英语词汇学教程（第四版）课件：and Dcitionary

WordandDcitionary10.1DictionaryType

1.LinguisticDictionaryMonolingualdictionaryDictionarywrittenonlyinonelanguage, e.g.EnglishdictionarywritteninEnglishonlyMonolingualandBilingualDictionaries

Bilingual

dictionary

Dictionarywrittenin

twolanguages

Wordsandexpressionsaredefinedinanotherlanguage,e.g.《英汉大词典》(AEnglish-Chinese Dictionary,1991)

MonolingualandBilingualDictionaries

EnglishdictionarywithChinesetanslation《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

(OxfordAdvancedEnglish-ChineseDictionary,

1997）

《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish—

English-Chinese,2001)

GeneralPurposeDictionariesLinguisticdictionariescompiledforgeneraluse—tolookforspelling,meaning,pronunciation,usage,etc.1) UnabridgedDictionaries（大型词典 150000words+）GeneralPurposeDictionaries2) DeskDictionaries(50000words+)

《朗文当代英语词典》

LongmanDictionaryofContemporary English,NewEdition，1995

《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

CollinsCOBUILDEnglishDictionary, NewEdition，2000GeneralPurposeDictionaries3) PocketDictionaries(50000words-)

Suchdictionarieshavelittlemorethan

spellinglistsofmostcommonwordswith

scanty,ofteninaccuratedefinitions.2.EncyclopedicDictionariesEncyclopedia

Dictionaryisnotconcernedwithlanguagebutprovidesencyclopedicinformation.Thereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesofwords.EncyclopedicDictionariesTheEncyclopediaBritannica(20volumes)《大英百科全书》（20卷）TheEncyclopediaAmericana

(30volumes)《美国百科全书》（30卷）LinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesEncyclopedicdictionarysuchadictionaryhasthecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia.

Chamber‘sEncyclopedicEnglish Dictionary

1994(200,000words)《钱伯斯百科词典》Lookatafewentries:LinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesMaoism

nounMaoist

nounMaori

noun(plMaoriorMaoris)MaoriWars*MaoZedongorMaoTzetung*map

nounmaple

noun

3.SpecializedDictionary1) EtymologicalDictionaries

《牛津英语词源词典》

OxfordConciseDictionaryofEnglish Etymology,20002) DictionariesofUsages

《现代英语用法词典》

ADictionaryofCurrentEnglishUsage, 19833.SpecializedDictionaries3) DictionariesofIdioms

《柯林斯COBUILD袖珍英语习语词典》 CollinsCOBUILDDictionaryofIdioms, 2000《柯林斯COBUILD英语短语动词词典》 CollinsCOBUILDDictionaryofPhrasal Verbs,2000

3.SpecializedDictionaries4) DictionariesofSynonyms《英汉双解英语同义词词典》

AEnglish-ChineseDictionaryof Synonyms,2003

3.SpecializedDictionaries5) OtherSpecializedDictionaries

《英语委婉语词典》ADictionaryof EnglishEuphemisms,2001《朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典•英汉双

解》LongmanDictionaryofLanguage TeachingandAppliedLinguistics,200010.2ChoiceofDictionary

1.Monolingualorbilingual

beginnersandelementaryandlower- intermediatelearners:bilingual

postintermediateandadvanced learners:

monolingual1.MonolingualorbilingualReasons:

1.increaseexposureofthelanguage;2.avoidmisunderstandingbytranslation;3.thinkinEnglish;4.enlargevocabulary;5.learntheprecisemeaningsofwordsand usagesthroughdefinitionsandexamples.1.MonolingualorbilingualTheeffectiveuseofamonolingualdictionarywillgivelearnersasenseofsatisfactionandself-sufficiencyandgreaterconfidenceintheirabilitytosolvelanguageproblems.Abilingualdictionaryisessential.2.GeneralorspecializedAgeneraldictionarygivessomeinformationabouteveryaspectoflanguage.Butoneneedstogoaspecializeddictionarytofindmoredetailedinformationaboutoneparticulararea:synonym,usages,figuresofspeech,etc.2.GeneralorspecializedEvenapocketspecializeddictionarymayprovidesmoreinformationontheareaconcernedthananunabridgeddictionary.3.BritishorAmerican

AmericandictionariescontainmoreencyclopedicinformationinthemainbodythantheBritish,e.g.names,placesetc.Britishdictionariesincludemoregrammaticalinformationandusageexamples.3.BritishorAmericanGenerallyspeaking,onemayfindBritishusagesinanAmericandictionary.ButAmericanusagesareoftenexcludedfromageneral

Britishone.UseanAmericandictionarywhenreadingAmericannovelsornewspapersandviceversa.4.EarlyorlateNewdictionarieskeepappearinginordertokeepupwiththetimeandthechangesinlanguage.Chooseadictionarypublishedatadatenearesttothematerialsyouaredealingwith.10.3IntelligentuseoftheDictionary

1. SpellingBritishorAmerican:theatre

AmE

theaterorviceversaIrregularverbs:go,went,gone,going;Irregularadjectives:bad,worse,worst;Compounds:boardwalk;doubleclutch;Syllabication:in.op.er.able2.Pronunciation

BritishstandardorAmericanstandardInternationalPhoneticAlphabet

3.DefinitionOrderofmeanings:(1)frequency(mostfrequentfirst)(2)development(earliestfirst)Mostdictionariesfollowfrequencyprinciple.Webster'sNewWorldDictionary

followsdevelopmentprinciple.3.DefinitionLanguage:phrasesorsentencesMostdictionariesusephrases.3.DefinitionCCELDusesentenceform,e.g.canal:“Acanalisalongnarrowstretchofwaterthathasbeenmadeforboatstotravelalongortobringwatertoaparticulararea.”4.Usage(1)usagelevel:standard,substandard,non- stand­ard,illiterate;(2)style:formal,informal,colloquial,slangy, biblical,poetic;(3)currency:old-fashioned,archaic,obsolete;(4)register:law,chemistry,medicine,BrE,AmE;(5)colouring:appreciative,derogatory, euphemism,humour,pompous...

5.Grammar

Verbs(patterns,colloocations,etc.)

Nouns(singularorpluralforms, collocations,etc.)

Adjectives(irregularforms, collocations,order,etc.)6.Usagenotesandlanguagenotes

Usagenotes:(1)differencesbetweenwordsofsimilar meanings;(2)difficultpointsofgrammarandstyle;(3)importantBritishandAmerican differences;(4)pragmaticuse6.Usagenotesandlanguagenotes

Languagenotes:

Collocations,Articles,Idioms(LDCE);Title,Name,Age,Date(CCELD)7.Etymologicalinformation

cancel

[ME.cancellen<Anglo-Fr.canceler<L.cancellare,tomakeresemblealattice(inLL.,strikeout,cancel)<cancelli,lattice,grating,pl.ofcancellus,dim.ofcancer,crossedthebars,lattice](Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)8.SupplementarymatterAbbreviationsNamesWeightsandMeasuresIrregularverbsWord-buildingelements,etc.

10.4ChineseLearner-FriendlyDictionaries1. 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(Oxford AdvancedEnglish-ChineseDictionary, 1997:OALD）2. 《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》 (LongmanDictionaryofContemporary English—English-Chinese,2001:LDCE）3. 《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》(Collins COBUILDEnglishDictionaryNew Edition,2000:CCED)

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

Fourtheditiontranslatedandpublishedagainin199757100entries81500examples1820illustrations12720idioms

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

Sixeditiontranslatedandpublishedagainin200480000entries90000examples1700illustrations2500newwordsBothBritishandAmericanspelling,pronunciation,usages《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

Majorcharacteristics(1) Definitionswritteninsinglewordsor phrases;(2) WordsgivenbothBritishand American

spellingformsandpronunciations;(3) Goodgrammarinformation;(4) Styleandusagemarkers;

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

(5) Elaborateverbpatterns;(6) Derivedwordsarrangedunderthe same

headword;(7) Idiomsandphrasalverbslistedunder thekeywords;(8) Abundantsupplementarymatter

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

Styleandusagemarkers:fig=figurative derog=derogatoryeuph=euphemism rhet=rhetoricalapprov=approving joc=jocularinfml=informal sl=slang

《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

Supplementarymatter:IrregularVerbs;Punctuation;NumericalExpressions;WeightsandMeasures;GeographicalNames;CommonForenames;FamilyRelationships;MilitaryRanks;Chemicalelements;SIUnits

牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版牛津第六版《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

Characteristics:widecoverageofnewwordsnewmeaningsandnewusagessimpleandcleardefinitionscontrolled2,000wordsfordefinitionsdetailedandcompletegrammaticalinformation《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

Newedition

(1987,radicalrevision):56,000wordsandphrasesAmericanandBritishEnglishnewwords:space-time,women'slib, generationgap,fax,laserprinter, nuclear-free,ELT,TESOL

83,000meaningsofwordsandphrases75,000examples500newhelpfulillustrations

《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

1. ClearGrammarCodes

Verbpatterns:I=intransitiveT=transitiveL=linkingverbs《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

[+to-v]=verb+infinitive[+v-ing]=verb+v-ing[+obj+to-]=verb+object+infinitive[+obj+t-v]=verb+object+infinitivewithoutto[+obj+v-ing]=verb+object+verbiningform[+obj+that]=verb+object+clausewiththat[+obj+wh-]=verb+object+clausewithwh-[+obj+v-ed]=verb+object+pastparticiple[+obj+adj]=verb+object+abject

《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

2.UsageNotes

discriminationbetweensynonymsdifficultgrammarandstylisticpointsdifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanusages,etc.《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

child…Usagenotes:explainingthedifferencesbetweenchild,baby,infant,toddler,teenager,adolescent,youth

and

kid.《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

3. LanguageNotes(20inall)‘Apologies’,‘Collocations’,‘Idioms’,‘Requests’,‘Criticismandpraise’…‘Addressingpeople’(example)howtoaddresspeopleondifferentoccasionsanddifferenttypesofpeople;《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

howtotalktostrangers,topeopleofvariousprofessions,tofriendsandfamily,etc.Ladiesandgentlemen(aformalopeningofaspeech),YourExcellency(toanambassador),YourHighness(foraprinceorprincess),MR/MadamPresident,PrimeMinister《朗文高级当代英语词典•

英汉双解》

Otherfeatures:definitionsrevisedandupdatedmuchimprovementreflectedinthearrangementofmeaningsmanymeaningsreorderedfromthelasttothefirstorviceversa《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

CCELDfirstpublishedin1987neweditionin1995inBritainpublishedagaininChinain200075000entries4000ofwhichnewwordsandexpressions100000examples

《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

1. Definition

CCELDaideAnaideisapersonwhoworksasan assistanttosomeonewithanimportant job,especiallyingovernmentorarmed forcesLDCEaideapersonwhohelps,esp.aperson employedtohelpagovernmentminister《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

2. ExtraColumn(grammarinformation)《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

V-RECIP=reciprocalverbReciprocalverbsdescribeprocessesinwhichtwoormorepeople,groups,orthingsinteractmutually:theydothesamethingtoeachother,orparticipatejointlyinthesameactionorevent.RVareusedinthepatternspl-nv:FredandSallymet.《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

Vto/withn:Iwaschattingtohimtheotherday.Heischattingwithhisdad.Vaboutn:Wechattedaboutoldtimes.N-COUNT:IhadachatwithJohn.VPn: He’dspentmostofthatevening chattingup

oneofmyfriends.VnP:Shewaschatting

oneoftheguys

up.《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

ADJ=ungradedadjectiveADJ-COMPAR=comparativeadjective

ADJ-GRADED=gradedadjectiveADJN=usedbeforeanounv-linkADJ=usedafteralinkverb

ADJafterV=usedafteracommonverb

NADJ=usedafteranoundetADJ=usedimmediatelyafteradeterminer likeanarticlebutbeforeanyotheradjectives, forexample,‘acertainlimitedgeographicarea’ andsoon.《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

3. FrequencyMarker

♦♦♦♦♦ =700 ♦♦♦♦◊ =1200 ♦♦♦◊◊ =1500 ♦♦◊◊◊ =3200 ♦◊◊◊◊ =8100chatbelongsto1500words.châteaubelongsto8100words.《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

4. Pragmatics

Peopleuselanguagetoachievedifferentgoals:toinvite,togivecompliments,togivewarnings,toshowemotions,totellliesandtomakecommitments.

intheExtraColumnindicatesthatthewordisnormallyusedtoperformoneofthementionedfunctions.

PRAGMATICS《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》

Example:

10.5

E-DictionaryE-Dictionary=electronicdict