英伦文化知多少（高中英语阅读）教材

英伦文化知多少（高中英语阅读）教材

目录

Lesson1、舌尖上的英国（1课时）

Lesson2、英国人迷恋即食快餐？（1课时）

Lesson3、英国餐馆的中文菜单火了（1课时）

Lesson*牛津剑桥知多少（1课时）

Lesson5、英国文法学校（1课时）

Lesson6、别只照着语法书学英语（2课时）

Lesson7、英国人酷爱海滩度假（1课时）

Lesson8、英国最丑建筑：NovaVictoria（1课时）

Lesson9、英国人的阶级观（2课时）

Lesson英国式“势利眼”（1课时）

Lesson11暴风笛中的英国（1课时）

Lesson12、英国经济的雨季（1课时）

Lesson13、英式幽默vs美式幽默（2课时）

Lesson14、英国家庭”圣诞节的一天”（2课时）

Lesson15＞英国人不得不爱的“奇葩”圣诞剧（1课时）

Lesson16、神奇的专业：剧迷变幕后（2课时）

Lesson17、《哈利・波特》20周年（1课时）

Lesson18＞这是十年来最火的英剧！（1课时）

Lesson19、复活节知多少（2课时）

Lesson20、橄榄球和足球：你分清了吗？（1课时）

Lesson2UBBC面临危机（1课时）

Lesson22＞英国没有“国庆日”（1课时）

Lesson23、NHS(NationalHealthService)英国国家医疗服务体系（2课时）

Lesson24、喜剧之王莎士比亚（2课时）

Lesson25＞丘吉尔，被政治耽误的画家（1课时）

Lesson26、当了66年王储，查尔斯王子70岁了（1课时）

（34课时，最后2课时复习考试及讲评，共计36课时!）

英伦文化知多少(高中英语阅读)教材

Lesson1、舌尖上的英国

导读

虽然英国人很少做饭，甚至不做饭，但他们普遍喜欢做蛋糕，甚至还有一档家

喻户晓的比拼烘焙西式点心、面包和糕饼的真人秀节目《英国家庭烘焙大赛》

(TheGreatBritishBakeOff)o烘焙对英国家庭而言是充满温情和乐趣的活动，

孩子们小时候在长辈做蛋糕的时候打下手，生日的时候和小朋友分享家人亲手

做的童话主题蛋糕。在英国，烘焙不是女性的专利，很多男性对烘焙也颇有心

得，甚至在工作之余报名专业的烹饪课程来提高烘焙技巧。在《英国家庭烘焙

大赛》中，不少选手喜欢选用自己家的“神秘”菜谱，和评委与观众分享与烘

焙有关的温情故事。节目上的男女老少，一谈到烘焙就眉飞色舞，聊起原料的

比例和技巧如数家珍。即使只是看客，也能体会到英国人对生活的热爱。这档

节目不仅能让烘焙爱好者大饱眼福，也是展示英国文化和社会的一个窗口。

原文

Britain'sObsessionwithCake

OnanordinaryAutumnTuesdayeveningin2010somethinghappenedthatchanged

Britainforever.Twoandahalfmillionviewerstunedintothefirsteverepisodeof

TheGreatBritishBakeOff,abaking"talent"showonBBCTwo.In2016theTV

viewingfiguresfortheshowwereover15millionforsomeepisodes.That's

twenty-fivepercentofthepopulation;watchingaTVprogramaboutcake!

Sincethatevening,lifehasn'tbeenthesame.AlthoughBritainhasalwaysbeena

nationofbakers,wehavebecomeanationobsessed.Webakemorning,noonand

night.Webakefordinnerparties,clubsandofficecompetitions.Today,theBritish

bakingindustryisworth£3.4billion.Weevenhaveaweekdedicatedtobaking:

'NationalBakingWeek1.

AsaresultofBritain'sbakingboom,*cakeclubs*havebeengrowingin

popularityacrossthecountry.Theconceptissimilartoabookclub—exceptwith

cake.Membersrendezvousregularlyatlocalteashopsandcafes,wheretheyshow

offtheirhomemadecakesbeforediggingin.Thesecakeclubsarejustone

manifestationofabakingmadnessthat*ssweepingBritain.

Ifyouwanttojoinacakeclub,therearetwoimportantrules.Thefirstruleofcake

clubis:YouONLYtalkaboutcake.Thesecondruleofcakeclubis:Eatasmany

cakesaspossible.

IWhatwe'velearnedtoday

1.Britainlovescakes;Britainisanationnowobsessedwithnotonlycakebutalso

bakingcake.

2.WhydotheBritishlovecakeandbakingsomuch?Tworeasons.One,becauseit's

alow-cost,stay-at-homehobbyoractivity.It'sfun,butalsonostalgicfeelingsof

childhood.

I生词好句

1.lifehasn'tbeenthesame:societyhaschanged;somethingbighashappened,which

hasinfluencedoraffectedoursociety.

2.dosth.morning,noonandnight:someoneoragroupofpeopledosomething

veryfrequently.

3.boom/bum/:n.aperiodofgreatprosperityorrapideconomicgrowth

4.alliteration/ojito'reiJon/:n.puttingwordstogetherwhichstartwiththesame

letter

5.rendezvous/'rondeivu:rondivu:/:vi./n.=meet

vi.agroupofpeopleortwopeoplemeetatadecidedtimeandplace

n.ameetingatanagreedtimeandplace

6.anglicize/'aeggh.saiz/:vt.tomakesth./sb.Englishinformorcharacter

7.digin/dig/:toeatpassionately,hungrily,quickly

8.manifestation/^amfesteiJon/:n.aphysical,visible,obviousexample

9.sweep/swip/:vt.togothroughquickly;toaffect(anareaorplace)swiftlyand

widely

10.nostalgic/no'staeldsik/:adj.ifyoufeelnostalgicaboutatimeinthepast,youfeel

happywhenyourememberit,andinsomewaysyouwishthatthingshadnot

changed.(怀旧的)

11.episodes.n.一段情节；片段

思考题

为什么英国人如此热衷于烘焙？

英国人一般怎样度过“全民烘焙周”？

Lesson2＞英国人迷恋即食快餐？

导读

生活节奏飞快，产品广告让人眼花缭乱，加之科技的进步使得即食快餐更易保

存和加工，如今许多人都会选择在超市购买即食快餐，毕竟回到家微波炉“叮”

一下就可以吃了……数据显示，英国人每年在即食快餐上的开销高达30亿英镑,

相比于欧洲其他国家，英国在这部分的花费是最高的。平均而言，英国家庭每

周有3顿晚餐，都是加热后的即食快餐。虽然看上去卖相很好，让人胃口大开,

但其实内含大量添加剂，还有听起来就影响食欲的“黏肉胶”，所以其实即食

快餐是出了名的既不健康又不好吃。那为啥英国民众对它还如此迷恋呢？快来

听今日内容讲解，和Mat老师一起揭开即食快餐的神秘面纱。

原文

Britain'sobsessionwithreadymealshasreachedstaggeringproportions.

Sincetheirinventionin1953,theBritishhavedevelopedsomethingofanaddiction

forreadymeals,andtodayspend£3billiononthemeveryyear-morethanany

othercountryinEurope.

TheaverageUKhouseholdmunchesitswaythroughthreeshop-bought'instant-cook*

microwaveabledinnersaweek,insteadofcookingfreshfoodfromscratch.

Whentheyfirstcameout,readymealswereimpossiblyexoticandexciting,they

weremagicalthings.Retailershavefurtherenhancedtheimageofreadymealsby

usingpremiumpackagingandpremiumpositioning.Theready-mademealhas

undergoneachangeofimage,frombeingdeemedasunhealthy,lazyfoodtobeing

repositionedasapremium,indulgentoption.

ThetraditionallyinsularBritisharebecomingevermorecosmopolitan—atrend

initiatedbythespreadofcheaperairtravelandforeignholidays.Thisisreflectedin

theirpreferencefor'ethnicreadymeals',withIndian,ChineseandotherAsian

recipesbeinghugelypopularchoices.

Sowhyarewesohookedoninstantmicrowavedinners?Whatreallygoesintothem?

Andhowunhealthyarethey?From'meatglue1tothedisheswithmoresugarthana

canofCoke,werevealtheunpalatabletruthsbehindreadymeals.Listentothenext

partoftheepisodetofindoutmore.

I生词好句

1.areadymeal:acompletedinnerfbroneinapacket.Itusuallycontainssomekind

ofmeat,somevegetablesandsometimesriceornoodlesorpotatoes.It'salready

cooked;thenit'sfrozenorchilled.ReadymealsarealsocalledTVdinners,

prepackagedmeals,ready-mademeals,frozendinners,frozenmealsormicrowave

meals.

2.exotic/ig'zntik,sg'zntik/:adj.something'exotic1issomethingnew,something

different,peoplehadn'tseenthembefore.

3.premiumpositioning/'pri:mism/:amarketingstrategywhencompaniestryto

makealowqualityproductappearhighquality,evenwhenthequalityisNOThigh.

4.insular/'insjulo/:adj.ifpeopleare'insular1,theyareonlyinterestedintheirown

countryandnotwillingtoacceptdifferentorforeignideas;theyarenotinterestedin

thingsfromothercultures,foreigncultures.

5.cosmopolitan/(knzma'pnlit(a)n/:adj.someonewhoiscosmopolitanhashadalot

ofcontactwithpeopleandthingsandideasfrommanydifferentcountriesandasa

resultisveryopentodifferentideas,newwaysofdoingthingsandforeignculture.

6.meatglue:specialchemicalsthatmakecheap,unwantedpiecesofmeatandbones

andotherthingswhichcomefrommeatfactoriessticktogetherandlooklikereal

piecesofmeat.

IKeyideasfromtoday'sepisode

1.TheBritishareaddictedtoreadymeals.Theyspend£3billionayearonready

meals.

2.WhyisitcalledTVdinner?Becausethemealispackagedinatray,whichlooks

likeanoldTVscreen,andyoucaneatitonyoursofawhilewatchingTV.

3.Technology,advertisingandbusierlifestyles,andalackoffoodculturearethe

mainreasons

4.Readymealsareunhealthybecausetheycontainveryhighamountsofsalt,sugar,

fatandthatscarythingcalledmeatglue.

5.WhenBritishpeoplecometoChina,theyarequitesurprisedbythefood.They

expecteverythingtobefriedandcrispy,servedwitheggfriedriceandextrasoy

sauce.TheBritishideaofChinesefoodoftencomesfromChinesereadymeals.And

asweknow,ChinesereadymealsarenotreallyChinese.TheyareaBritishideaof

Chinesefood.

思考题

为什么即食食品并不健康，可人们依旧迷恋它呢？

你认为通过何种方式可以解决人们不健康的饮食习惯？

Lesson3＞英国餐馆的中文菜单火了

导读

英国约克郡的一家炸鱼薯条店近来深受中国游客喜爱。一周之内，这家店接待

了100多位中国游客。

据英国《卫报》报道称，英国的炸鱼薯条业正在衰落，因为千禧一代更喜欢面

筋汉堡和夏威夷鱼生饭等“网红”美食。不过，约克郡的炸鱼薯条店ScottsFish

andChips却找到了吸引顾客的新方式：将菜单翻译成中文。不仅如此，他们还

创建了中文网站，并且开通了微博和微信账号。

此外，这家店获得高人气也与2015年中国国家主席习近平访英有关。那次行程

中，时任英国首相卡梅伦与习近平在一家酒吧吃炸鱼薯条，喝格林王啤酒。虽

然三年来中英“黄金关系”有所降温，但“习近平效应”却迟迟未退。

原文

Yorkshirechippy'sMandarinmenuprovespopularwithChinesetourists

®AsaBritishmealchoiceitisonthedecline.

②ButonefishandchipshopnearYorkhashitonanovelwayofattracting

customers:translatingitsmenuintoMandarin.

③ScottsFishandChipsnowservesmorethan100Chineseholidaymakersaweek

afterlaunchingaMandarinwebsiteandpromotingitsdeep-frieddelicaciesonWeibo

andWeChat.

(4)TheYorkshirechippy'snewfoundpopularityhasalsobeenputdowntothefish

andchipsandpintofbeerthatChinesepresidentXiJinpingsharedwithDavid

Cameronin2015.

⑤Thestaffwanttomakediningattherestaurantarealoccasionforthevisitors,the

chefsandwaitersregularlyposeforselfieswiththeirChinesediners.Thestaffhave

startedlearningalittlebitofChinesetoo,thingslike'thankyou*and'byebye*.The

Chinesecustomersarequitehappytoteachthemnewwordswhentheycometo

therestaurant.

⑥TherestaurantsitsnexttoaMcDonaldsonabusyroadbuttheglobalfast-food

giantappearstobenocompetitionforthelocal-runchippy-atleast,notwith

Chinesevisitors.

生词好句

chippy:n.油炸食品外卖店；炸鱼薯条店

Mandarin:n.普通话

novel:adj.新奇的；新颖的

holidaymaker:n.度假者

delicacy:n.(尤指稀有昂贵的)美食/美味/佳肴

newfound:adj.新发现的；新获得的

pint:n.品脱(液量单位，约等于半升)

selfie:n.自拍照

I词汇拓展

1.chippy:n.afishandchipshop,aplacewherewegotobuyfishandchips

IgotothechippyeveryFridayafterwork.

每周五下班之后我都要去炸鱼薯条店。

Thelocalchippyhascloseddown.Ineedtofindanewone.

附近的那家炸鱼薯条点关门了，我得赶紧再找一家。

2.provepopularwith:ifsomethingprovespopular(withagroupofpeople),itis

showntobepopular(directlywiththatgroupofpeople).

TheformatofthenewquizshowonTVhasprovedpopularwithyoungpeople.

电视上新的智力竞赛节目的形式在年轻人中很受欢迎。

3.(be)onthedecline:becomingworse,becominglessinsize,becominglessin

numberorsimplydecreasing

Hishealthisonthedecline.

他的身体状况每况愈下。

Salesofthenewproductareonthedecline.

新产品的销量正在下降。

Smokingisonthedeclineinmanycountries.

许多国家的吸烟率正在减少。

ThenumberofBritishpeopleeatingfishandchipsisdecreasing.

吃炸鱼薯条的英国人越来越少C

4.novel:adj.newandoriginal(describingsomethingthat'snotlikeanythingwehave

seenbefore)

anovelway/idea/suggestion:一个新方法/想法/建议

anovelsolutiontoaproblem:解决问题的新方法

5.hiton:todiscoversomethingnew,tothinkofanewidea,usuallybychanceorby

accidentorunexpectedly

ScientistshavehitonanovelwayofanalyzingDNA.

科学家们发现了一种新的分析DNA的方法。

Thecompanyhashitonanovelwayofincreasingsales.

该公司已经想到了增加销售的新方法。

6.holidaymaker:n.(British)apersonwhoisonholidayawayfromtheplacewhere

theyusuallylive(=tourist)

Atweekends,theroadsarejammedwithholidaymakersgoingtotheseaside.

周末的时候，路上挤满了去海边度假的人。

Theseasidetownhasprovedpopularwithholidaymakersthissummer.

今年夏天度假的人尤其喜欢这个海滨小镇。

7.delicacy:n.usuallyfood,somethingspecial,maybesomethingrare,unusual,or

maybeexpensive(quitespecialandquitelocal)

Insomepartsoftheworld,sheep'seyesareconsideredadelicacy.

在世界的某些地方，羊眼睛也是一道美味。

Frogs*legsandsnailsareconsideredadelicacyinFrance.

在法国，蛙腿和蜗牛都是美味佳肴。

8.newfound:adj.newlyfound,recentlydiscovered

9.beputdowntosth.:ifsomethingisputdowntosomethingelse,thenwethinkor

webelievethatitiscausedbyoneparticularthing.

Thediseasewasputdowntodirtydrinkingwater.

这种疾病和饮用水不干净有关C

Thetrafficjamshavebeenputdowntothelargenumberofholidaymakersonthe

roads.

交通堵塞是因为路上出去游玩的人太多。

Thedeclineoffishandchipshasbeenputdowntoanincreaseinhealthyeating

habits.

随着人们健康饮食习惯意识不断增强，炸鱼薯条的销量不断减少。

10.makesth.arealoccasion:ifyoumakesomethingarealoccasion,youmakeita

specialevent,youmakeitverymemorable.

Theymadethepartyarealoccasion.Theyhiredaprofessionalsingerandmusicians.

Itwasverymemorable.

他们找来了专业的歌手和音乐家，聚会变得很特别，很难忘。

Theymadethedinnerarealoccasion.Theyorderedthemostexpensivedelicacieson

themenu.

他们点了菜单上最贵的菜，让那天的晚餐变得很不一样。

11.local-run/locally-run:adj.privately-owned,notownedbyabigcompanyornot

partofabigfastfoodchain

Coffeeloverspreferlocal-runcafestoglobalgiantslikeStarbucks.

咖啡爱好者更喜欢本地经营的咖啡馆，而非像星巴克这样的全球巨头。

思考题

为了吸引中国游客，ScottsFishandChips做了哪些努力？

英国的炸鱼薯条业正在衰落，背后有哪些原因？

Lesson4＞牛津剑桥知多少

导读

据《卫报》报道：牛津大学和剑桥大学所拥有的房产、捐助、投资，以及其他

资产加起来高达210亿英镑，折合人民币约1800亿元。牛津大学总资产为91

亿英镑，折合人民币约为776亿人民币。其中，校方拥有32亿英镑，牛津大学

36个学院共拥有59亿英镑。剑桥大学总资产为118亿英镑，折合人民币约为

1006亿人民币。其中，校方拥有49亿英镑，剑桥大学31个学院共拥有69亿英

镑。剑桥大学的三一学院成为最富有的学院：公布的资产总额高达13亿英镑。

相比较之下，牛津最富有的圣约翰学院“仅有”6亿英镑的资产。据一些学院财

务主管说，尽管总资产看起来很漂亮，但是学校可以在哪方面用钱却受到了严

格的限制。一些基金是为专门目的而拨下的，不少捐赠者也会明确说明资金用

途并列出限制条件，而一些较为古老的学院每年还要耗资修缮颇具历史气息的

建筑。

原文

OxfordandCambridgeuniversitycollegeshold£21bninriches

Britain'sancientuniversitiesofOxfordandCambridgehaveaccesstoastaggering

poolofwealthtotalingalmost£21bn,arecentreporthasrevealed.

Thereport,whichexaminedauditedaccountstopiecetogethertheestates,

endowments,investmentsandotherassets-includingartworksandantiques-held

bynearly70collegesandinstitutionsshowsthefullextentofOxbridge'sremarkable

wealth.

TrinityCollege,Cambridge,isthewealthiestoftheindividualcollegeswith

publishedassetsworth£1.3bninitslatestaccounts.InOxford,StJohn'sCollegetops

thetablewithcloseto£600minassets.

Butcollegebursarssaidthatwhilethesenumbersmaylookimpressive,inmany

casescollegeswereheavilyrestrictedinhowtheycouldusetheseassets.Insome

cases,thefundswerereservedforspecifiedpurposes,suchasfundingfellowshipsor

studentsupport,withconditionssetbydonorscenturiesbeforehand.

Manyofthemorevenerablecolleges,suchasChristChurch,Oxford,orKing's

College,Cambridge,alsofacedconsiderablecostsinmaintainingtheirancient

buildingsandgrounds.

I生词好句

1.staggering/'stegorig/:adj.惊人的；令人震惊的

•ifsomethingisstaggering,it'sveryshocking/surprising.Andweusuallyuse

''staggering"whenwe'retalkingaboutalargeamountofmoney.

•ItcostsastaggeringamountofmoneytorentanapartmentinBeijing.

•It'saluxuryhotel,sothepriceofaroomforonenightisabsolutelystaggering.

2.piecetogether/pi：s/:拼凑；渐渐弄清(真相)

•ifyoupiecesomethingtogether,youcreatesomethingbyjoiningthedifferentparts;

youjointheseparatepartstogethertomakeonething.

•Theancientdinosaurskeletonhasbeenpiecedtogetherfrommanydifferentpieces

foundovertheyears.

•Detectivesarecollectingcluesinordertopiecetogetherthedetailsofthemurder.

3.Oxbridge/'nks.brids,'a：ks.brids/:n.牛津大学和剑桥大学

•OxbridgeisthewordweusewhenwewanttosayOxfordandCambridge

university.

•I'mgoingtotakemyOxbridgeentranceexamnextweek.

4.topthetable:位居榜首；名列第一

•tobeinfirstplace/(inthepositionof)numberoneinalistortable

•ManchesterCitywonthegameonSaturday,andonceagain,theynowtopthe

table.

•LondontopsthetableforthenumberoftouristsvisitingEngland.

5.beheavilyrestricted/ristriktid/:受到严格限制

•ifsomethingisheavilyrestricted,thenithasverystrictandseverelimits.

•Carparkingisheavilyrestrictedinthecitycenter.

•Thenumberoftouristsallowedtovisitthistempleeachyearisheavilyrestricted.

6.considerablecost(s)/kon'sidorobol/:成本高昂

•ifsomethinghasconsiderablecosts,it*sveryexpensive.

•Manysmallbusinessesarenowclosingbecauseoftheconsiderablerentcostsin

thecity.

•Thecompanyplanstoopenanewfactoryinthecountrysidetoavoidthe

considerablerentcostsofthecitycenter.

思考题

英国最富有的学校是哪家？你对牛津和剑桥两所学校有什么了解？

为什么这些高校没法自由使用资金？

Lesson5＞英国文法学校

导读

文法学校(grammarschool)诞生于古希腊时代。在英国的文法学校始创于12-13

世纪，以古典课程为主。随着时代的发展，文法学校也在不断增加不同的教学

内容去适应现今社会，但文法学校仍然侧重人文学科。文法学校代表着英国公

立学校的最高水平，相当于国内的公立重点中学，其教学质量、学生素质及学

校在社会上的影响力等指标，足以媲美很多顶尖的私立学校。与私立学校相比,

就读文法学校的学生不用交昂贵的学杂费。英国的小学生们在11岁（小学六年

级）参加“小升初”考试，即U-plus选拔考试，排名前20%的学生就可以选择

就读公立文法学校，未能参加考试或落选者将按其所在学区就近入读综合中学

（普通中学）和更次一等的现代中学。英国首相特雷莎•梅计划放开实施了20

年之久的文法学校禁令，允许设立新的此类学校。这一计划会受到保守党基层

成员的欢呼。而对特雷莎•梅来说，重新引入文法学校是她推行所谓“社会融合”

计划的一个关键部分。该消息一经传出，立即引起社会各界广泛的关注和争议。

而纵观各党派和教育界人士的言论，有关文法学校的争议，其焦点集中在：教

育资源是否应该向每一个人开放、文法学校是否会加大不平等性和社会阶层分

化。

原文

TheDivisiveIssueofBritishGrammarSchools

TheresaMayhaspromptedangerafterrevivingherflagshippolicytoexpand

grammarschoolsbyhandingthem£50milliontoincreasestudentplaces.

Liftingthebanoncreatingnewgrammarschoolswasakeystrategyforthe

ConservativeParty—buttheseproposalsweredroppedinthewakeofMay*selection

humiliation.

UnderfreshplansbytheEducationSecretary,however,tensofmillionsofpoundsare

tobepumpedintocreatingmoreplacesatselectivestateschools.

Schoolleaders,unionsandtheLaborPartyhavelineduptoslamthedecisionto

resurrect"thegrammarschoolcorpse",claimingthemodelstokedinequality.

Ministers,meanwhile,insistthemovewouldgiveparentsmorechoiceand"make

sureeveryfamilycanaccessagoodschool'1.

TheofficialTorylineis"Bycreatingnewschoolswheretheyareneededmostand

helpingallgreatschoolsgrow,wecangiveparentsgreaterchoiceinlookingat

schoolsthatarerightfortheirfamily-andgivechildrenofallbackgroundsaccess

toaworld-classeducation.'1

Criticsofselectiveeducationarguethattheseschoolsdonothelpimprovesocial

mobility.

Labor'sShadowEducationSecretary,said:"Onceagain,theGovernmentispursuing

itsownvanityprojectsratherthanfollowingtheevidenceonwhatisbestforpupils.

Theypromised'schoolsthatworkforeveryone*butthispolicyjustdoesn'tliveupto

thelabel."

I生词好句

1.divisive/di'VAISIV/:adj.ifsomethingisdivisive,thenitcausesdisagreement.It

mightseparatepeopleintodifferentgroups.Onegroupagreesandsupports;theother

groupdisagreesandopposesanidea.

•thehighlydivisiveissueofguncontrolinAmerica

•Formanyyears,theissueofanimalrightshasbeenahighlydivisivetopic.

•Brexit,ofcourse,isahighlydivisiveissueintheUK.

2.promptanger:ifyoupromptanger,youcauseanger.

3.flagshippolicy:aflagshippolicywouldbeaveryimportant,keypolicyina

politicalparty'sintentionsorplans.

flagshipstore:aflagshipstoreisyourmostimportantstore

•ThecompanyplanstoopenaflagshipstoreinNewYorkthismonth.

4.liftabanonsth:ifyouliftabanonsomething,youallowit(somethingthatwas

notallowedbefore;somethingthatwasbannedbefore).

•Theschoolhasliftedthebanonusingmobilephonesintheclassroom.

5.inthewakeofsth.:ifsomethinghappensinthewakeofsomething,ithappens

afterthatthing,andoftenbecauseofit.

•Airportsecuritywasincreasedinthewakeofyesterday'sterroristattack.

•Inthewakeofthescandal,severalseniormanagerswerefired.

6.underfreshplans:therearenewplans.

7.pumpinto:ifyoupumpmoneyintosomething,youputalotofmoneyintoa

projectoranidea.

•Hepumpedallhissavingsintohisnewbusiness.

8.slamthedecision:ifyouslamadecision,youcriticizeadecisionheavilyand

angrily.

9.resurrect/rszo'rskt/:vt.ifyouresurrectsomething,youbringitbacktolife.

10.socialmobility:theabilitytomovefromonelevelofsocietytoanother,ora

person'sabilitytomovetoadifferentsocialclass

11.vanityproject:aprojectthatyoudooutofvanity,tolookgood

12.liveuptothelabel:ifsomethinglivesuptothelabel,itisasgoodasits

description;itdoeswhatitsdescriptionclaimstodo.

思考题

什么是“文法学校”？文法学校的学生学习的是什么？

为什么文法学校饱受争议？

Lesson6＞别只照着语法书学英语

导读

企鹅为什么不能飞呢？大多数人坚持“鸟会飞”的观点，由此认为企鹅也会飞。

但实际上，哪有这么绝对的判断标准呢？任何事情都有例外，英语学习中的语

法法则也是如此。

英语语法可以分为规定性语法(prescriptivegrammar)和描述性语法(descriptive

grammar)o规定性语法即明确规定出什么正确、什么不正确，这有利于为学习

者提供一个正确的语言范本，尤其是在其初级阶段。描述性语法则着重于描述

和解释人们实际运用语言的方式，而不是规定语言应当如何使用。这两种语法

体系是不一样的，而且后者还会随着时间而不断变化。基于此，将语法书视为

权威的做法就同因为“鸟会飞”而坚持“企鹅也会飞”的看法一样荒谬。

对于大多数英语学习者来说，语法书更像是一本行为规范手册，指导我们正确

使用英语。但大多数语法书籍都是对一种语言使用规则的概括与简化。为什么

没有一本语法书来教我们所有这些“母语人士的语法”呢？因为描述性语法并

非一成不变，世界上根本不存在一本能够涵括所有语言使用具体情景的语法书,

没有人能够编写，也没有人能够全部掌握。

因此，在英语学习中，应以规定性语法为基础，但也必须不断学习了解描述性

语法，避免让学习陷入僵化的教条主义。

原文

Gramma匚WhyPenguinsCan'tFly

①Formoststudents*agrammarbook*meansareferencebookwhichcanbe

usedwhentheyareindoubtaboutanEnglishsentence.

②Thebookwilltellthemwhetheraparticularformispossibleornot.Many

possibleEnglishsentenceswillbeexcludedfromthatbook.Thebookwill,tosome

extent,artificiallysimplifythelanguage.Why?

③Nativespeakerslearnmostoftheirgrammarsystemintuitively,withoutexplicit

training,whentheyacquirethelanguageaschildren.

(4)Theyinstinctivelyknowwhatcanandcan'tbedonewithgrammar.Theydon't

studytherules.

⑤Itisnotthecasethattheruleexistsfirst,andthelanguagemustfitit.Thetruthis

,nativespeakerlanguage1existsfirst,andthegrammarbookthenattemptstodescribe

it.

⑥Withthisinmindanygrammarstructurewhichnativespeakersfrequently

producecanbecalled'correctgrammar'.

⑦Sowhydon*twehavegrammarbooksthatteachusallthis'native-speaker

grammar1?Forastartitwouldbeanenormousbookanditwouldtakealife-timeto

studyit.

⑧Sothemajorityofgrammarbookspresentasimplifiedsetofstandardrules.

Rulescreateamodelthatcanbestudiedinagiventime-frame.StudentsofEnglish

canneverhopetofullylearnanythingapproachingthewholeofthelanguagebut

theycanstudyasimplifiedsystem.

⑨Thissometimesmeanstheythinkcertainsentencesarenotpossible,wheninfact

theyarequitenaturalEnglish.

⑩Therulesintraditionalgrammarbooksgiveuslistsofdosanddon'tsandmanyof

theserulesareregularlyviolatedbynativespeakers.

⑪Takingthegrammarbookastheabsoluteauthorityisabitlikeinsistingthat

penguinsshouldgetupintheairbecause'birdsfly'.

I主要内容

1.Thedefinitionof''grammar*'(OxfordEnglishDictionary):

a.thewholesystemandstructureofalanguageoroflanguagesingeneral,usually

takenasconsistingofsentencestructureandwordstructureandsometimesalso

soundsandmeanings

b.ananalysisorstudyofthesystemandstructureofhowalanguageisused

c.”agrammar1',abookongrammar

d.asetofstrictrulesaboutcorrectuseofalanguage

2.Descriptivegrammar/Prescriptivegrammar

a.Descriptivegrammariswhereyoulookatwhatnativespeakersdowiththeir

languageandyourecordwhatnativespeakersdowithgrammarandthenyouseethat

asthe“correct”grammar.Indescriptivegrammar,"peoplecomefirst"andrules

followthepeople.

b.Prescriptivegrammariswheresomeonewritessomerulesandthentellseveryone

elsethattheyhavetospeaklikethat.Inprescriptivegrammar,"therulescomefirst".

•ananalysisorstudyofthesystemandstructureofhowalanguageisused

(descriptive)

•asetofstrictrulesaboutcorrectuseofalanguage(prescriptive)

3.woulddance

Iwoulddance.

我将会跳舞。（过去将来时）

Iwouldbedancing.

我那会儿正在跳舞。（过去将来进行时）

Iwouldhavedanced.

我本来会跳舞的。（过去将来完成时或虚拟语态）

4.Whythegrammarbookwillartificiallysimplifythelanguage?

Thegrammarbookwilltellyoumostoftheimportantsentencestructuresthatare

usefulforalearnerofEnglish.Todothis,thegrammarbookmustsimplifythe

language-thegrammarbooklooksatthemostimportantbuildingblocksofEnglish

andthenitexplainsthesebuildingblocksofEnglishonebyone-ittellsyouhowto

putthewordstogether,whatthosewordsmeanwhentheyaretogetherandthe

situationswhereyoucanusethatstructureandthesituationswhereyoucannotuse

thatstructure.

5."Sometimes"rulesarenotrules.

6.Recommendedgrammarbooks:

•MichaelSwan's''PracticalEnglishUsage”

•"CollinsCOBUILDEnglishGrammar"

I生词好句

particular/ps'tikjsh,por'tikjshr/:adj.详细的;特别的

exclude/1ksklu:d/:vt.排除；排斥

artificially/,a:ti'fiJoli,.airtofi^oli/:adv.人工地；人为地;不自然地

intuitively/in'tju:itivli/:adv.直观地；直觉地

explicit/1ksplisit/:adj.明确的；清楚的

time-frame/taim.freim/:n.时间范围

dosanddon^s:行为准则

violate/'vaioleit/:vt.违反；侵犯

authority/oi'Qnroti,o'Qo:n.权威；权力

I词汇拓展

1.intuitively:naturally,automatically,withoutthinkingaboutit

Fornativespeakers,grammarisacquiredthroughasubconsciousprocess.

对于母语人士来说，语法是在潜意识下习得的。

2.Youdon'tneedtoknowthenamesofallofdifferentpartsofacartobeagood

driver.

成为一个好司机并不需要你将汽车所有不同的部件名称都熟记于心。

3.dosanddon*ts:rulesabouthowpeopleshouldandshouldnotbehave

Mynewworkplacehaslotsofdosanddon'ts;it'squitestrict.

我新入职的公司有很多规章制度，非常严格。

4.thehighest/absoluteauthority=expert

Heisanauthority/expertonEuropean