafuturewherewecanbetterunderstandandprotectthewondersofourplanet.Krillaredescribedas“superheroesoftheSouthernOcean”because__________.A.theyprovideanessentialmonitoringmethodB.theirvastspeciesdominatetheAntarcticOceanC.theyregulatethetemperatureofEarthinacertainwayD.theirmovementsindicateoceantemperaturespreciselyItcanbeconcludedthat__________.A.lightabsorptionchangeswithkrillconcentrationB.krill’swastehelpsplantsabsorbCO2moreefficientlyC.thespeciesofdeep-seaplantsareenrichedduetokrillD.krillaremainlythreatenedbynaturalhunterslikewhalesWhatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Oceanicresearchcentersaroundmarinelife’scomplexinteractions.B.Thoughminornow,watercolorchangespromisefuturediscoveries.C.Givenoverfishing,greateremphasisshouldbelaidonthecompositionofkrillspecies.D.Afullunderstandingofkrillrequiresintegrationofsatellitemonitoringandfieldstudies.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Theurgencyandchallengesofstudyingkrill.B.Thedevelopmentofnewmethodstostudykrill.C.Theroleofkrillintheecosystemandeffortstomonitorthem.D.Theimpactofhumanactivitiesonkrillandwaystocounterit.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanonlybeusedonce.Notethattherearetwosentencesmorethanyouneed.A.Newbornscreeningisthemostfrequentlyconductedkindofgenetictesting.B.Theapplicationofgenetictestingvariesaccordingtodefinedmedicalindications.C.However,it’simportanttonotethatthereisaslightpotentialrisktohumanhealth.D.Itreferstogeneticanalysescarriedoutpriortothebeginningofunhealthychange.E.Itguaranteesthesafetyofsurgerieswiththepredeterminedpost-operativecareguidelines.F.Byanalyzinggene-druginteractions,cliniciansachievepredictiveaccuracyinindividualizeddrugresponsepatterns.GeneticTestingGenetictestinginvolvesexaminingyourDNA,thechemicaldatabasethatcarriesinstructionsforyourbody’sfunctions.Itprovidesinformationfordiagnosing,treatingandpreventingillness.47First,thereisdiagnostictesting.Ifyouhaveindicationsofadiseasethatmaybecausedbygeneticchanges,sometimescalledmutatedgenes,itcanrevealifyouhavethesuspecteddisorder.Thencomespresymptomaticandpredictivetesting.48Thepurposeistoevaluateanindividual’slikelihoodofdevelopingcertaintypesofdisorder,particularlywhenafamilyhistoryoftheconditionexists.Pharmacogeneticsisthestudyofhowgeneticvariationsinfluenceindividualresponsestomedications.49Andthistestingapproachisclinicallyvaluableindeterminingthemosteffectivemedicationforpatients.Testingduringpregnancy,thestateofhavingababydevelopinginsidethebody,includesarangeofmedicalproceduresperformedtoidentifygeneticabnormalitiesinthedevelopingbaby.Traditionallythisisdonebylookingatmarkersinbloodorbyinterventionaltesting.Newertestingcalledcell-freeDNAtestinglooksatababy’sDNAviaabloodtestdoneonthemother.50Ithasbecomeastandardizedpublichealthinitiativewithinthefirstdaysoflifetoidentifybabiesatriskfortreatablegenetic,orbodychemistrydisorders.Thistypeofgenetictestingisimportantbecauseifresultsshowthere’sadisordersuchascongenitalhypothyroidism(先天性甲状腺功能减退症),careandtreatmentcanbeginrightaway.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.51.YouCouldHave“RecyclingMisconception”！Itmightbetimetothrowyourpreconceptionsaboutrecyclinginthegarbage.Adecades-longefforttoeducatepeopleaboutrecyclinghasmostlybackfired,accordingtonewresearch.Thestudy,publishedinNatureSustainability,foundthatanoveremphasisonrecyclinghasdistractedusfrombetteroptionsforpreventingwaste.Inopen-endedsurveys,Americansnamedrecyclingasthemosteffectivethingtheycoulddotoreducegarbageinlandfills,overlookingmoresuccessfulstrategies—suchasgeneratinglesswasteinthefirstplace.Thestudyrevealedwidespreadconfusionabouttheeffectivenessofrecycling.WhenaskedtoranktheThreeRs—“reduce,reuse,recycle”(alreadyinthecorrectorder)—inorderofeffectiveness,nearlyhalfgottheanswerwrong.MichaelaBarnett,astudyauthor,firstowesthis“recyclingmisconception”todecadesofcampaignsinitiatedbycorporations,whichhasshiftedblameforwastepollutiontoindividualsratherthancompaniesproducingdisposableproducts,thosemadetobethrownawayafteruse.Barnett’sstudyalsoshowedmanypeopleplacedplasticbagsandcoffeecupsintorecyclingbins,whilenotallofthemcanberecycled.It’snotreallytheirfault:Recyclingrulesareconfusing.Forinstance,the“chasingarrows”symbolonplasticshasmisledconsumersintobelievingmanyitemsarerecyclablewhentheyarenot.Lessthan10%ofglobalplasticisrecycled,despitesurveyrespondentsestimatingitat25%.Recycling,oftenoverestimatedasacure-allinwastemanagement,masksdeepersystemicproblems.Trueprogressdemandsintentionalreductionofconsumption:choosingreusa