北京市丰台区等5区2024届高三下学期一模试题 英语 含解析

北京市丰台区2023－2024学年度第二学期综合练习(一)高三英语本试卷共12页，共100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Ihadn’tseenAnneinnearly20yearssincecollege,yetwecouldstillpartylikeoldtimes.Itwasgreattohaveherhere,___1___ourlives.Shewaslookingatthefewblooms(花)leftinmyyard.Ihadn’tplantedmuchafterlosingmyjob.Ithadbeena___2___yearforme.JustwhenIthoughtIwasdonewiththebitterness,itwouldallcomerushingbackandthe___3___thingonmymindwasflowers.“Oneofmyhobbiesistakingphotosof___4___,”shesaidandsteadiedherselfnearthelastroseoftheseason.Ishrugged(耸肩),wonderingwhyanyonewould___5___takingtimetolookatalowlyrose.Suddenlyahotsongrangfromhercellphone.“Isetittoremindmetotakemymedicine,”shesaidcalmly.“An___6___formedicine?”Ilaughed.“Arewethatold?”“Formybrain,”shesmiled.“Ihavebeendiagnosedwithararecancer,asmalltumor(肿块)nobiggerthanyourfingernail,”shelaughedsoftly.ThatwasAnne—ever___7___.Evencancerwasnomorethanjokingabout.So___8___thatIwasbeyondwords.Laternextday,ane-mailfilledwiththeflowerphotospoppedupfromAnne—clearandbeautiful.Shehadgottenpasttheanger,thepityandunfairness,takingonemomentatatimeandpolishingituntilit___9___.Ishiftedmyeyetooutside,andIhadherflowersinfullbloom.Actually,Ialwayshadthem,butitwasAnnewhogotmetoreally____10____them.1.A.saving B.watching C.sharing D.controlling2.A.normal B.new C.satisfying D.difficult3.A.last B.same C.only D.right4.A.yards B.flowers C.parties D.people5.A.bother B.avoid C.miss D.stop6.A.award B.order C.alarm D.idea7.A.optimistic B.attractive C.hard-working D.confident8.A.nervous B.shocked C.relaxed D.lucky9.A.ended B.failed C.shined D.fruited10.A.arrange B.trust C.colour D.appreciate【答案】1.C2.D3.A4.B5.A6.C7.A8.B9.C10.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者和好友20年后相聚时分享生活，Anne得了癌症却仍然乐观的生活，并且她会欣赏美丽的花，而作者会沉浸在痛苦中，Anne让作者真正懂得了要欣赏自己种的那些花。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：能有她在这里，分享我们的生活真是太好了。A.saving节省，拯救；B.watching观看；C.sharing分享；D.controlling控制。根据“Ihadn’tseenAnneinnearly20yearssincecollege,yetwecouldstillpartylikeoldtimes.”可知，20年后好友重逢，应该是一起分享生活。故选C。【2题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：对我来说，这是艰难的一年。A.normal正常的；B.new新的；C.satisfying令人满意的；D.difficult困难的；艰难的。根据“Ihadn’tplantedmuchafterlosingmyjob.”和“JustwhenIthoughtIwasdonewiththebitterness”可知，作者失去工作，感到痛苦，因此对她来说这是艰难的一年。故选D。【3题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：就在我以为我已经摆脱了这种痛苦的时候，它又会涌上心头，我脑海中最后浮现的就是花。A.last最后的；B.same相同的；C.only仅有的，唯一的；D.right正确的。根据“JustwhenIthoughtIwasdonewiththebitterness,itwouldallcomerushingback”可知，作者总是沉浸在痛苦中，因此最后想到的才是花。故选A。【4题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我的一个爱好是给花拍照，”她说着，在这一季最后一朵玫瑰旁边站稳了脚跟。A.yards院子；B.flowers花；C.parties聚会；D.people人们。根据“Ishrugged(耸肩),wonderingwhyanyonewould___5___takingtimetolookatalowlyrose.”可知，此处指给花拍照片。故选B。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我耸了耸肩，不明白为什么有人会花时间去看一朵不起眼的玫瑰。A.bother打扰，使烦恼；B.avoid避免；C.miss错过；D.stop停止。根据“the___3___thingonmymindwasflowers.”和“Ishrugged(耸肩)”可知，作者觉得花时间看花是很麻烦的事。故选A。【6题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：“吃药的闹钟？”我笑了。A.award奖品；B.order顺序，命令；C.alarm警报，闹钟；D.idea主意。根据““Isetittoremindmetotakemymedicine,”shesaidcalmly.”可知，此处表示Anne设置闹钟提醒自己吃药。故选C。【7题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就是安妮一贯的乐观。A.optimistic乐观的；B.attractive吸引人的；C.hard-working努力工作的，勤劳的；D.confident自信的。根据““Ihavebeendiagnosedwithararecancer,asmalltumor(肿块)nobiggerthanyourfingernail,”shelaughedsoftly.”可知，Anne坦然的面对自己的疾病，因此她是乐观的。故选A。【8题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我震惊得说不出话来。A.nervous紧张的；B.shocked震惊的；C.relaxed放松的；D.lucky幸运的。根据“Ihavebeendiagnosedwithararecancer”可知，听说Anne患有癌症，作者感到震惊。故选B。【9题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：她已经克服了愤怒、怜悯和不公平，一次又一次地打磨它，直到它闪闪发光。A.ended结束；B.failed失败；C.shined发光，把……照向；D.fruited使结果实。根据“takingonemomentatatimeandpolishingit”可知，一次又一次的打磨是为了让它发光。故选C。【10题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：事实上，我一直都拥有它们，但是安妮让我真正懂得欣赏它们。A.arrange安排；B.trust信任；C.colour给……上色；D.appreciate欣赏，感激。根据上文““Oneofmyhobbiesistakingphotosof___4___,””可知，Anne让作者懂得欣赏自己种的那些花。故选D。第二节语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。A阅读短文，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。Chineserestaurantshaveplayedanimportantroleindifferent___11___(country)worldwide,wheretherecanbespecializedversionsofChinesefood.Forexample,GeneralTso’schicken,___12___(name)afterTsoTsung-tang,amilitaryleaderoftheQingDynasty,iswhatAmericanslovetoeatbecauseitissweet,fried.Obviously,therecipe___13___(change)alottosuitdifferentregionaltastes,leadingtovariationsinthecookingmethodused.【答案】11.countries12.named13.haschanged##changes【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍世界上很多国家都有中餐馆，但为了适应当地人的口味，有些中餐的食谱发生了很大的变化。【11题详解】考查名词的数。句意：中国餐馆在世界上不同的国家扮演着重要的角色，在那些国家可能有特别版本的中国食物。country“国家”是可数名词，被different修饰，应用其复数形式，作宾语。故填countries。12题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：例如，以清朝军事领袖左宗棠的名字命名的左宗棠鸡，是美国人喜欢吃的，因为它是甜的，油炸的。分析可知，空处为名词GeneralTso’schicken的后置定语，故name应用非谓语动词形式；GeneralTso’schicken和name...after“以……命名”之间为被动关系，name应用过去分词。故填named。【13题详解】考查时态。句意：显然，为了适应不同地区的口味，食谱会发生很大的变化，这就导致了烹饪方法的变化。空处为句子谓语动词；此处可看作过去的动作对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时，也可看作陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；主语therecipe是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数形式。故填haschanged/changes。B阅读短文，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。Beingabletounderstandlocaljokesisoftenseenasagreaticebreakerforaforeignlanguagelearner___14___triestostartfriendshipswithnativespeakers.However,when___15___(study)aforeignlanguage,abeginneralwaysconsidersjokeshardtounderstand.Mostofthetime,jokesareonlyfunnyforpeoplewhoshareaculturalbackgroundorunderstandhumorinthesameway.Andthereis___16___(much)tounderstandingajokeinaforeignlanguagethanunderstandingvocabularyandgrammar.【答案】14.who15.studying16.more【解析】【导语】这是一段说明文。文章提到能听懂当地的笑话，可以更好的学习当地的语言，与当地人建立联系。【14题详解】考查定语从句。句意：对于试图与母语人士建立友谊的外语学习者来说，能够听懂当地的笑话通常被视为一个很好的破冰器。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，先行词languageleaner（语言学习者）为人，且从句中缺少主语，因此可使用关系代词who在从句中作主语。故填who。【15题详解】考查非谓语。句意：然而，在学习一门外语时，初学者总是认为笑话很难理解。分析句子结构可知，该句已有谓语considers（认为），空处应使用非谓语，主语abeginner（初学者）与study（学习）之间是逻辑上的主动关系，因此需使用现在分词表示主动。故填studying。【16题详解】考查比较级。句意：理解一个笑话比理解词汇和语法要复杂得多。分析句子结构可知，空处用来强调理解笑话的过程比单纯的词汇和语法理解要复杂，可使用much比较级more修饰。根据than，也可知答案。故填more。【点睛】C阅读短文，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。Thedinnerpartyis___17___threat,announcedarecentlifestylecolumninTheTimes.Youmightwonder,“Howcanthisbe?Don’twethrowpartiesforfriendsonspecialoccasions?”But___18___TheTimesworriesaboutisanotherkindofdisappearing.Itisusuallyhostedinone’shome.Invitations___19___(send)outweeksinadvanceandthehostspreparefood___20___(careful).Yetnowadays,peopleprefertoeattakeoutfoodontheirsofawhilejugglingamobilephoneandaremotecontrol.【答案】17.under18.what19.aresent20.carefully【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了《纽约时报》最近的一篇生活方式专栏文章宣称，晚宴正在消失并解释了晚宴消失的一些原因。【17题详解】考查介词。句意：《纽约时报》最近的一篇生活方式专栏文章宣称，晚宴受到了威胁。underthreat为固定搭配，意为“受到威胁”。故填under。【18题详解】考查主语从句。句意：但《纽约时报》担心的是另一种消失。空处引导主语从句，从句缺少宾语，指物，需用连接代词what引导。故填what。【19题详解】考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：邀请函会提前几周发出，主人会精心准备食物。此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，Invitations和sendout为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语为复数名词，be动词用are。故填aresent。【20题详解】考查副词。句意同上。修饰动词prepare，需用副词carefully，作状语。故填carefully。第二部分阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AInThailand,human-elephantconflictisincreasing.Tolocalfarmers,elephantsthreatentheirsafetyandeconomiclivelihood.BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.BTEH’sprojectsrootinlocalcommunities.Theirworkischaracterisedbythreeprinciples:localinvolvement,ahealthyecology,andbenefitsforpeopleandelephantssimultaneously(同时地).Theyleadtoshareddecisionmaking,ownershipoflocalcommunities,sustainability,andapeacefulcoexistenceofpeopleandanimals.AgroupofBTEHresearchersandlocalfarmervolunteersareexperimentingwithhowtomaketheplantationslessappealingtoelephantsandpreventthemfromcomingintothefarms.AndtheTomYumProjectcomesintobeing.ThenameoftheTomYumProjectcomesfromtheThaisoup.Theingredients(原料)forthesouparechilli,garlic,lemongrass,andonion—noneofwhichareattractivetoelephants.Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.Theprojectworksinthefollowingsteps.TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.Now,somesimilarprojectswillbecarriedoutinSriLanka.21.Accordingtothepassage,BTEH’smissionistoA.developruralcommunities B.createhealthyenvironmentsC.improvelocaleconomiclivelihood D.promotehuman-elephantcoexistence22.IntheTomYumProject,researchersandlocalfarmers_______.A.formsomeguardingteams B.volunteertocollectingredientsC.experimentwithalternativecrops D.provideelephantswiththeThaisoup23.Inwhichstepdofarmersturntheharvestedcropsintoorganichoneyorteas?A.Step2. B.Step3. C.Step4. D.Step5.【答案】21.D22.C23.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍泰国一个非盈利组织BTEH为了促进人像和谐共存开发了TomYumProject，鼓励农民种植对大象吸引力小替代作物，同时也让农民可以生产有机产品。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中“BringtheElephantHome(BTEH)isanon-profitorganisationwhosemissionistoincreasechancesofsurvivalforelephantsandworktowardsaworldinwhichpeopleandelephantscanliveinharmony,beneftingfromeachother’sexistence.(“把大象带回家”(BTEH)是一个非营利性组织，其使命是增加大象的生存机会，并努力建立一个人与大象和谐相处，相互受益的世界)”可知，BTEH的任务是促进人和大象的和谐共处。故选D。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段中“Thisprojectgiveshopetoalternativecropsasasolutiontohuman-elephantconflictinThailand.(这个项目为泰国解决人象冲突的替代作物带来了希望)”和第五段中“TheTomYumProjectisthefirstresearchandcommunity-basedalternativecropplantinginitiativetopromotehuman-elephantcoexistence.(TomYum项目是第一个以研究和社区为基础的替代作物种植倡议，以促进人象共存)”可知，在TomYumProject项目中研究人员和当地农民实验替代作物。故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据第四张图片中的叙述“Farmersharvestcropsandcreateorganicproductsineco-friendlypackaging.(农民收割农作物，生产环保包装的有机产品)”可知，在这一步农民把收获的作物变成有机蜂蜜或茶叶。故选C。BTwo-ManIronmanOnSept.17,2022,Jeffandhisson,Johnny,setouttobeginthefirstofthreelegsoftheIronmancompetition,wherecompetitorsmustcompletea140milesofswimming,bicyclingandrunninginunder17hours.Notthatlongago,Johnnycouldbarelywalkafewstepsbecausehewasbornwithcerebralpalsy(脑瘫).Buthisdreamofbeingarunnerneverstopped.FromthedayJohnnywasborn,Jeffrefusedtolethisson’sdisabilityholdhimback.DeterminedtoshowJohnnythathecouldpursuehisdreamofbeinganathlete,Jeffhelpedhimengageinrunning.Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.Everymorning,theydrovethemselvestorunincreasinglylongerdistances.Soon,theywereentering5Kraces,thenontoIronmancompetition.JeffwouldactasJohnny’sarmsandlegs,carryingtheweightofhissonthroughouttherace.Theracebeganwitha2.4-mileswim.SettlingJohnnyintoakayak,Jeffeasedhimselfintothewater.Swimmingwhiledragginganotherpersonwasverytough.Butworstofall,Jeffhadtostrugglewithjellyfish.“IoccupiedmymindbycountingthenumberoftimesIgotstung(蛰),”hesays.Afterthetwomencompletedthetoughbikesectioninroughlyninehours,theysettheirsightsonthefinallegoftherace—a26.2-milemarathon.They’dbeencompetingfor10.5hours,leavinganother6.5hourstomaketheirtime.ButatMile19,Johnnysawtheclocktickingdownandworriedtheywouldn’tmakethecutoff.Despitethetiredness,Jeffwasconvincedtheyweregoingallrightandthenpickedupthepace.Withminutesleftand200feettothefinishline,JeffstoppedtohelpJohnnyoutofhisracingchairandhandedhimhisrollingwalker.Afteryearsofpainstakingwork,Johnnywasdeterminedtofinishhisracesonhisown.After16hours,55minutesand35seconds,thefatherandsoncrossedthefinishlinetogether.AsthecrowdcheeredonanoverwhelmedJohnny,awearyJeffkeptalowprofle.“Myfatherdidn’twanthisfinishlinemoment,”saysJohnny,tearsineyes.“Hewantedittobemine.”24.WhydidJeffleadJohnnytorunning?A.TogetclosertoJohnny. B.TofulfillJohnny’sdream.C.TodiscoverJohnny’sinterest. D.TospeedupJohnny’srecovery.25.WhatchallengedJeffmostintheswimmingrace?A.Lackofenergy. B.Painfrominjuries.C.Mentaltiredness. D.Bodyweightchange.26.WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeJohnnyaccordingtothepassage?A.Strong-willedandgrateful. B.Warm-heartedandsensitive.C.Patientandgenerous. D.Toughandhumorous.27.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?A.Actionsspeaklouderthanwords. B.Fathersarenotborn;theyaremade.C.Thevalueofalovingfatherhasnoprice. D.Successcomesfromfailuresalongthejourney.【答案】24.B25.B26.A27.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了父亲杰夫为了实现患脑瘫的儿子约翰尼成为跑步运动员的梦想，每天陪着约翰尼练习，并一起参加比赛，在通过终点线时，杰夫默默站在一边，因为他希望这一刻的荣誉只属于儿子约翰尼。文章体现了以为父亲无私的爱。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Buthisdreamofbeingarunnerneverstopped.(但他成为一名跑步运动员的梦想从未停止过)”和第二段中“DeterminedtoshowJohnnythathecouldpursuehisdreamofbeinganathlete,Jeffhelpedhimengageinrunning.Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.Everymorning,theydrovethemselvestorunincreasinglylongerdistances.(为了让约翰尼知道他可以追求成为运动员的梦想，杰夫帮助他参加跑步。他们开始在凌晨4点起床，这样杰夫就可以一边跑步，一边推着他坐在一种叫做比赛椅的特殊轮椅上的儿子。每天早上，他们迫使自己跑得越来越快)”可知，杰夫领着约翰尼跑步是为了实现约翰尼成为跑步运动员的梦想。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中“Butworstofall,Jeffhadtostrugglewithjellyfish.“IoccupiedmymindbycountingthenumberoftimesIgotstung(蛰),”hesays.(但最糟糕的是，杰夫不得不与水母搏斗。他说：“我满脑子都是被蜇的次数。”)”可知，在游泳比赛中，被水母蜇的疼痛对杰夫来说最具挑战性。故选B。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段中“Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.(他们开始在凌晨4点起床，这样杰夫就可以一边跑步，一边推着他坐在一种叫做比赛椅的特殊轮椅上的儿子)”，倒数第三段中“Afterthetwomencompletedthetoughbikesectioninroughlyninehours,theysettheirsightsonthefinallegoftherace—a26.2-milemarathon.They’dbeencompetingfor10.5hours,leavinganother6.5hourstomaketheirtime.(在两个人用了大约9个小时完成了艰难的自行车赛段后，他们把目光投向了比赛的最后一段——26.2英里的马拉松赛。他们已经比赛了10.5个小时，还剩下6.5个小时的时间)”以及倒数第二段中“After16hours,55minutesand35seconds,thefatherandsoncrossedthefinishlinetogether.(16小时55分35秒后，父子俩一起冲过了终点线)”可知，约翰尼每天坚持训练，并参加完比赛的全程，因此他是意志坚定的；根据最后一段中““Myfatherdidn’twanthisfinishlinemoment,”saysJohnny,tearsineyes.“Hewantedittobemine.”(“我父亲不想要他的终点线时刻，”约翰尼说，眼里含着泪水。“他希望它是我的。”)”可知，约翰尼看到父亲的行为感动到落泪，因此推知他对父亲的付出是感激的。综上，故选A。【27题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第二段中“DeterminedtoshowJohnnythathecouldpursuehisdreamofbeinganathlete,Jeffhelpedhimengageinrunning.Theybeganwakingupat4a.m.soJeffcouldrunwhilepushinghissoninaspecialwheelchaircalledaracingchair.Everymorning,theydrovethemselvestorunincreasinglylongerdistances.(为了让约翰尼知道他可以追求成为运动员的梦想，杰夫帮助他参加跑步。他们开始在凌晨4点起床，这样杰夫就可以一边跑步，一边推着他坐在一种叫做比赛椅的特殊轮椅上的儿子。每天早上，他们迫使自己跑得越来越快)”和最后一段“AsthecrowdcheeredonanoverwhelmedJohnny,awearyJeffkeptalowprofle.“Myfatherdidn’twanthisfinishlinemoment,”saysJohnny,tearsineyes.“Hewantedittobemine.”(当人群为开心的约翰尼欢呼时，疲惫的杰夫却保持着低调。“我父亲不想要他的终点线时刻，”约翰尼说，眼里含着泪水。“他希望它是我的。”)”可知，文章主要讲述了父亲杰夫为了实现患脑瘫的儿子约翰尼成为跑步运动员的梦想，每天陪着约翰尼练习，并一起参加比赛，在通过终点线时，杰夫默默站在一边，因为他希望这一刻的荣誉只属于儿子约翰尼。文章体现了以为父亲无私的爱。C项“Thevalueofalovingfatherhasnoprice.(慈爱的父亲的价值是无价的)”可以概括本文主要内容。故选C。CTimeisoneofhumanity’sgreatestblindspots.Weexperienceitasdays,monthsoryears.Butnaturefunctionsonmuchgranderscales,measuredincenturies,andevenlongerphasesoftengroupedas“deeptime.”Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.Astheclimateandbiodiversitycrisesaccelerate,weareurgentlyworkingtoprotectandregenerateecosystemswithoutunderstandinghowtheyfunctionedwhentheyweretrulydoingwell.Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.Takeforestmanagement.Fordecades,ourpracticescalledforall-outpreventionofeventhemildestforestfires,believingthatfirewasbadforbothpeopleandnonhumannature.Untilrecentlyweignoredtheforestmanagementstrategiesindigenous(土著的)communitieshadsuccessfullyusedforcenturies,inparticulartheapplicationofsmall-scalecontrolledburns.Fire,itturnsout,hasalwaysbeenanintegralingredientinhealthyforestecosystems,promotingnewgrowthbythinningtheunderstory.Today,we’rebeginningtoseewidespreadapplicationofindigenousknowledgetoforestmanagement,tappingintothisancientwisdom.Buthowcanweknowwhatanecosystemlookedlikecenturiesago?Onepathwayisthroughmodernmathematicalmodeling.Wehavemarrieditwithstreamsoflong-termdataanddiscoveredapossiblewaytopreservetheecosystemofCalifornia’skelpforest.ByexamininghowNorthPacifickelpforestsexistedlongbeforethe19thcentury,wefoundthatwe’veignoredthepresenceofakeystonespecies—theSteller’sseacow,anditsroleinmaintainingtheharmonyofthisecosystem.Ourmodeldescribedtheinteractionsbetweengiantkelpandunderstoryalgaecompetingforlightandspaceontheseafloor.Thenweranthemodelagain,butthistimewiththeSteller’sseacowaddedin.Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.Inre-creatingthatvanishedhistoricalsystemthatincludedtheSteller’sseacow,wecouldseeamorediverseforestwheretheunderstorycompetedbetterwithkelpInshort,whatweassumeweknowaboutanecosystembasedontherecentpastmayimpedeourabilitytofullyunderstandandprotectit.Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.28.Accordingtothepassagewhatgetsinthewayofhuman’sconservationefforts?A.Lackofinsightsintodeeptime B.TheworseningofbiodiversitycrisesC.Theblindnesstomanagementstrategies. D.Resistancetotakingadeeptimeperspective.29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.IgnoringtheSteller’sseacowledtoecologicalimbalance.B.Peoplenowprioritizefirepreventionovercontrolledburns.C.MathematicalmodelingmattersmorethanindigenousknowledgeD.Harvestingupperkelpleavesencouragesfreshgrowthintheunderstory.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“impede”inthelastparagraphprobablymean?A.Bringforth. B.Boostup. C.Shutdown. D.Holdback.【答案】28.A29.D30.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出人类应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Humanity’sshortsightednessaroundtimecreatesmajorlimitsonmodernconservation.(人类对时间的短视造成了现代保护的重大限制。)”可知，缺乏对深层时间的洞察阻碍了人类的保护努力。故选A。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Thesemammalsfedontheleavesfromtheupperkelplayers.Thisallowedlighttoreachtheseabottom,whichinturnstimulatedthegrowthofnotonlythekelpbutotherkindsoforganisms.(这些哺乳动物以上层海藻层的叶子为食。这使得光线能够到达海底，这反过来不仅刺激了海带的生长，还刺激了其他生物的生长。)”可知，食用上层的叶子，可以使光线到达海底，这能刺激海带和其他物种的生长。由此推知，收获上部海带的叶子可以促进林下植被的生长。故选D。【30题详解】词句猜测题。根据第一段中“Adeeptimeperspectivecanhelpchangethat.(深入的时间视角可以帮助改变这一点。)”和最后一段中“Toensurethatourboldestconservationeffortsaresuccessful,wemustbeginlookingattimeasanessentialtool.(为了确保我们最大胆的保护努力取得成功，我们必须开始把时间视为一个必不可少的工具。)”可知，人类基于最近生态系统的假设可能阻碍我们理解和保护它的能力，因此我们应该以世纪为单位，从遥远的过去寻求保护生态系统的方法。由此猜测impede意为“阻碍”，与holdback同义。故选D。DSeveraldozengraduatestudentsinLondonwererecentlytaskedwithoutwittingalargelanguagemodel(LLM),atypeofAIdesignedtoholdusefulconversations.LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailsdesignedtostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,say,ortheconfidentstatementof“facts”thatarenotactuallytrue.Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.Forexample,oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitles,publicationdatesandhostjournalsofnon-existentacademicarticles.AIhasthepotentialtobeabigbenefittoscience.Optimiststalkofmachinesproducingreadablesummariesofcomplicatedareasofresearch;tirelesslyanalysingoceansofdatatosuggestnewdrugsandeven,oneday,comingupwithhypothesesoftheirown.ButAIcomeswithdownsides,too.Startwiththesimplestproblem:academicmisconduct.SomejournalsallowresearcherstouseLLMstohelpwritepapers.Butnoteverybodyiswillingtoadmittoit.Sometimes,thefactthatLLMshavebeenusedisobvious.GuillaumeCabanac,acomputerscientist,hasuncovereddozensofpapersthatcontainphrasessuchas“regenerateresponse”—thetextofabuttoninsomeversionsofChatGPTthatcommandstheprogramtorewriteitsmostrecentanswer,probablycopiedintothemanuscript(原稿)bymistake.AnotherproblemariseswhenAImodelsaretrainedonAI-generateddata.LLMsaretrainedontextfromtheInternet.Astheychurnout(大量炮制)moresuchtext,theriskofLLMstakingintheirownoutputsgrows.Thatcancause“modelcollapse”.In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessillegible.After20iterations(迭代),itcouldproduceonlyroughcirclesorblurrylines.Someworrythatcomputer-generatedinsightsmightcomefrommodelswhoseinnerworkingsarenotunderstood.Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAI-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.Thatisperhapslessunnervingthanitsounds.Checkingmodelsagainstrealityiswhatscienceissupposedtobeabout,afterall.Fornow,atleast,questionsoutnumberanswers.Thethreatsthatmachinesposetothescientificmethodare,attheendoftheday,thesameonesposedbyhumans.AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.AstheRoyalSocietyhasit,nulliusinverba:takenobody’swordforit.Nothing’s,either.31.TheresultofthetaskconductedinLondonshowsthat________.A.LLMsgiveawayusefulinformation B.theguardrailsturnouttobeineffectiveC.AI’sinfluencewillpotentiallybedecreased D.theeffortputintothestudyofAIhardlypaysoff32.Whatdoes“modelcollapse”indicate?A.Thereadabilityofthemodels’outputisunderestimated.B.Thediversesourcesofinformationconfusethemodels.C.Trainingonregenerateddatastopsmodelsworkingwell.D.Thedatawillbecomereliableaftercontinuousiterations.33.Accordingtothepassage,people’sworryovertheinexplainablemodelsis__________.A.impractical B.unjustified C.groundless D.unsettling34.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.FasterNonsense:AICouldAlsoGoWrongB.ImperfectModels:HowWillAIMakeAdvances?C.TheRiseofLLMs:AICouldStillBePromisingD.BiggerThreats:AIWillBeUncontrollable【答案】31.B32.C33.B34.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人工智能也可能出错。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中“LLMsareoftenprogrammedwithguardrailsdesignedtostopthemgivingharmfulreplies:instructionsonmakingbombsinabathtub,say,ortheconfidentstatementof“facts”thatarenotactuallytrue.”（LLM通常被编程为带有护栏，旨在阻止他们做出有害的回复：比如说，关于在浴缸里制造炸弹的说明，或者对事实并非真实的“事实”的自信陈述。）以及第二段“Theaimofthetaskwastobreakthoseguardrails.Someresultsweremerelystupid.

Forexample,oneparticipantgotthechatbottoclaimduckscouldbeusedasindicatorsofairquality.Butthemostsuccessfuleffortswerethosethatmadethemachineproducethetitles,publicationdatesandhostjournalsofnon-existentacademicarticles.”（这项任务的目的是打破那些护栏。有些结果很愚蠢。例如，一名参与者让聊天机器人声称鸭子可以作为空气质量的指标。但最成功的努力是让机器生成不存在的学术文章的标题、出版日期和主办期刊。）可知，在伦敦进行的这项任务的结果表明，LLM这些护栏是无效的，并没有能够阻止非真实的信息的生成。故选B项。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段中“‘modelcollapse’”下文“In2023lliaShumailov,acomputerscientist,co-authoredapaperinwhichamodelwasfedhandwrittendigitsandaskedtogeneratedigitsofitsown,whichwerefedbacktoitinturn.Afterafewcycles,thecomputer’snumbersbecamemoreorlessillegible.After20iterations(迭代),itcouldproduceonlyroughcirclesorblurrylines.”（2023年，计算机科学家lliaShumailov与人合著了一篇论文，在论文中，一个模型被输入手写数字，并被要求生成自己的数字，这些数字依次被反馈给它。几个周期后，计算机的数字变得或多或少难以辨认。经过20次迭代，它只能生成粗糙的圆圈或模糊的线条。）可知，一个模型被输入手写数字并被要求生成自己的数字，这些数字依次被反馈给它，经过20次迭代后，只能生成粗糙的圆圈或模糊的线条，而不是数字，由此可知，再生数据的训练使这个模型崩溃，无法正常工作，由此可知，“modelcollapse(模型崩溃)”表明对再生数据的训练使模型无法正常工作。故选C项。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据第六段“Inexplainablemodelsarenotuseless,saysDavidLeslieatanAI-researchoutfitinLondon,buttheiroutputswillneedrigoroustestingintherealworld.Thatisperhapslessunnervingthanitsounds.Checkingmodelsagainstrealityiswhatscienceissupposedtobeabout,afterall.”（伦敦一家人工智能研究机构的DavidLeslie表示，无法解释的模型并非毫无用处，但它们的结果需要在现实世界中进行严格的测试。这也许没有听起来那么令人不安。毕竟，根据现实检验模型才是科学应该做的事情。）可知，根据文章，人们对无法解释的模型的担忧是不合理的，因为它们的结果需要在现实世界中进行严格的测试。故选B项。【34题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第三段“ButAIcomeswithdownsides,too.”（但人工智能也有缺点.）以及根据最后一段“AIcouldacceleratetheproductionofnonsensejustasmuchasitacceleratesgoodscience.”（人工智能可以加速废话的产生，就像它可以加速好的科学一样。）可知，文章主要阐述人工智能也会出错，生成虚假信息，所设置的“护栏”并不能起到作用；因此，短文的最佳标题为“更快的废话：人工智能也可能出错”。故选A项。第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。“Findyourpassion!”Whendiscussingfuturecareeroptionsorselectingamajorincollege,yourparentsoftensaythis.Theveryexpressionismeanttoinspire.Butisitgoodadvice?“Finding”apassionimpliesthatitalreadyexistsandissimplywaitingtobediscovered.Unfortunately,thisideaisnotwhatsciencetellsus.___35___Tostudythis,researchersuseaframeworkof“fixed”and“growth”mindsets.Theyarguethatencouragingpeopleto“find”theirpassionmaycausethemtoeventuallybelievethatinterestsandpassionsareinbornandrelativelyunchangeable.___36___Incontrast,peoplewhoviewinterestsandpassionsasdevelopedhaveagrowthmindsetofinterest.Researchershaverevealedthatafixedmindsetofinterestcandecreasecreativity.Ifpeoplebelievetheyarelimitedtoonlyafewinborninterestsand,inconsequence,donotexploreotherareas,theymaymissseeingimportantconnectionsacrossdomains.___37___Evidently,peoplecandoalottoembraceagrowthmindsetofinterest.First,realizethatyourinterestsa