Module3-单元语法详解

Module3单元语法详解“特殊疑问词+动词不定式”结构(一）构成hadbeen+过去分词(二）用法1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的被动动作。该动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，表不过去的时间状语可用by，before等构成的短语,也可是when,after,until,bythetime等引导的时间状语从句或通过上下文表示。①Hadthenewplanbeendiscussedbeforethemeeting?开会之前新计划已被讨论过了吗？②How manybuildingshadbeendestroyedwhenthehurricaneended?飓风结束时，有多少建筑遭到了破坏？2.用在含有被动形式的间接引语或宾语从句中，常用在told, said,thought,knew,heard,found,wondered等动词后.表示在这些动作之前已经发生的动作。①She toldusthatthemeetinghadbeencanceled.她告诉我们会议已经被取消了。②They saidtheproductioncostshadbeenreduced.他们说生产成本已经下降了。3.用在Itwasthefirst/second/...timethat…句型中。此句型主句用一般过去时，that引导的从句要用过去完成时。Itwasthefirsttimethathehadbeenbeatenblackandblue.那是他第一次被打得青一块紫一块。4.用在表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句中。Iftheworkhadbeendoneearlier,itwouldhavealreadybeenfinished.如果早点做这项工作，就做完了。二、直接引语和间接引语直接引述别人的原话，放于引号内，叫作直接引语;用自己的话转述别人的话，被转述的话不放于引号内，这是间接引语。直接引语变为间接引语时，应在句式、时态、语序、人称和状语等方面作相应变化。(一）句式变化1.直接引语是陈述句时，变为间接引语时要变成以that引导的宾语从句，that在口语中常省略。Shesaid,“Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes.”她说:“我们的公共汽车五分钟后到达。”→Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.她说他们的公共汽车五分钟后到达。2.直接引语如果是一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?”他说约翰，你会游泳吗?”→HeaskedJohnwhether/ifhecouldswim.他问约翰他是否会游泳。3.直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句。Sheaskedme,“Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”她问我：“他们什么时候吃饭?”→Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.她问我他们什么时候吃饭。4.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语中祈使句的谓语动词应变成不定式，直接引语中的say应改为ask，tell，order等，否定句需要在不定式前加not。“Bringmeacupoftea，please，”shesaidtohim.她对他说:“请给我带杯茶来。”→Sheaskedhimtobringheracupoftea.她让他给她带杯茶来。(二）时态变化在直接引语中在间接引语中一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时Theysaid，“Ourparentsoftengoshoppingwithus.”他们说:“我们的父母经常和我们一起购物。”→Theysaidtheirparentsoftenwentshoppingwiththem.他们说他们的父母经常和他们一起购物。(三）状语、代词和动词的变化直接引语变为间接引语时，有些时间状语、地点状语、指示代词和动词也要作相应的变动。在直接引语中在间接引语中now现在then那时；当时today今天thatday那天tonight今晚thatnight那天晚上thisweek本周thatweek那周yesterday昨天thedaybefore前一天时间状语thedaybeforeyesterday前天twodaysbefore两天前threedaysago三天以前threedaysbefore三天前lastweek上周theweekbefore前一周tomorrow明天thenext/followingday第二天nextweek下周thenext/followingweek第二个星期nextmonth下个月thenext/followingmonth第二个月thismorning这个早晨thatmorning那个早晨指示代词this这that那these这些those那些地点状语here这里there那里动词come来go去bring带来take带云“Didyouseeherlastweek?”heasked.他问：“你上周见到她了吗？”→HeaskedifIhadseenhertheweekbefore.他问我前一周是否见到她了。即时训练1单句填空单句填空1.WhenIgothome,myshoes(clean)bysomebody.2.Hesaidhishomework(finish)already.3.Tom(tell)manytimes,buthestillunderstandit.4.BytheendoflasttermtwohundredEnglishwords(learn)byhim.5.Fortunately,thefire(put)outbeforeitreachedthecrowd.6.ItwasreportedthatMr.Smith(catch)bythepolicefordrunkdriving.7.Infact,thedecisioncould(make)longbeforeyoucamehere.8.Itwashardtofollowthelecture,becauseit(start)whenIarrived.9.ItwasthefirsttimethatI(meet)aprofessorfromthatuniversity.10.Bythetimehewastwelve,Edison(make)alivingbyhimself.即时训练2把下列直接引语变为间接引语1.Shesaid,“IliketowatchTV.”→Shesaidthat2.“Doyouknowtheman?”heaskedme.→Heasked3.“Whatdoyouusuallydointheevening?”heasked.→Heaskedme4.“Don’tmakeanynoise”shesaidtothechildren.→Shetold/ordered5.ZhouLansaid,“I’lldoitafterclass.”→ZhouLansaidthat6. Hesaid,“Youtoldmethisstory.”→Hesaidthat.7. Hesaid,“Ibroughtithomewithme.”→Hesaid8.Hesaid,“IamgoingtoBeijingthisweek.”→Hesaidthat9.Mr.Wangsaid,“IwillleaveforShanghaionbusinesstomorrow.”→Mr.Wangsaidthat10.Hisfathersaidtohim,“Thinkbeforeyoudoit!，’→Hisfathertoldhim答案：即时训练11.hadbeencleaned2.hadbeenfinished3.hadbeentold4.hadbeenlearned5.hadbeenput6.hadbeencaught7.hadbeenmade8.hadstarted9.hadmet10.hadmade即时训练21.shelikedtowatchTV2.if/whetherIknewtheman3.what Iusuallydidintheevening4.the childrennot