新编剑桥商务英语

Module111/5011.1EthicaleconomicsReading:Coffeenomics1Vocabulary:Financialandtradeterms2Speaking:Theeconomicsofyourcountry3Grammar:Articles4Listening:Fairtrade5Speaking:Givingreasonsandbenefits62/5011.1Keywordsandexpressionseconomicsn.经济学，经济情况，经济原因visualaids

视觉教具，视觉设备deluxeadj.高级，豪华，奢侈cappuccinon.卡布其诺咖啡（加牛奶或奶油用蒸汽加热煮出来浓咖啡）caffein(e)n.咖啡因addictionn.癖好，瘾disparityn.悬殊，差异charitiesn.慈善团体，善举coffeeshopchains

连锁咖啡店，连锁咖啡屋grossdomesticsproduct

(GDP)

国内生产总值staplecrop

主要作物mark-up

涨价，标高售价3/50importern.进口商servicecharge

服务费exportsn.出口产品outgoingsn.(复)支出，开销precinctn.区域，管辖区，分区staffingcost

劳工成本，雇工开支overheadsn.企业普通管理费用，日常开支factorvt.把..作为原因计入(in)，把..作为原因排除(out)break-even

收支平衡，盈亏平衡addedcost

附加成本irrespectiveadj.不考虑，不问，不顾marketrates

市场价格4/50middlemann.中间商certificationn.认证marketinginitiative

营销倡议schemen.计划certifiedadj.证实合格，特有证件internationalcertificationmark

国际认证标志catalystn.催化剂，刺激原因agriculturalcommodity

农产品minimumguaranteedprice

最低确保价socialconscience

社会道德心，社会责任感专有名词Scandinavia

斯堪纳维亚5/50相关背景知识什么是道德经济学？

所谓道德经济学，与商业社会中效率与公平、发展与代价、经济与道德、自由与公平关系问题相关。尽管有些国家经济高速增加，但生态环境却急剧恶化。有些经济高增加国家污染超标，出现高浓度烟雾、酸雨、河湖污染，以及严重森林砍伐和荒漠扩大症状。这和相关企业和政府追求片面经济增加有相当大关系。据世界银行预计，亚洲有些国家相当高百分比城市中，空气污染水平是世界卫生组织推荐水平5倍。污染性增加经济代价非常巨大，难以计算。另外，作为生产者农民也未在商品价格中得到应有赔偿份额。无可否定，经济发展必须受到法律和道德监督和制约，企业必须促进教育发展等社会行为。“君子好财，取之有道”—这句话反应了合理化或道德化经济学最原始道理。有教授呼吁，在发展市场经济和建设创新型国家过程中，应爱护环境，保障生产者权利，任何非法、非道德“掠夺”致富都是对社会发展妨碍。6/501.Thetwophotosbelowshowthebeginningandtheendoftheprocessofmakingcoffee.Workinpairs.Howmanystagescanyouthinkofinbetweentocompletetheprocess??coffeegrown-coffeepicked-coffeetransported-coffeepacked-coffeesoldandshipped-coffeesoldontoshops-coffeeboughtanddrunk7/502.Writeinthecorrectletter,A-F,forthemissingsentencestocompletethetext.Thereisoneextrasentence.A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother£25,000tothat.Coffeenomics:thetruecostofourcaffeineaddictionThenexttimeyouhandover£3foryourdeluxecappuccino,askyourselfhowmuchtheroastedbeansthatwentintothatcupreallycost.Foryouraveragecupofcoffee,theproducerreceivesroughly10p–that’sabout3.5%.ThisdisparityiscausingincreasingconcernamongsomecharitieswhobelievethattheexcessiveprofitsofcoffeeshopchainscomeattheexpenseofvulnerablecoffeeproducersincountrieslikeEthiopia,KenyaorLatinAmerica.(1)___________.Forexample,inEthiopiaalone,15millionpeopledependonB8/50thecoffeetrade,whichconstitutesaround50%ofthecountry’sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)and90%ofitsexports.Theaveragewagepaidtolaborerswhopickthebeansandworkonfarmsisabout50paday.Sowheredotheaddedcostscomefrom?Accordingtoexperts,bythetimeitisconsumedbyusinourhomesorinacoffeeshop,thebeanmayactuallychangehandsupto150times,eachtimefacingamark-upasitistransported,roasted,packagedandsold.(2)___________.Thenanother10%inexportcostswithfreightandinsurancebeforeanimportertakesover.Finally,itissoldtousinacoffeeshop–andrunningacoffeeshopisnotcheap.Forexample,takeyourtypicalcoffeeshopinashoppingprecinct,seating75insideand50outside.Therentis£20,000ayear.(3)__________.Inotherwords,evenbeforeaddingstaffingcostsandoverheads,settingasideanamountforredecorationandmaintenanceontheproperty,thisparticularcoffeeshopneedstosellaminimumA.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother£25,000tothat.AF9/50of50,000coffeesayear,or200coffeesaday.Factorintheseadditionalcostsandweareprobablytalkingaboutabreak-eventotalof400coffeesaday.However,irrespectiveofhowmuchweenduppayingorthereasonswhy,therealityisthatgrowersthemselvesseeonlyatinyproportionofthatamount.OrganizationslikeFairtradedotrytomakeadifference.(4)___________.Forexample,afarmersellingapoundofFairtradeArabicacoffeeispaid$1.26comparedtotheworldmarketpriceof$1.10apound.TheFairtradepricealsoincludes5¢whichisinvestedbackintocommunityprojects.ManyshopsandcoffeebarsdonowofferFairtradecoffeetocustomersalongsidetheirstandardoffering,butnotallofthatinflatedpricegoestothegrower.(5)_________.Afterthat,mark-upsaredeterminedbytheretailersandmiddlemen.Thatsaid,atleastFairtradeisonesmallstepthatdoeshelpfarmersaroundtheworldgetabetterpricefortheirproducts.A.Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50%toitsprice.B.Here,coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers.C.TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce.D.Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil.E.Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee,whichisabovestandardmarketrates.F.Localcounciltaxesaddanother£25,000tothat.CE10/503.Thesefourvisualaidsrefertotheeconomicsofthecoffeetrade.Readthearticleaboveandwriteinthemissingfactsandfiguresinthesevisualaids.£3Only(1)__________goestothegrower.EXPORTS10%=OTHER90%=(7)_____10p(pence)coffee11/50CoffeeShopOutgoingsSalaries£115,000(5)___________£65,000(6)_____________£20,000Overheads£80,500Keyfacts:Ethiopia(2)____________millionpeopleincoffeetrade(3)____________%ofGDP(4)____________pence=alaborer’spayperday155050rentservicecharge1.2612/50Vocabulary:FinancialandtradetermsMatchthesedefinitionstothewordsinboldinthearticle.1.Peoplewhohandlegoodsbetweentheproducerandtheretailer.__________2.Alargedifference(inprice,forexample).__________3.Beboughtandsold._____________4.Costofheating,lightingandelectricity.___________5.Takeitemsintoaccounttocalculatecosts.__________6.Theamountneededtopaycostsbeforeprofit.________________7.Theamountaddedtotheproductwhenitissold._________8.Goodswhicharetransportedbyships,planes,lorries,etc._________9.Thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbyacountryinoneyear.______________________10.Organizationswhichhelpandrepresenttheinterestsofagroupofpeopleinneed,__________disparitycharitiesgrossdomesticproductchangehandsmark-upfreightoverheadsfactorinbreak-eventotalmiddlemenmiddlemendisparitychangehandsoverheadsfactorinbreak-eventotalmark-upfreightgrossdomesticproductcharities13/50Speaking:TheeconomicsofyourcountryWorkinsmallgroupsanddiscussthefollowingquestionsabouteachofyourcountries.Ifyoudon’tknowalltheanswerstothequestions,trytofindoutforthenextlessonandprepareashortpresentation.1)Istherealargedisparitybetweenrichandpoorinyourcountry?2)Doyouthinkthedisparitybetweenpoorandrichcountriescanbecontrolled?Shoulditbecontrolled?Thetop20%ofthepopulationconsumes50%ofoverallnationalincome,whilethebottom20%havetomakedowithamere4.7%.人口中最顶层20%富人消费了全民收入50%，而处于社会最底层20%穷人仅仅只消费4.7%，勉强度日。

Incomeinequalityhasworsenedrapidly.Ifthesetrendscontinuetherecouldbeserioussocialunrest.Richcountriescansupportpoorcountriesinfinance,technology,education,culture,healthcaredonationorlow-interestloan.富国能够经过资金技术教育文化卫生保健捐赠或低息贷款等方式扶持穷国。Internationalorganizationsformulatefavorablepoliciesinsupportofpoorcountries.Internationalagenciescanstrengthennationaleffortstoachievegreaterequity.14/503)Whataresomeofthebiggestcharitiesinyourcountry?Dotheyhavemuchinfluenceoveryourgovernmentandbusinesses?4)Whatarethemostimportantproductsandservicesforyourcountry’sGDP?*AmongbiggestcharitiesinChinaareChinaCharityFederation（中华慈善总会）,RedCrossSocietyofChina（中国红十字总会）,ChineseRedCrossFoundation（中国红十字基金会）,ChinaFoundationforPovertyAlleviation（中国扶贫基金会）,ProjectHope（希望工程）,tomentionafew.*Influenceandassistgovernment’sdecisions*Helpgovernmenteffectivelyintimesofnaturaldisasters.ImportantproductsandservicesforChina’sGDPincludecoal,power,steel,house-holdappliances,financing,cateringandtourism.对我国GDP影响最大产品和服务包含原煤电力钢材家用电器金融服务餐饮和旅游。ITproductsandservices,electromechanicalproducts,financingandtourismarepillarindustriesfornationaleconomyinChina.信息技术产品和服务机电产品金融服务和旅游业等成为中国国民经济发展支柱性产业。15/50Grammar:ArticlesWriteinthemissingarticlesthe,a,anor0(thezeroarticle)inthistextaboutFairtrade.(1)_________Fairtradeis(2)________internationalcertificationmarkusedin21countriesas(3)________marketinginitiativetohelpdevelopingnations.Britainhas(4)________largestFairtrademarketin(5)_______world,whichhasseen(6)_______amazingincreaseoverthelastfiveyears.Theorganizationisalsostrongin(7)_______Netherlands,whereFairtradefirststarted,andinSwitzerlandandScandinavia.Originallystartedin1989as(8)______schemetohelppoorproducers,(9)_______FairtradeFoundationwasestablishedthreeyearslater.Nowthereareover(10)_____550certifiedproducersrepresentingoveronemillionfarmersin52countries.00ananaathethethethe16/50语法小结关键点解释：定冠词the用于1）一些国名，2）形容词最高级，3）独一无二事物，4）之前已提到过人或者事物eg.TheUnitedStatesisamongthosecountriesinterested.Chinaisthebiggestproducerofthesegoods.Who’sthesupplierinyourcountry?

Theleaderswillholdtalksontrade.不定冠词a,an用于1）工作，2）单数名词，3）一些数字。eg.I’mafinancedirector.Thisisaninternationalcertificationmark.Ionlyhaveahundredleft.以下场所不用冠词（0冠词）：1）城市、乡镇及大多数国名，2）复数名词eg.Madridismyfavoritedestination.WhendoyouflytoChina?

LeadersoftheG8countriesaremeetinginTorontothisweekend.17/50Listening:Fairtrade1.CanyoubuytheseFairtradeproductsinyourcountry?Wouldyoubuytheseproductseveniftheyweremoreexpensive?Why?Whynot?18/5019/50Astocosmetics,themostfamousistheBodyShop,pioneersoffairtradefor20yearsnow.说到化装品，最著名是美体小铺化装品企业，他们提倡公平贸易活动已经有20年。Theyaren’tcheap,butthey’reethicallyrightandusuallyofextremelyhighquality.Ethicalbuying/shoppingcanmeanbuyingproductsfromcompaniesorstoreswhocareabouttheethicsofwhattheyproduce;andboycottingtheoneswhodon’t.Shop/buywithaclearconscience买得安心（问心无愧）Spendethically正当消费，符合道德消费Ethicalandsustainablegoods环境保护并符合道德商品Importanttosupportlocalworkersorfarmersandtheirrights20/502.ListentoaninterviewwithIanBretman,thedeputydirectoroftheFairtradeFoundation.ChoosethebestendingA,BorCforeachsentence1-8.1)TheFairtradeFoundationbeganinA.1989.B.1990.C.19922)WhentheUnitedStateswithdrewfromtheinternationalcoffeeagreement,thepriceofcoffeedecreasedbyA.50%B.0.5%C.twentymillion.3)OnewayFairtradehelpsfarmersisbygivingadviceonhowtoA.diversifybygrowingothercrops.B.producemorecoffee.C.beprofitableinaglobalmarket.4)OneofFairtrade’smainmessagestogovernmentsisthatA.tradecanbemanagedmoreeffectively.B.economicgrowthisthebeststrategy.C.theymustinvestmoreinproducers.21/505.IanbelievesthatFairtradeandfreetradeA.cannotbothexist.B.canoperatetogether.C.arebasicallythesamething.6.Eventhoughacountrymayincreaseitswealththroughbusiness,thisdoesnotguaranteeA.itcancompeteinternationally.B.everyonereceivesthebenefits.C.socialjustice.7.Ifproducersaresuccessful,theywillalsoA.investintheeconomy.B.becomethepeoplewhobuyproducts.C.beabletosupplymorecoffee.8.Aswellasimprovingitspublicimage,aFairtradecompanywillA.sellmore.B.attractmoretalentedstaff.C.attractwell-informedconsumers.22/50ListeningscriptI=InterviewerIB=IanBretmanI:So,Ian.IunderstandthattheoriginalideaforFairtradecamein1989.Howdidithappen?IB:Actually,theFairtradeFoundationitselfwasfinallysetupin1992,butyes,you’reright,thecatalystforthespreadofFairtradewasthreeyearsearlierwhentheinternationalcoffeeagreementthatcontrolledpricescollapsedwiththewithdrawaloftheUS.Atthattimecoffeewastheworld’sbiggestagriculturalcommodity.Inafewmonthsthepricefellbyhalf.Itwasahugedisasterforthetwentymillionpeoplegrowingandprocessingcoffeearoundtheworld.Manyoftheproducingcountriesweredependentoncoffeeforoverhalftheirexports.I:Canyougiveussomeexamplesofhowyouhelp,exactly?IB:Onewayisthatweencourageproducerstolearnhowtocompeteeffectivelyininternationalmarkets.Wehelpfarmerscomingintothesystemtodevelopthecapacitytocopewithfulfillingdemandandwesetaminimumguaranteedpricefortheirproducts.23/50I:Isee.Butaswellashelpingfarmersdirectly,youalsohaveinfluenceongovernments,don’tyou?Imean,governmentsaretalkingmoreandmoreaboutfairerglobaltrade…IB:Yes,we’refindingthattheissueswe’vebeentalkingaboutforthepasttenyearsaremovinguptheagenda.Forexample,we’rehavingmoreofadebateonhowwecanachieveeconomicgrowthandsocialjustice,asbothareneeded.Asaresult,leadersoflargerFairtradeorganizationshavebeeninvitedtohigh-levelinternationalmeetingsandeconomicforums.Wecanuseourexperiencetoillustratetogovernmentshowtradecanbebettermanaged.I:Buthowdoyouconvincepeoplewhosayeconomicgrowthistheanswertoeverything?Don’tthesepeoplearguethatFairtradeisn’tgoodforfreetrade?IB:Well,IworkedinbusinessforalongtimeandsoIunderstandtheneedforafreemarket,butitseemsunlikelytomethatwhenitcomestosocialproblems,likeglobalpoverty,theanswerisjustaneconomicone,becausesocialchoiceshavetobemade,too.Ourpointisreallyaboutpriorities.Increasingflowsoftradewillhelpwealthbutthatdoesnotnecessarilyguaranteethatthiswealthgoesdowntothepeoplewhoneeditmost.Thatrequiresalittlebitmoremanagement.Fairtradehaspracticalexperienceon24/50thegroundinhowyoucancombinethebestofboth.Howyoucangetpeopletooperateeffectivelyandcompetitivelywhiletradinginawaythatproducerscanearnadecentlivingandimprovetheirlives.Inthelongrun,iftheydoimprovetheirlives,theytoowillbecomeconsumersandpurchasers.I:SoisthisthemessageyougivebusinessestomakethemchangetoFairtradeproducts?IB:It’sintheinterestofanybusinesstotakethemessageonboard,

notonlytoimprovetheirpublicimagebutalsoasarecruitingtoolforthefuture.Theyoungergenerationiswellinformedandwantstobepartofthesolution.Companiesfindthathavingasocialconsciencehasapositiveeffectonrecruitingandretaininggoodstaff.Staffgetexcitedaboutpersuadingconsumerstobuyproductsthatmakeadifferencetopeople’slives.I:Itsoundslikethat’swhatmotivatesyou,too.IB:Formypart–yes-meetingtheproducersandseeingwhatadifferenceFairtradecanmaketotheirlivesisreallyquiteinspiring.25/50Speaking:GivingreasonsandbenefitsAcoffeeshopinyourtownisthinkingofsellingFairtradecoffee.However,itisconcernedthatthismaybemoreexpensive.ImagineyouandyourpartnerworkforFairtrade.Youaregoingtotryandconvincethecoffeeshoptousecoffeefromyourproducers.Discussandprepare:

*Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange.*Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop,itsstaffanditscustomers.Afterwards,presentyourideastotherestoftheclass.26/50*Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange.*Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop,itsstaffanditscustomers.--protectpoorfarmersandtheirrights--anindicationofcaringabouttheethicsofwhattheysell--positiveimageofbeingfriendlytoenvironmentandcoffeegrowers--consumerslikelytopaymoreforethically-tradedcoffee--feelgoodandcomfortablebecauseit’sethicallyright.--giveoneasenseofdoingsomethingforpoorfarmers.--buywithaclearconscience--Fairtradecoffeeusuallyenjoyshighqualitywhichwouldbenefitthecustomer.27/50AproposalDescribingtrendsAlternativeenergysourcesGoodgreedSpeakingWritingVocabularyReading11.2DiscussingtrendsListeningReasonsfortrendsSpeakingDiscussingtrends28/5011.2Keywordsandexpressionsalternativeadj.&n.供替换，供选择；替换物alternativeenergysources

可替换能源windpower

风能，风力solarpower

太阳能solarpane

太阳能电池板initialcost

最初成本Biofuels

生物燃料reserves

储量wavepower

波能，波力pros

赞成票，赞成者cons

反对票，反对者nuclearpower

核能privatesector

私有企业，私人企业29/50profit-drivenadj.受利益驱使solutionn.处理方案carbonemission

二氧化碳排放tradevt.从事（股票）等交易big-nameadj.有名e-businessstock

电子商务股peakvi&n.到达顶峰，顶峰crashvi&n.暴跌，崩盘；倒闭ascendvi.上升，上涨ascentn.上升，上涨descendvi.下跌，下降，衰退descentn.下跌，下降，衰退fluctuatevi.波动30/50well-foundedadj.有充分事实依据；理由充分；有依据governmentalsubsidies

政府补助taxcredit

抵税金额residential

住宅建筑所需能源eco-investmentcraze

生态投资热levelout

持平revival

复苏solarcell

太阳能电池averageprice

平均价格kilowatt-hour

千瓦小时residentialelectricity

住宅用电31/50runawayadj.失去控制，失控proceduren.程序，传统做法medicalcare

医疗healthcare

保健windfarm

风力发电厂SungreenPower

绿色硅谷能源企业32/50Speaking:Alternativeenergysources1.Withsometypesofenergyrunningout,countriesarelookingatalternativewaysofproducingenergyforthefuture.Todothiswillrequirefinancialinvestment.Whichofthesewouldyouinvestyourmoneyin?Explainwhy?33/50Windpowerhasalreadybeenimplementedinmanycountriesthoughsomepeoplesayitcanneverprovideenoughenergyonitsown.Theinitialcostisalsoveryhigh.Solarpowerisbeingwidelyusedeitheronpeople’sownhousesorintheformofhugeareasoflandwithsolarpanels.Thecostoftechnologyisfallingforthisenergysoitlookslikeagoodinvestment.34/50Biofuelswhichmakeuseofresiduefromplantsarealreadyusedinsomecars.Theylooksettoprovideonesolutiontothelackofpetrolfuels.Coaliscriticizedforthepollutionitcreatesandmanycountriesarelookingatalternativeswhichsuggestsitisn’tagoodinvestment.However,insomepartsoftheworldsuchasChinatherearehugecoalreserveswhichareonlynowbeingminedandusedinpowerstation.Inthiscasecoalmaystillbeagoodinvestmentbutbebadfortheenvironment.35/50Wavepowerhasmanyofthesameprosandconsaswindpower.Nuclearpowerhasattractedbadpublicityinthepastbutmorerecentlymanygovernmentshavereturnedtotheideaofbuildingnuclearpowerstationsinthenextcenturyinordertosolvethepotentialshortageofenergy.Privateinvestmentmayyetprovidegoodreturns.36/50Reading:Goodgreed

1.Nowreadthearticleonthenextpageaboutinvestinginsolarpower.ChoosethebestwordA,B,CorDtofillinthegaps1-15.’90’93’96’99’02‘0350¢40¢30¢20¢10¢0¢AveragepriceincentsperkwhforresidentialelectricityCostofsolarenergyperkilowatt-hour37/50“GoodGreed”

Doyouwanttoknowhowto(1)_____moneyanddoyoubitfortheenvironment?Investing(2)_____somethingthatwillsavetheplanetisbecomingeasierastheprivate(3)_____beginstostepinwithpowerful,profitable-drivenforhugeworldproblems.Takeenergy,forexample.Moreandmoreinvestorsarenowlookingtoriskhuge(4)_____inalternativeenergiessafeintheknowledgethattheworldisnotsafefromcarbonemissions.Solarpowerisonesuchcase.Thereareadozenorso(5)_____tradedcompaniesthatmanufacturesolarmaterialsorsystems.Andsomebig-namebillion-stocks;oneproducerofhigh-efficiencysolar-powercells,forexample,wasrecentlytrading(7)_____thestockmarketatmorethan166timesearnings.1.A.doB.makeC.haveD.give2.A.ofB.inC.byD.for3.A.sectorB.companyC.departmentD.division4.A.dollarsB.cashC.amountsD.profits5.A.shopB.shareC.personallyD.publicly6.A.sellB.buyC.investD.grow7.A.byB.inC.onD.at38/50Cautiousinvestorscan’tforgetthatasimilaroptimismwas(8)_____forthepeakine-businessstocksintheninetiesbeforethecrash.Inthecaseofsolarpower,such(9)_____arewell-foundedbecausesolarenergyhasonebigeconomicproblem:itcurrentlycostsroughlytwice(10)_____muchperkilowatt-houraspowerfromthegrid.(11)_____,eventsarechanginginawaythatmayencourageallinvestors.First,ofcourse,therearerisingpetroleumpricesandononereallybelievesthecostofnaturalgaswill(12)_____godownagain.Secondly,eventastraditionalenergypricesbegintosoar,solarcostareexpectedto(13)_____theirdescent.Thecostofasolarkilowatt-hourhasdeclinedfrom47centsin1990toaround21centstoday,(14)______ithasremainedstable.Thethirdforceisgovernmentsubsidies.IntheUSA,forexample,UncleSamnowgivesa30%taxcredittobusinessthatusesolarenergyandthat’sjustthe(15)_____,withmuchmorestilltocome.8.A.reportB.chargeC.dealD.responsible9.A.concernsB.personalityC.problemsD.difficulties10.A.thanB.asC.soD.more11.A.AlthoughB.NeverthelessC.DespiteD.Moreover12.A.everB.alwaysC.fastD.to13.A.moveB.goC.pushD.continue14.A.whereB.whyC.whoD.when15.A.beginB.firstC.startD.money39/503.Whatdoesthegraphtellyouaboutsolarenergy?Doyouthinkit’sa

goodmomenttoinvest?Thegraphshowsthatwhilesolarpowercoststwiceasmuchperkilowatt-hourthantraditionalenergysourcesusedonpowergridsatpresent,itscostshavebeenfallingcontinuouslysincetheearlynineties.Thelineshowingtheaveragepriceforpowerfromthegridforresidentialenergyisalsoclimbing.Ifthesetrendscontinue,solarpowermaybecomeverycompetitive,makingitagoodlong-terminvestment.graph40/50Vocabulary:DescribingtrendsInthelasttwoparagraphsofthearticlethereareeightwordsorpairsofwordsinboldthatdescribetrends.Completethistablewiththewordsandwriteifthewordisaverb(v),noun(n)oradjective(a).toincrease(v)increase(n)(1)___________Togoup(v)(2)___________ascend(v)ascend(n)(3)___________levelout(v)(4)_____________todecrease(v)decrease(n)tofall(v)fall(n)(5)__________(6)__________(7)__________(8)__________fluctuate(v)fluctuation(n)peakcrashrisinggodownsoardescentdeclineremainstablerisingpeaksoarremainstablecrashgodowndescentdecline41/50Listening:Reasonsfortrends1.Listentofiveinvestorsgivingadviceaboutdifferenttypesofenergy.Ineachcase,theydescribeanoveralltrend.DecidewhichtrendA-F,isbeing

describedandwritethenumberofthespeaker.Thereisoneextratrendshown.A____B____C____D____E____F____42/502.Listentothefivespeakersagainandwriteinthemissingwords.1)…isprobablyagoodlong-terminvestment__________itsgrowthhasbeenslowbutfairlyconsistent…2)It’sallabitupanddown__________________________somegovernmentsaresayingnowisthetimetolookforalternativeenergies…3)_________________puttingyourmoneyinoilcompaniesisthatquiteafewarealsodevelopingenvironmentally-friendlyfuels…4)Anyway,__________________________governmentssuddenlyrealizingforatleastthenextcenturywewon’tbeabletogetenoughenergyfromnaturalsources,nuclearwillprobably…5)Idon’tpredictthey’regoingtoseemuchchangeinthenearfuture,either,_____it’sgoingtobeslowtodevelop.becauseduetothefactthatAnotherreasonforasaresultofas43/50S=SpeakerS1:Ithinkwindpowerisprobablyagoodlong-terminvestmentbecauseitsgrowthhasbeenslowbutfairlyconsistentoverthelastdecade,andmoreandmorewindfarmsseemtobeappearing,sosomeonemustbemakingmoney–unlessit’sallcomingfromgovernmentsubsidies.SoifyoucansparesomemoneyforthenextfiftyyearsorsoI’dsayyou’reprobablyontoagoodthing.S2:Thewholeeco-investmentcrazeisabitriskyatthisstage.It’sallabitupanddownduetothefactthatsomegovernmentsare