2025届湖南省邵东县第三中学高三第三次模拟考试英语试卷含答案

2025届湖南省邵东县第三中学高三第三次模拟考试英语试卷含答案考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。3．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．_______youconsiderthattheairlinehandled80millionpassengerslastyear,theaccidentfiguresarereallyverysmall.A．UnlessB．WhenC．BeforeD．Though2．Everygreataccomplishmentrestsontheofwhatcamebeforeit;whenyoutraceitback,you’llseeonesmallstepthatstarteditall.A．reputationB．expectationC．recreationD．foundation3．40gramsofmeatperdayis______peopleshouldconsumeinordertostayfit.A．thatB．whyC．howD．what4．Youdon’tneedaninvitationtohelpothers.Givehelp_____youareasked.A．ifB．asC．thoughD．before5．Oneofthefewthingsyou______sayaboutEnglishpeoplewithcertaintyisthattheytalkalotabouttheweather.A．need B．must C．can D．should6．—Whereareyougoingtohangthepicture?—Ihaven’tdecidedyet.I________hangitinthediningroom.A．might B．mustC．need D．would7．Thisbookissaidtobeaspecialone,asit____manyeventsnotfoundinotherhistorybooks.A．writes B．prints C．covers D．reads8．Thecompanyandtheeffectbroughtaboutdidgreatgoodtoourbusinessinthemarket.A．it B．whichC．that D．what9．--Ipreferacomputermadeinyourcompany,butImayneedsomemoreinformationabouttheproduct.--______.A．Thankyou B．It’sapleasureC．Youarewelcome D．Atyourservice10．一Excuseme，sir．Youcan’tenter0fficewithoutpermission．一Butthemanagerisexpectingme．A．the；a B．an；the C．the；不填 D．不填；不填11．Lackofsleep_______leadtoweakenedimmunityandmemory,andalsoslowphysicalgrowth.A．shall B．must C．should D．can12．---DoyouthinkPeterisagoodpartner?---Notreally!Therearesomethingsthatarenoteasyto________,andhislazinessisone.A．putasideB．putupwithC．thinkofD．getalongwith13．.Ididn’t________havingtodothecookingmyself,orIwouldhavelearntoneortwodishesfrommymom.A．expect B．anticipateC．forecast D．preview14．Iftheserviceisawful,acustomerhastherighttotothemanager.A．react B．applyC．complain D．suggest15．It’sstronglyadvisedthatsmokersnotbeallowedtosmokeinanyroom________babiescurrentlyoccupy.A．where B．whoseC．that D．as16．ThatAmericanshavenohistorywhileChinesehavenofuturesounds________;ithasraisedathoughtprovokingquestion,though.A．artificialB．arbitraryC．allergicD．reluctant17．．Sheisfedupwithsharingahousewithothers;,sheislookingforherownflat.A．moreover B．otherwise C．however D．therefore18．TheChinesegovernmenthasbegunacampaignto_____________thecrazyhousingmarket.A．calm B．destroyC．occupy D．reflect19．Computer-controlledrobotsaretakingoverjobsinmanyindustries,whichusedtobedone_______.A．artificiallyB．manuallyC．comprehensivelyD．gradually20．Inspiteof_________hasbeensaid,quitealotofpeoplearestilluncertainaboutthestateofthecountry’seconomy.A．what B．whichC．that D．as第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。21．（6分）TampaBayhasalongandcolorfulhistory,whichislocatedonthewestcoastofFlorida.Andthereareplentyofeventsonholidayseveryyear.ThefollowingarethetopthingstoexperienceinTampaBayoverChristmas.JackieKvanchoThesuperstarexplodedontothenationalsceneafterherfirstperformanceonNBC’sAmerica’sGotTalent,whichleftaudiencesandjudgesatthetalkshowastonishedthatsuchavoicecouldcomefroma10-year-oldgirl.7:2pm,RuthEckerdHall,1111NMcMullen-BoothRoad,Clearwater.$39.50〜$89.50.(727)791-7400.HolidayLightsintheCardensStrollthroughthegardenswithmorethan1-milliontwinklylights,lasers.Florida-styledisplays,animatedfigures,visitswithSantaandentertainersliningthepathways.5:2pm,FloridaBotanicalGardens,12520UlmertonRoad.LargoDonationof$4suggested;12andyoungerfree.(727)582-5800.WordierthanThouProseandShortStoryOpenMic:Auniqueopenmicseriesfocusingonstorytelling.Poetryandmusicalperformancesarenotallowed.Theeventincludesaperformancebyafeaturedreaderfollowedbynumerousl0-minuteopenmicslots.7pm,Stucfio@620,620FirstAve.S,St,Petersburg.$5.(727)895-6620.RockapellaChristmasThefive-mancontemporarypopvocalphenomenonsingtakesonclassicholidayfavoritesandbranchneworiginals.7:2pm,CapitolTheatre.405ClevelandSt.,Clearwater.$2〜$59.(727)791-7400.HolidayClassicMovieSeriesIt’sAWonderfulLife:EnjoyselectholidayclassicswithasingalongtoholidaycarolsbytheMightyWurlitzerTheatreOrganbeforeeachshow.7:2pm,TampaTheatre,711FranklinSt.,Tampa.$10,$8members/children.(813)274-8982.1、WhatcanwelearnaboutJackieEvancho?A．Sheisasupermusicalstar.B．Shebroadcastsnewsat7:2pmeveryday.C．Shehasaspecialtalentforspeech.D．Shebegantospeakwhenshewas10.2、Whichactivityisadmissionfree?A．RockapellaChristmas.B．HolidayLightsintheGardens.C．HolidayClassicMovieSeries:It’sAWonderfulLife.D．WordierthanThou:ProseandShortStoryOpenMic.3、Whereshouldyougoifyouareastorylover?A．Studio@620.B．CapitolTheatre.C．RuthEckerdHall.D．FloridaBotanicalGardens.4、WhatdoRockapellaChristmasandHolidayClassicMovieSerieshaveincommon?A．TheybothIasifortwohours.B．Theyarefreeforchildrenthere.C．TheyhavespecialmusicforChristmas.D．Theyarebothsingingcompetitions.22．（8分）Nearly20U.S.stateshavestartedcarryingoutformerpresidentBarackObama’sCleanPowerPlan,whichplaceslimitsoncarbondioxideemissionsfrompowerplantsinanefforttoreducetheimpactsofclimatechange.Theplanhasbeeninlegallimbo(边缘)forthepastyear.Yetscientistshavenowcalculatedanotheroutcomeofthepolicy:harmtocropyields(产量)iftheplaniscancelled.Alongwithcarbonpollution,coal-firedpowerplantsspew(喷出)pollutantsthatformwhatweknowassmog.Thecontributionofsmogtoincreasedratesofasthma(哮喘)andprematuredeathswasalreadyknown.Thenewresearchestimatestheextenttowhichsmog,underair-pollutionpolicies-4nplacebeforetheCleanPowerPlan,wouldlimitproductionin2020offourmajorcrops:corn,cotton,potatoesandsoybeans.LedbyenvironmentalengineerShannonL.Capps,nowatDrexelUniversity,theteamalsosketchedtheextenttowhichthosecropproductionlosseswouldreduceunderthreenationwidescenarios(方案).Oneimprovedtheefficiencyofindividualpowerplants.AnothermodeledapolicysimilartotheObamaplan,settingstateCO2emissionsgoalsfortheelectricitydepartment.Athirdestablishedataxoncarbonemissions,underwhichemissionsfellthemost.Butthegreatestdropinsmog-formingpollutants—andgreatestgainsincropyields—camefrompoliciessuchastheCleanPowerPlan.Researcherscalculatedhowwelleachscenariowouldreducethepotentialproductivityloss(PPL)ofeachcrop.PPLisaprojectedvaluefor2020andindicateshowmuchcropgrowthwouldsufferbecauseofsmog.Scenario2mostcloselyagreeswithresultsexpectedfromtheCleanPowerPlan.1、What’sthemainpurposeofTheCleanPowerPlan?A．Tooffercleanpower, B．TolimitCO2emissions.C．Toslowclimatechange. D．Toincreasecropproduction.2、Thelatestresearchshowsthatsmogmaycause.A．asthma B．earlydeathsC．heartdisease D．cropproductionloss3、WhatcanweinferfromParagraph2?A．Scenario3wasintendedtoincreasetaxes.B．Scenario2increasedcropyieldsmost.C．Scenario1didn’thaveanyeffectoncropyields.D．ThethreescenariosweremadeatDrexelUniversity.4、What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A．U.S.statesrestarttheObama’sPlan.B．TheCleanPowerPlanwascalledoff.C．Threescenariosbenefitcropyields.D．Smogdoesharmtopeople’shealth.23．（8分）Leila’sHairMuseumBeforetheinventionofphotography,peoplekeptmemoriesoflovedonesbycreatingmementos(纪念物)usinghumanhair.In1986,LeilaCohoonopenedamuseuminIndependence,Missouri,toshowhercollectionofmorethan2,000piecesofhair-basedartcollectedover30years.Billedastheonlyhairmuseumintheworld,itincludesmorethan400braidedhairwreaths(花环)and2,000piecesofjewellerydatingbacktothemid-1600s.“Mymuseumisfilledwithotherpeople’sfamilies,”Leilasays.“Ittellsastory.”InternationalUFOMuseumandResearchCenterOnJuly7,1947,afarmerdiscoveredmysteriousmetallicdebris(金属碎片)inhisfarmoutsideRoswell,NewMexico.RoswellArmyAirField(RAAF)originallysaiditrecoveredaflyingdisc.Thenextday,RAAFchangeditswords:Theobjectwasaweatherballoon.StoriesofaUFOandagovernmentcover-upspread.Eachyear,180,000peoplecheckoutthedirtfromtheUFOcrashsite,photos,andreportsabouttheRoswellincident.MuseumofBadArtNotallartiscreatedequal.Afterfindinganoilpaintingintherubbishin1993—thenowclassicLucyintheFieldwithFlowers—ScottWilsonstartedcollectingbadart.Beforelong,heshowedhisfindsattheSomervillemovietheater.TheMuseumofBadArt(MOBA)givesthepublicafirsthandlookatsomeoftheworld’sworst“disaster-pieces”.PopularpaintingsincludeManaLisa,HollywoodLips,andDrillingforEggs.“MOBAisalwaysonthelookoutforthebestoftheworst,”saidco-founderMarieJackson.“Butwhatanartistconsiderstobebaddoesn’talwaysmeetourlowstandards.”MutterMuseumWelcometotheMutterMuseuminPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania—hometomorethan5,000brains,bones,anddeadbodies!In1858,Dr.ThomasDentMuttergavehiscollectionofpreservedbodyparts,andbonestotheCollegeOfPhysicianstoimprovemedicaleducation,whichledtothemuseum’screationin1863.Today,MutteristhemostfamousmedicalmuseuminAmerica,housingawallofbones,andpiecesofAlbertEinstein’sbrain.1、WhatisspecialaboutLeila’sHairMuseum?A．Itisfulloffamilystories.B．Ithousestheworld’sgreatestphotos.C．Itholdscollectionsfromaroundtheglobe.D．ItwasopenedtorememberLeila’slovedones.2、WhatcanyoufindintheMutterMuseum?A．PhotosabouttheRoswellincident. B．SomeofAlbertEinstein’sbrain.C．2,000piecesofjewellery. D．ManaLisa.3、Whatdothefourmuseumshaveincommon?A．Theyarenewly-foundedmuseums. B．Theyareart-centered.C．Theyareunpopularamongvisitors. D．Theyarequiteunusual.24．（8分）WhenIwasaboytherewerenosmartphones,andourtelevisiononlygotonechannelclearly.Still,Ineverfeltbored.Thefields,hillsandwoodlandsaroundmyhomeweretheperfectplaygroundwhoseadventureswereonlylimitedbymyimagination.Icanrememberoncehikingtonearbylakeandwalkingslowlyaroundit.AtthebackofitIwasamazedtofindanolddirtroadthatIhadneverseenbefore.Itwasfullofmuddytyretracksanddeepwoodsbordereditonbothsides,butexploringitstillseemedlikeafineadventure.Iwalkedonandonforwhatseemedlikehours.Iwassuremyguardianangelwaswhisperinginmyears"turnaroundandheadbackhome",butIwasstubbornandwalkedon.TherewasstillneitheracarnorahouseinsightInoticedthatthesunwasstartingtogodownandIgrewscaredIdidn'twanttoenduptrappedonthisroad,andIwasworriedthatitwouldbedarkbeforeIcouldmakemywaybacktothelakeagain.Icontinuedtowalkonwithsomethinggrowinginsideofme.Myheartwaspoundingandmylegswereaching.IwasalmostintearswhenIsawsomethinginthedistance.ItwasahousethatIrecognized.Ijumpedupanddownandlaughedoutloud.Itwasstilloveramileaway,butmylegsfeltlikefeathersandIhurriedbacktomyhouseinnotime.Iwalkedinwithabigsmileonmyfacejustintimefordinner.ThenIendedmyadventurewithagoodnight'ssleep.Ioftenthoughtofthatexperiencerecently.Actually,inourlife,allroads,nomatterhowtheytwistandturn,canleadushomeagain.Theycanleadustoourhomesinourhearts.Mayyoualwayswalkyourpathwithlove!Mayyoualwayshelpyourfellowtravelersalongtheway!Andmayyourroadsalwaysleadyouhomeagain!1、Whydidtheauthorhardlyfeelboredwhenhewasyoung?A．HecouldwatchTValldayB．Hecouldhavefuninnature.C．HehadmanyfriendstoplaywithD．Heusedtoexploretheolddirtroad2、Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inParagraph3probablyreferto?A．DoubtB．HopeC．Fear.D．Courage3、Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenhewasexploringthedirtroad?A．Hewascontradictoryinmind.B．Hewasunconsciousofdangerahead.C．Hewasworriedtobetrappedinthewoods.D．Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbyhisparents.4、Whatmaybethebesttitleforthepassage?A．EveryEffortIsWorthwhile.B．AllRoadsLeadHome.C．BeDeterminedinYourLife.D．BeBravetoAdventure.25．（10分）NEWHAVEN,Connecticut——AsurpriseawaitedstudentsinYalewhoshowedupforProfessorLaurieSantos’sclass.Theygotslipsofpaperthatsaid,“Noclasstoday.”Therewasonlyoneruleforthestudents‘unexpectedfreetime——Theywerenotallowedtostudy,buttorelax.Sinceexamsandpaperswerecomingup,everyonewastiredandstressed.Atthismomenttheyweretouched.Witharoundapplause,ninestudentshuggedSantos,andtwoburstintotears.Yet,cancellingclasswasnotjustabreak.Itwasalsoachallenge,asshewasaskingthemtostopworryingabouttheirgrades,evenifitwasjustanhour.OnestudentwenttotheYaleUniversityArtGalleryforthefirsttimeinherfouryearsatYale.Agroupofstudentswenttoarecordingstudioandplayedanewsong.Morepeoplewereoutside,andmoreweresmiling.That’swhyabout1,200studentsweretakingSantos’sclass,called“PsychologyandtheGoodLife,”thelargestclassinYale’s317-yearhistory.Evennon-YalestudentshadthechancetotakeSantos’sclass.ItwasofferedasanonlinecourseandsheimmediatelybecameanInternethit.SkylerRobinson,oneofherstudents,wasatalossforawhileaboutwhattododuringhisbreak,andthendecidedtotakeanap.“Itwasagreatnap,”hecommented.Santosdesignedtheclassaftersherealizedthatherstudentskeptbusythroughlongdaysthatseemedfarmoredepressingandjoylessthanherowncollegeyears.“Theyfeelthey’reinthiscrazyratrace.They’reworkingsohardthattheycan’ttakeasinglehouroff.That’sawful.”Theideasbehindtheclassaresimple.Santossaid,“Itisthehopethatsciencecanhelpstudentsfindpeaceamongallthestressesanddifficultiestheyfaceatcollege.”Thelessonsincludeshowingmoregratitude,performingactsofkindnessandincreasingsocialconnections.Thestudentsreallywantedtolearntoleadahappylifeinascience-drivenway.Santosalsonotedthepsychologicalhappeningof“mis-wanting”,whichledpeopletoworktowardsthewronggoalsinlife.Oneweek,Santoaskedstudentstoexercise.Anotherweek,shewantedthemtogetmoresleep.Theyworkedhardtokeepsomenewhabits.Socialscienceresearchledtomanynewunderstandingsofhowpeoplefindhappiness.ShethinksherclasscanchangeYale,orrather,notjustYale.1、Howdidstudentsrespondtothecancellingclass?A．Theyexpressedtheirconcern.B．Theywereatalosswhattodo.C．Theyshowedgratitudetotheteacher.D．Theywereeagertostudyindividually.2、HowcanweknowSanto’sclasswaspopular?A．Fromtheattendenceinherclass.B．Fromthesubjectshetaught.C．FromthelonghistoryofYale.D．Fromthereleaseoftheonlinecourse.3、WhatcanstudentslearnfromSantos’sclass?A．Todevelopgoodstudyhabits.B．Toletexercisebecometheirroutine.C．Tobetterunderstandhowtofindhappiness.D．Todosomethingjoyfulduringthestressfultime.4、Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Santoshadamorestressfultimeinhercollege.B．StudentswouldbeinratraceafterSantos’sclass.C．Santos’sinfluencecanreachawiderrangeofpeople.D．Santosisgoingtocancelmoreclassesforbettereffects.第三部分语言知识运用（共两节）第一节（每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项．26．（30分）MymotherhasbeenatrueinspirationtomeandchangedthewayIlookatlife.SincemybirthshehasmadeitevidentthatIwouldbecome___16___andthatIwouldbeoneofthegreatones.ShehastaughtmethatIcandoanythingifIputmy___17___toit.Asayoungboy,Istruggledtoachievetasksthatcame___18___toothers.Ihadproblemswithwriting,readingandespeciallyspeaking.Ididn’ttalktheway___19___kidsdidanddidnotrespondtoquestionsorstayalert（警觉的）tomysurroundings.Myreadingwaspoor___20___withteachershelpingme,andmyspeechwashardto___21___.Mywritingwasnotatthe___22___itshouldhavebeen.Evensimplethingslikeknowingmyleftfrommyrightorbeingabletosnapmyfingers(弹手指)were___23___.Mymother___24___allmychallengesandasaprofessorwithaPH.D,decidedto___25___thesituationearlyinmydevelopment.Shedidn’twantmeto___26___.Afterawhile,wedidindeedgetoveralltheproblemsthathad___27___me.Shespenthourseveryday___28___meeverythingIneededtoknow,determinedtohelpmelearn.___29___herIwouldnotbeanywhereclosetothelevelIamnow.Inaddition,shegave___30___formylife.Shetoldmewhattodoandwhatnottodo.Herexpectationshavealwaysbeenhigh___31___sheknowsthatIcandoit.Forthat,Ithankher.Shewouldnotallowhersontobeincapable.Shenever___32___onme,andtothisdayshetellsmeeducationisamust.Iwillbea___33___personifIcontinuetofollowherlead.Sheencouragesmetostudyhardformy___34___andattendcollege.Sheusedhergiftsasa___35___tohelpachild—herchild—andnowIhavetheopportunitytobecomesomething.1、A．everything B．nothing C．anything D．something2、A．mind B．brain C．feelings D．work3、A．smoothly B．strongly C．frequently D．easily4、A．average B．ordinary C．normal D．common5、A．just B．ever C．even D．only6、A．hear B．write C．read D．understand7、A．level B．length C．speed D．degree8、A．problems B．excuses C．worries D．duties9、A．suffered B．observed C．removed D．tolerated10、A．study B．find C．change D．keep11、A．fight B．struggle C．strike D．challenge12、A．interrupted B．disturbed C．terrified D．troubled13、A．teaching B．giving C．supporting D．reminding14、A．Without B．Except C．Besides D．Beyond15、A．information B．advice C．promise D．expectation16、A．before B．though C．because D．unless17、A．setup B．gaveup C．pushedup D．lookedup18、A．rich B．famous C．successful D．powerful19、A．training B．grades C．experiments D．abilities20、A．woman B．doctor C．sister D．teacher第二节（每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。27．（15分）Youseethemeverywhere:peoplewalkingwiththeirattention1．(concentrate)ontheirsmartphonescreensonbusystreets.ButwalkingandtextingcanbedangerousandcitiesintheUnitedStatesandEuropehavestepped2．theireffortstodealwithit.InHonolulu,usingthephoneswhilecrossingthestreetisforbidden.Ithaspassedalawthatsays“Nopedestrian(行人)shallcrossastreetorhighwaywhileviewingamobileelectronicdevice.Inotherwords,donotlookatascreenwhenyoucrossthestreet3．youcouldbefined.HonoluluisthefirstmajorU.S.city4．(forbid)whatiscalled“distractedwalking”.People5．textwhilewalkingarenearlyfourtimesaslikelytohaveatleastonedangerousaction.Alotofpeopledoit6．theyknowitisdangerous.Theytellthemselvesthatitisimportant.Usingphoneswhilewalkingmayleadtoinjuriesanddeaths,butitseemstobeaglobalproblem.Pedestriandeaths7．(increase)astheuseofcellphonesrisesinthepast5years,anditisexpectedthatthetendencywillcontinue.Othercitieshavecomeupwithcreativewaystohelpprotectthoseusingcellphoneswhilewalking.AsmalltownnearAmsterdamhassetupspecialcrosswalkswithflashinglightsontheground.Whenthetrafficlightsturnredorgreen,8．dothelightsontheground,remindingpedestrianswhenit’ssafetocross.InatownofGermany,similarlightswereusedafterateenagerusinghersmartphonewashitandseriously9．(injure).IfyoustillwanttotextwhilewalkingyoucouldavoidbeingfinedinHonolulu10．usingvoice-controlleddigitalassistant(数字助手)likeSiriorGoogleAssistant.Oryoucouldjustwaituntilyouareagain,safely,offthestreet.第四部分写作（共两节）第一节短文改错（满分10分）28．（10分）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。Mymotherissixty-fiveyearold,thatdevotesherselftothewholefamilyandusthreedaughters.TodayIstillrememberclearlythattherewasthetimewhenlifewasreallyhardinaremotemountainvillage.Peopletherehadastrongprejudicethatgirlsshouldnotgotoschoolandstayathomedoinghousework.However,mymotherheldatotaloppositeviewthatherthreedaughtersshouldgeteducatednomatterwhatothersthoughtandnomatterwhathardlifewas.MymothergotlittleeducationbecausetheChineseCulturalRevolutionandshedecidednottoletthesamethingtohappentohergirls.Tohisdelight,wethreesisterswenttocollegeandgotwell-educated.Andnow,weallhaveourjobsandourownhappyfamilies.WearesuchgratefulforwhatMumhasdoneforus.第二节书面表达（满分25分）29．（25分）校英文报开设了“HEART-TO-HEART”专栏。假如你是该栏目的编辑李华，收到一封署名为Jamie的求助信。信中Jamie向你诉说了自己的困扰：近日容易发脾气，使正常的学习和生活受到了影响。请用英文给他写一封回信。内容要点如下：1.表示理解并给予安慰；2.提出建议并说明理由。注意：1.词数100左右；2.信中不能出现与本人相关的信息；3.信的开头与结尾已拟好，不计入总词数。参考词汇：tempern.脾气,情绪；loseone’stemper发脾气DearJamie,I’msorrytoknowthatyou’rehavingsuchabadtimeatthemoment.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________