高三英语大二轮复习教案1-1-2突破阅读理解第二讲字斟句酌理解推理判断

第二讲字斟句酌理解推理判断《考试说明》指出：推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。eq\a\vs4\al([设题方式])——知方向推理判断题常见的命题方式有以下几种：1．Wecaninferfromthe(first/last)passagethat________.2．Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat________.3．Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.4．Themainpurposeofthepassageis________.5．Wheredoesthispassageprobablyefrom?6．Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof________.7．Thewriterdevelopedthepassage/hismainideaby________.8．Thefirst/lastparagraphservesasa(n)________．eq\a\vs4\al([解题技巧])——明方法1．根据事实细节，合理推断信息在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。2．推断作者观点态度全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想，注意能够表达作者思想倾向和感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，如doubt，appreciate，hate，against等。3．推测写作目的(1)根据文体类别推断，如toentertainreaders(娱乐读者，让人发笑)常见于故事类的文章；topersuadereaders(说服读者接受某种观点)常见于广告类的文章；toinformreaders(告知读者某些信息)多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章。(2)根据写作手法推断。作者在文章开头提出问题让读者思考，或简单介绍与主题有关的其他事物，目的往往是为了引出主题。4．推测文章出处“专用词汇”做判断考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。如要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。eq\a\vs4\al([干扰特点])——晓陷阱1．颠倒是非：选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反2．照搬原文：原文里有相关的直接信息，不需要经过推断3．推理过度：把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化4．无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推断牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语①表示支持或肯定positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。②表示中立indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的，中立的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；notmentioned未提及的。③表示反对或否定disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。常见文章的来源及素材特点广告：语言比较简洁鲜明，有亮点。报刊：时事性比较强，分不同的版块，在阅读中采用的报刊类文章一般以政治、生活为主。杂志：往往覆盖了生活的各个层面，更加贴近幕后的一些东西。产品说明书：对某器皿、设备等作出介绍并有操作方式。药品说明：告知药品的服用时间、次数、药量等。eq\a\vs4\al([识真题])——高考这样考(2016·高考全国卷乙阅读理解B)GrandparentsAnsweraCallAsathird­generationnativeofBrownsville，Texas，MildredGarzaneverplannedtomoveaway.EvenwhenherdaughterandsonaskedhertomovetoSanAntoniotohelpwiththeirchildren，shepolitelyrefused.OnlyafterayearoffriendlydiscussiondidMs.Garzafinallysayyes.Thatwasfouryearsago.Todayallthreegenerationsregardthemoveasasuccess，givingthemacloserrelationshipthantheywouldhavehadinseparatecities.NostatisticsshowthenumberofgrandparentslikeGarzawhoaremovingclosertoadultchildrenandgrandchildren.Yetthereisevidencesuggestingthatthetrendisgrowing.EvenPresidentObama'smother­in­law，MarianRobinson，hasagreedtoleaveChicagoandmoveintotheWhiteHousetohelpcareforhergranddaughters.Accordingtoastudybygrandparents,83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson'sdecisionwillinfluencegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.Two­thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama'sfamily.“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn'tgetawayfromhomefarenoughorfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown，”saysChristineCrosby，publisherofGrand，amagazineforgrandparents.“Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportantitistobenearthem，especiallywhenyou'reraisingchildren.”Movingisnotforeveryone.Almosteverygrandparentwantstobewithhisorhergrandchildrenandiswillingtomakesacrifices，butsometimesitiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequentlyinstead.Havingyourgrandchildrenfarawayishard，especiallyknowingyouradultchildisstruggling，butgivingupthelifeyouknowmaybeharder.25．WhywasGarza'smoveasuccess?A．Itstrengthenedherfamilyties.B．Itimprovedherlivingconditions.C．Itenabledhertomakemorefriends.D．Ithelpedherknowmorenewplaces.26．WhatwasthereactionofthepublictoMrs.Robinson'sdecision?A．17%expressedtheirsupportforit.B．Fewpeoplerespondedsympathetically.C．83%believedithadabadinfluence.D．Themajoritythoughtitwasatrend.27．WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?A．Theywereunsureofthemselves.B．Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.C．Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.D．Theyhadlittlerespectfortheirgrandparents.28．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdointhelastparagraph?A．Makedecisionsinthebestinterestsoftheirown.B．Asktheirchildrentopaymorevisitstothem.C．Sacrificefortheirstrugglingchildren.D．Gettoknowthemselvesbetter.eq\a\vs4\al([练技能])——题目这样解Step1：速读—eq\x(速读题干，确定推理。判断类题目)⇓Step2：定位—eq\x(准确定位，带着任务阅读文章)⇓Step3：详读—eq\x(由表及里，读懂、读透相关信息)⇓Step4：推理—eq\x(立足语篇，有理有据推测含义)1．题干有线索，定位原文相关语句做出推理。2．题干无线索，如：Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat...等，要在选项中寻找线索，先排除不可能选项，再依据“最有可能”的选项中的关键词定位原句，做出推理。3．infer，conclude题型或推测上、下段内容的题型，需找到文章或段落主题所在位置再作判断。eq\a\vs4\al([现身说法])速读题干发现，第26题，第27题，第28题，属于推理判断题。25．解析：选A。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...givingthemacloserrelationship...”可知，Garza搬去和晚辈同住后，他们的关系更亲密了，这与A项的表述“这加强了她的家庭关系”相吻合，故选A项。26．解析：选D。推理判断题。根据第二段中的“...83percentofthepeoplesaidMrs.Robinson'sdecisionwillinfluencegrandparentsintheAmericanfamily.”可知，83%的人认为Mrs.Robinson的决定将影响美国家庭的祖父母，但没说这有不好的影响，故排除C项；由此句也可判断出，17%的人对她的决定是持反对意见或是保持中立态度，而不是支持，故排除A项；根据第二段中的Two­thirdsbelievemorefamilieswillfollowtheexampleofObama'sfamily.可知，三分之二的人认为更多的家庭将效仿奥巴马的家庭，由此可知它将成为一种趋势，故选D项，同时排除B项。27．解析：选C。细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn'tgetawayfromhomefarenoughorfastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown...”可知，在20世纪60年代，人们都有点儿狂野，急于“远走高飞”来证明自己的能力，这与C项的表述“他们想远离父母生活”相吻合。其余三项表述的内容在文中未提及。28．解析：选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Movingisnotforeveryone.”以及“...itiswisertosaynoandvisitfrequently”可知，作者建议老年人从自己的利益出发，做出选择，A项的表述与此相吻合。根据visitfrequently可知，文中指的是祖父母常去看看晚辈，而不是“让他们的孩子多多探望他们”，故B项表述有误；文中虽然有iswillingtomakesacrifices和youradultchildisstruggling，但并不是要让祖父母为晚辈做出牺牲，故C项错误；D项在文中未提及。eq\a\vs4\al([语篇框架])Para1：Introducethetopic：__①__whethergrandparentsshouldlivewiththeirgrandchildren.⇓Para2：Showtheargument：Thereisevidencesuggestingthat__②__aremovingclosertotheirgrandchildren.⇓Para3：Quoteacelebritieswordsto__③__.⇓Para4：__④__.Youshouldmakeyourowndecision.1．事实细节类推理判断(2016·高考全国丙卷·D节选)Badnewssells.Ifitbleeds，itleads.Nonewsisgoodnews，andgoodnewsisnonews.Thosearetheclassicrulesfortheeveningbroadcastsandthemorningpapers.Butnowthatinformationisbeingspreadandmonitored(监控)indifferentways，researchersarediscoveringnewrules.Bytrackingpeople'se­mailsandonlineposts，scientistshavefoundthatgoodnewscanspreadfasterandfartherthandisastersandsobstories.“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia，”saysJonahBerger，ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.“Theywantyoureyeballsanddon'tcarehowyou'refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends，youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”Q：WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner?A．They'resociallyinactive.B．They'regoodattellingstories.C．They'reinconsiderateofothers.D．They'recarefulwiththeirwords.Step1：定位题干中的关键词为DebbieDowner。查读原文，定位于文章第二段。Step2：详读详读第二段，尤其是“...Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends，youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”句中的DebbieDowner是关键信息词，由此可知与朋友分享故事时你更加注意他们的反应，不想让他们觉得你是DebbieDowner那样的人。Step3：推理由关键词所在句、段的大意可推出DebbieDowner是不考虑他人感受的人。A项“他们社交方面不积极”，B项“他们擅长讲故事”，D项“他们说话谨慎”，都与文章内容相悖。故选C。[答案]C2．观点态度类推理判断(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)ThefreezingNortheasthasn'tbeenaterriblyfunplacetospendtimethiswinter，sowhenthechancecameforaweekendtoSarasota，Florida，mybagswerepackedbeforeyoucouldsay“sunshine”．IleftforthelandofwarmthandvitaminC(维生素C)，thinkingofbeachesandorangetrees.Whenwetoucheddowntoblueskiesandwarmair，Isentupasmallprayerofgratefulness.Swimmingpools，winetasting，andpinksunsets(atnormaleveninghours，not4intheafternoon)filledtheweekend，butthebestpart－particularlytomytaste，dulledbymonthsofcold­weatherrootvegetables－wasa7a．m.adventuretotheSarasotafarmers'marketthatprovedtobemorethanworththeearlywake­upcall.Q：WhatdidtheauthorthinkofherwinterlifeinNewYork?A．Exciting. B．Boring.C．Relaxing. D．Annoying.Step1：定位题干中的关键词为winterlife。查读原文，定位于本段段首句及段尾句。Step2：详读详读首句，尤其是“ThefreezingNortheasthasn'tbeenaterriblyfunplacetospendtimethiswinter”及尾句中的“dulledbymonthsofcold­weatherrootvegetables”。Step3：推理由两处信息源中的“hasn'tbeenaterriblyfunplace”及“dulled”可推知作者认为纽约的冬天是令人厌烦、枯燥和单调的。故选B。[答案]B3．目的意图类推断判断(2016·高考全国丙卷·C)Ifyouareafruitgrower—orwouldliketobeeone—takeadvantageofAppleDaytoseewhat'saround.It'scalledAppleDaybutinpracticeit'smorelikeAppleMonth.ThedayitselfisonOctober21，butsinceithascaughton，eventsnowspreadoutovermostofOctoberaroundBritain.Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee，andoftentaste，awidevarietyofapples.TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets，itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence，suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.Althoughitdoesn'ttasteofanythingspecial，it'sstillworthatry，asistheknobbly(多疙瘩的)Cat'sHeadwhichismoreofacuriositythananythingelse.Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyou'llneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit，soit'sapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.Attheevents，youcanmeetexpertgrowersanddiscusswhichoneswillbestsuityourconditions，andbecausethesearefamilyaffairs，childrenarewellcateredforwithapple­themedfunandgames.AppleDaysarebeingheldatallsortsofplaceswithaninterestinfruit，includingstatelygardensandmercialorchards(果园)．Ifyouwanttohavearealorchardexperience，tryvisitingtheNationalFruitCollectionatBrogdale，nearFavershaminKent.Q：Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Toshowhowtogrowapples.B．Tointroduceanapplefestival.C．Tohelppeopleselectapples.D．Topromoteappleresearch.Step1：定位文章开篇提出如果你是果农或是想成为果农的人，你就应该了解苹果节的一些信息，初步判断文章是关于苹果节的介绍。Step2：略读通过略读可以发现其余段落的首句均是段落的主旨句。第二段首句介绍了参与苹果节对应可以见到并品尝各种苹果；第三段首句介绍了适宜特殊地域的苹果品种；第四段首句介绍了在苹果节上可以向专家请教、咨询。最后一段介绍了举办苹果节的区域。Step3：推理略读后发现，全篇都是围绕苹果节展开的介绍，验证了初步判断的正确性，因此选B。[答案]B4．文章出处或读者对象类推理判断(2014·安徽高考·A节选)PersonalRobotMakeyourparentsandteachershappy!Areyouhavingproblemsfinishingyourhomeworkontime?Doyouavoidtidyingyourroomuntilyourmomshoutsatyou?Youdon'tneedtoworryifyoubuyaMr.HelpingHandpersonalrobot.Mr.Hcanbeprogrammedtoorganizeyour