《英语中高职贯通第》课件-lesson 13

gecfabdhReadthelistofthesubtitles,andthenputthemintoappropriateblanksinthearticlebelow.Explainthereasonsforyourchoice.OurPlanet'sHistoryandDinosaursIfyoumakeastackofnewspapersdayafterday,attheendoftheweekMonday'spaperwillbeatthebottom,andSunday'satthetop.Everynewspaperisdated,butevenifitwerenot,youcouldguessitsdatefromitspositioninthepile.Itisjustlikethiswithlayersofsedimentaryrock,wherethedeepestlayersaretheoldest.Aseachlayerofsedimentaryrockwasformed,theplantsandanimalswhichwerealiveatthattimebecameburiedinitwhentheydied.Usuallytheysimplyrottedawaywithoutanytrace,butoccasionallyfossilskeletonshavesurvivedformillionsofyears.Itisfromthesefossilsthatwelearnaboutextinctplantsandanimalssuchasdinosaurs.Itisratherlikereadinginoneofthenewspapers,pickedoutofourpile,aboutwhathappenedonaparticularday.Wecantellfromrocksthatdinosaurslivedabouttwohundredmillionyearsago.Fossilsalsogiveuscluesabouttheclimatewhenthefossilizedorganismwasalive.Forexample,rocksinGreenlandcontainfossilsofplantsthatcanliveonlyinawarmclimate:sowecanconcludethatthesenorthernregionsmustoncehavebeenwarmer.TheAgeoftheEarthFossilsalsogiveusothercluesaboutchangestotheEarthsincetheywerelaiddown.Thoseofseaanimalsfoundinmountainranges,forexample,showthattheareaswhicharemountainstodaywereonceprobablyunderthesea.Thisevidencesuggeststhatgreatearthmovementsmusthavetakenplace.Indeed,thereisotherevidencethatonsomeoccasionsthesemovementsweresoviolentthateventheorderoftherocklayerswasupset,justasiftheorderofourpileofpapershadbeenupset.IntheGrandCanyonofArizona,theriverhascutagorgeoneandhalfakilometerdeepsothatthelayersofrockbuiltupoverthreehundredmillionyearsareclearlyvisible.RockscontainingfossilshelpustracetheEarth'shistorybacksixhundredmillionyears.Theolderigneousrocks,whichcontainnofossils,cannotbeusedinthisway,butscientistscancalculatetheiragebytestingtheradioactivematerialstheycontain:asradio-isotopesdecaytheyformstableproducts.ItistheratioofactivetostablematerialthatprovidesanagecluefromwhichitisestimatedthattheEarthstartedtocoolaboutfourthousandmillionyearsago.2.Morethan65millionyearsago,adinosaurtookitslaststepanddied.Maybeitwassickorinjured.Maybeitwascaughtinsandorwater.Forsomereason,thedinosaursankintothemudanddisappeared.DinosaurFossilsAftermillionsofyears,thedinosaur'sbonesturnedintofossils.Thesamehappenedtoplantsanddinosaurdung.Also,thedinosaur'sfootprintshardenedintorock.Thefossilswereleftuntouchedforthenext63millionyears.ThenpeopleappearedonEarthandbegantodiscoverthings.Peoplehavebeenfindingdinosaurfossilsforthousandsofyears,thoughtheydidnotknowwhattheywere.Thereweremanyhypothesestoexplainthesefossils.AncientGreeksandRomansthoughtthefossilswerefrommonstersandgiants.Somepeoplebelievedtheworldwasoncedestroyedbyagreatflood.Perhaps,thebigfossilswerethebonesofanimalsfrombeforetheflood.Infact,fossilsarenotbones.Fossilsareakindofstone.Therealbonedecays,butothermaterialsfillthespacewheretheboneswere.Thesematerialsbecomehardlikerockandkeeptheshapeofthebones.Today,fossilstellusthestoryofatimebeforepeoplewalkedonEarth.OneofthefirstandmostsuccessfuldinosaurhunterswasayounggirlcalledMaryAnning(1799-1847).ShelivedinEnglandandcollectedfossilsinthecliffsnearherhome.Atthattime,mostpeopledidnotreallyunderstandwhatfossilswere.Somecollectorsthoughttheywereunusualrocksthatlookedlikestrangeplantsoranimalbones.Onereasonforthiswasbecausecompletefossilskeletonshadnotbeenfound.StrangeFossilsThen,whenMarywas12,shefoundafossilskeleton.Itlookedliketheskeletonofsomekindofcreaturethatlivedintheocean.OneofthescientistsMarysoldfossilstowasRichardOwen(1804—1892).Owenwasoneofthefirstscientiststorealizethatthefossilshesawwerenotfromthesamegroupsofanimalswehavetoday.Herealizedthatthefossilswerefromanimalsthatwerecompletelydifferent.In1842,hewroteabouthisideasandchosetheGreekwordsdeinosmeaningterrible,andsaurosmeaninglizardtomakethenewworddinosaurian.TheworddinosaursoonbecamepartoftheEnglishLanguage.DinosaursappearedaroundtheTriassicPeriod—248to208millionyearsago.TheworldwaslargelydifferentduringtheTriassicPeriod.AllcontinentswerejoinedtogetherinonelargelandmasscalledPangaea.Asaresult,dinosaurscouldeasilywalktodifferentplaces.OthercreatureslivedintheTriassicPeriodtoo.Theseincludedcrocodiles,fish,frogs,insects,turtlesandflyingreptiles.Allthesecreatureslaideggs.InthelateTriassicPeriod,smallmammalsstartedtoappear.Mammalsdonotlayeggs.Instead,theygivebirthtotheiryoung.Millionsofyearslater,thesesmallmammalsgraduallydevelopedintopeople.TheWorldofDinosaursScientiststhinkdinosaurslivedinthreeperiods:theTriassic,theJurassicandtheCretaceous.Eachperiodhaddinosaursofdifferentcharacteristics.TheCretaceousPeriodwas144to65millionyearsago.Thesewerethelastdaysofthedinosaurs.Duringthistime,thecontinentsmovedtowheretheyarenowandmountainsbegantoform.Aroundthistime,morebirdsstartedtoappearandmanyflowersbegantogrow.Snakesandthefirstmothsappeared.However,bytheendoftheCretaceousPeriod,alllargeandsmallrulingreptiles,exceptthecrocodile,becameextinct.PeopletodaywonderwhatthereasonsareforthesuddendisappearanceofdinosaursfromEarth.Ofcourse,nooneknowsexactlywhytheyalldied.Therearehundredsoftheoriestoexplaintheextinctionofdinosaurs.Somearesilly,suchastheywereeatenupbyaliensfromspace.Othersareseriousscientifichypothesessuchasdiseases,dangerousfoodsinpoisonousplants,andclimatechange.Amongtheseproposals,themeteoritetheorystandsout,gettingmoreandmoresupportfromscientificdiscoveries.5.Inthe1980s,twoscientistsdiscoveredalayerofunusualdustinrocksinItaly.Thedustlayerfellaroundthetimeofthedeathofthelastdinosaurs.ThisdustisrareonEarth,butisoftenfoundinmeteorites.ThetwoscientistsbelievealargemeteoritehittheEarth.Itmayhavesentdustallaroundtheworld.Itwouldhavealsostartedforestfiresandtidalwaves.Otherscientistsfoundhugecratersaroundtheworld.Forexample,inMexico,thereisalargecratermorethan200kilometerswide.Thiscraterwasmadebyameteorite.Themeteoritewas9to20kilometersindiameter.TheMeteoriteTheoryButwhysomespecies,suchasfrogsandcrocodiles,surviveonEarthafterthemeteorite?Westilldonotknow.Theimportantquestionremainsrelevanttous,Couldthishappentopeople?Peopleseemmuchclevererthandinosaurs.Surely,wearemoresuccessfulandmoreadaptivetothenewenvironmentthandinosaurs.However,dinosaurslivedontheplanetfor180millionyears.PeoplehaveonlybeenonEarthfor2millionyears.Anothermeteoritecouldcomeatanytimetodestroyalllifeonourplanet.Andmanyscientistsbelievethatwhathappenedtothedinosaurscouldhappentoustoo!Readthepassagecarefullyandthencompletethefollowingquestions.1.Completesentencesbelowbyusingtheinformationfromthereadingpassage.（1）Itisfromthesefossilsthatwelearnabout

.（2）Fossilsalsogiveuscluesabout

.（3）Fossilsalsogiveusothercluesabout

.（4）Rockscontainingfossilshelpus

.extinctplantsandanimalssuchasdinosaurs.theclimatewhenthefossilizedorganismwasalivechangestotheEarthsincetheywerelaiddowntracetheEarth'shistorybacksixhundredmillionyears2.Accordingtothepassage,arethefollowingsentencesTrue（T）orFalse（F）?()(1)Thedinosaursankintothemudanddisappearedbecauseitwassickorinjuredover65millionyearsago.()(2)AccordingtothepassagehumansappearedonEarthabout2millionyearsago.()(3)Peoplehavebeenfindingdinosaurfossilsforhundredsofyears.()(4)Fossilsarebones.3.Answerthefollowingquestions.（1）WhowasMaryAnning?

（2）WhatisthescientificsignificanceofMaryAnning'sfinding?

（3）WhatisRichardOwen'scontributiontoourknowledgeofdinosaur?

（4）Wheredidtheword“dinosaurian”comefrom?FMaryAnningwasoneofthefirstandmostsuccessfuldinosaurhunters.Shefounddinosaurfossils.Herealizedthatthefossilswerefromanimalsthatwerecompletelydifferent.ItcamefromtheGreekwordsdeinosmeaningterrible,andsaurosmeaninglizard.TFFPutthecreaturesintoappropriateperiodsandgiveyourreasons.dinosaurscrocodilesfishfrogsinsectsturtlesflyingreptilessmallmammalsdinosaursdinosaursbirdsflowerssnakesmothscrocodilesDABCYouwillhearanewspaperreporterinterviewingtwopeopleaboutthefutureofourplanet.Listentothefirstdialogandfillintheblankstocompletethesentences.1.Thisconversationisbetween

and

.2.Theintervieweethinksourplanet

.3.Accordingtotheintervieweeallthingshave

.4.In500millionyears,humanbeingswillprobably

.5.Whatweshoulddoisto

.ListentotheseconddialogandtellwhetherthesentencesareTrue（T）orFalse（F）.()1.Theintervieweethinksourplanetwilldiesomeday.()2.Theintervieweedoesn'tbelieveanyprediction.()3.TheWorldEarthDayfallsonApril22nd.()4.ManypeopledecidetotakeadayoffonEarthDay．()5.NowtheEarthDayiscelebratedonlyintheU.S.areporterMs.TaylorwilldielifespanliveonanotherplanetoutofthegalaxyliveinthepresentFTTFFPracticeexamplesentenceswithyourpartnerandthencompletethesentencesinthefollowingdifferentsituations.Situation1Ifyouwanttoexpresssomethingcontrarytothefactsnow,youmayspeaklikethis.A:Ifyoulovedme,youwouldn'tsaythat.B:Ifyoulovedme,youwouldn'tgetupsetatsuchasmallissue.(1）A:IfI

(canhelp)you,I

(help)you,butI'mnotsurewhattodomyself.B:That'sOK.Iknowyouwouldhelpmeifyoucould.IfIwereyou,Iwouldstudyharder.(2）IfI

(be)you,I

(consider)bothsidesinthisissue.Situation2Ifyouwanttoexpresssomethingcontrarytothepastfacts,youmayspeaklikethis.A:Whydidn'tPetertakehisumbrellatoworktoday?B:Hedidn'tknowitwasgoingtorain.Ifhehadknownitwasgoingtorain,hewouldhavetakenhisumbrellatowork.couldhelpwouldhelpwerewouldconsiderPracticeexamplesentenceswithyourpartnerandthencompletethesentencesinthefollowingdifferentsituations.(3）A:Whyweren'tyouinclassyesterday?B:Iwasn'tfeelingwell.IfI

(be)feelingwell,I

(be)inclass.(4）A:Whydidn'tyoudoyourhomeworklastnight?B:Ididn'tbringmybookhome.IfI

(bring)mybookhome,I

(do)myhomework.Situation3Ifyouwanttoexpresssomethingcontrarytosomethinginthefutureorsomethingnotlikelytohappeninthenearfuture,youmayspeaklikethis.A:Ifyouwereto/shouldmisstheparty,youwouldbesorryforit.B:Forgetit.Idon'tthinkthisoneisspecial!(5）A:Ifshe

(fail)inthetestnextweek,she

(try)again.B:OK.hadbeenwouldhavebeenhadbroughtwouldhavedoneshouldfail