高三英语大二轮复习教案1-1-5突破阅读理解第五讲瞻前顾后妙解阅读填句（七选五）

第五讲瞻前顾后妙解阅读填句《考试说明》对七选五阅读填句题命题目的的表述为：主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。该题型不同于常规阅读题型的考查形式。它是一篇240～340词的文章，文中留有5处空白，文章后面设置7个选项，其中有2个选项为多余选项。选项中常常包含文章标题或段落标题，段落主题句和总结句以及文段内的顺承句、递进句式或者因果句。eq\a\vs4\al([设题方式])——知方向1．体裁以说明文为主，话题贴近考生生活2．突出对“篇章结构”的整体理解重在理解文章整体结构、确定逻辑关系和关联结构。3．侧重考查考生的逻辑思维能力要求考生具备词汇、句子、语段、语篇等方面的知识，以及辨证、综合、分析、归纳方面的逻辑思维能力。eq\a\vs4\al([解题技巧])——明方法六大解题步骤1．步骤一：快速浏览七选项，初步确定位置通常有四个位置：标题、句首、句中、句尾。不同位置的句子有不同的特征。有时有的答案表述上就是错误的，可以直接从备选项中排除，以降低难度；有时可明显地看出其中的某两个选项为一处空格的备选选项，此时要对其进行标注(可用箭头把两者连在一起)。2．步骤二：快速浏览文章，确定文章体裁一般为说明文或议论文，间或出现记叙文。(1)说明文常采用总——分——总的结构形式。第一段介绍要说明的主题，下面几段多是从不同的角度来说明问题，最后总结，各段之间多是平行关系，经常运用举例说明的写作手法。(2)议论文先抛出议题，然后从正反两个方面进行讨论，最后得出结论。(3)记叙文一般来说，记叙文的语言是按时间发展顺序或因果关系排列的，常用的连接词有：then，later，soon，intheend，so，asaresult等。阅读填句中的记叙文通常不会平铺直叙，考生要密切注意前后转折的信息。3．步骤三：分析篇章结构，找出主题句(1)分析整篇文章的段落层次。说明文和议论文每段的第一句多是主题句。所选句子必须和该段主题一致。(2)分析段落内部层次。要真正体会句际间关系，把握作者思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次。4．步骤四：寻找句中衔接标志词文章的行文需要通过一定的衔接手段来实现。文章的衔接手段有：重复使用某一词语或子范畴的词语，使用同义词表达，用总称指代具体事物或用具体事物指代整体，使用代词避免重复等。5．步骤五：比对相似项七选五备选答案中有两个多余的选项，会对文章中两个空白处的选择构成干扰，要特别细致地比对相似选项，方法和解答阅读理解时区分相似选项一样。6．步骤六：检查答案是否合理将所选答案放回空白处，通读全文，检查文章内容是否语义连贯合理、紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切。eq\a\vs4\al([干扰特点])——晓陷阱1．注释性句子与上下文意义不衔接。2．过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构。3．主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题。4．用了与正确选项相似的句型结构，但与上下文意义不符。解题三要素①分析篇章结构。把握全篇文脉是七选五的关键所在。对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全篇的文脉，理出文章的中心，搞清楚句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。②把握写作思路。从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次。根据句子意思分出层次，如承接、并列、层进关系等。③理解句际间含义。重点关注句际间的关联词、逻辑性插入语，结合段落中的连接语作出判断。eq\a\vs4\al([识真题])——高考这样考A(2017·高考全国卷Ⅰ)IfanyonehadtoldmethreeyearsagothatIwouldbespendingmostofmyweekendscamping,Iwouldhavelaughedheartily.Campers,inmyeyes,werepeoplewhoenjoyedinsectbites,ill­cookedmeals,andunfortablesleepingbags.Theyhadnothinginmonwithme.36Thefriendswhointroducedmetocampingthoughtthatitmeanttobeapioneer.37Wesleptinatent，cookedoveranopenfire,andwalkedalongdistancetotaketheshowerandusethebathroom.ThisbriefvisitwithMotherNaturecostmetwodaysofffromwork，recoveringfromabadcaseofsunburnandthedoctor'sbillformyson'sfoodpoisoning.Iwas，nevertheless,talkedintogoingonanotherfun­filledholidayinthewilderness.38Instead,wehadapop­upcamperwithfortablebedsandanairconditioner.Mynature­lovingfriendshadrememberedtobringallthenecessitiesoflife.__39__Wehavedonealotofitsince.Recently,weboughtatwenty­eight­foottraveltrailerpletewithabathroomandabuilt­inTVset.Thereisaseparatebedroom,amodernkitchenwitharefrigerator.Thetrailerevenhasmatchingcarpetandcurtains.40Itmustbetruethatsoonerorlater，everyonefindshisorherwaybacktonature.Iremendthatyoufindyourwayinstyle.A．Thistimetherewasnotent.B．Thingsaregoingtobeimproved.C．Thetriptheytookmeonwasaroughone.D．Iwastolearnalotaboutcampingsincethen，however.E．ImustsaythatIhavecertainlyetoenjoycamping.F．Afterthetrip,myfamilybecamequiteinterestedincamping.G．Therewasnoshadeasthetreeswerenomorethan3feettall.[师说]高考新动向：本文话题具有实用性和教育意义。考查考生在课外活动中的动手能力。试题命制着眼于语言知识的实际运用，也体现了语言的工具性和交际性。eq\a\vs4\al([练技能])——题目这样解eq\x(一看：位置)—eq\x(是段首段尾题，还是段中题)eq\x(二找：词汇)—eq\x(锁定选项与文中信息相关联的词汇)eq\x(三思：逻辑)—eq\x(思考选项与文中信息是否符合行文逻辑)eq\a\vs4\al([现身说法])体裁记叙文话题作者对“野营”态度的转变题号命题方向解题技巧T36过渡句空格前一句中的hadnothinginmonwithme与后文第二段提到的一次野营经历形成转折，和D项中however对应。T37主旨句空后介绍第一次野营的困难与艰辛，与C项中的rough(令人不快的，艰难的)相对应。T38过渡句A项将空后内容与空前的another有效衔接起来。T39过渡句本句位于段首，起承上启下的作用。由空格后的代词we可判断所填句中应含有复数名词，再结合空格后的donealotofitsince可判断选F。T40总结句本句位于尾段首句，由全文的行文思路上，此处应填一个总结升华的句子，结合空后的soonerorlater，everyonefindshisorherwaybacktonature可判断选E，且此项与前文形成呼应。eq\a\vs4\al([语篇框架])Para1：Theauthor__①__thecamping⇓Para2：Theauthor__②__andsufferedalot⇓Para3：Theauthorwastalkedintoanotheroneand__③__⇓Para4：__④__interestedthecampingand__⑤__⇓Para5：Theauthor__⑥__theactivitynow答案：①disliked②waspersuadedtojoin③enjoyedit④Thefamily⑤boughtsomeequipments⑥isfondofB(2017·高考全国卷Ⅱ)Interruptionsareoneoftheworstthingstodealwithwhileyou'retryingtogetworkdone.36，thereareseveralwaystohandlethings.Let'stakealookatthemnow.37.Tellthepersonyou'resorryandexplainthatyouhaveamillionthingstodoandthenaskifthetwoofyoucantalkatadifferenttime.Whenpeopletrytointerruptyou,havesethoursplannedandletthemknowtoebackduringthattimeorthatyou'llfindthemthen.38.Itcanhelptoeliminate(消除)futureinterruptions.Whenyouneedtotalktosomeone，don'tdoitinyourownoffice.__39__，it'smucheasiertoexcuseyourselftogetbacktoyourworkthanifyoutrytogetsomeoneoutofyourspaceevenafterexplaininghowbusyyouare.Ifyouhaveadoortoyouroffice,makegooduseofit.__40__.Ifsomeoneknocksandit'snotanimportantmatter,excuseyourselfandletthepersonknowyou'rebusysotheycangetthehint(暗示)thatwhenthedoorisclosed，you'renottobedisturbed.A．Ifyou'rebusy，don'tfeelbadaboutsayingnoB．WhenyouwanttoavoidinterruptionsatworkC．SetboundariesforyourselfasfarasyourtimegoesD．Ifyou'reintheotherperson'sofficeorinapublicareaE．It'simportantthatyouletthemknowwhenyou'llbeavailableF．ItmightseemunkindtocutpeopleshortwhentheyinterruptyouG．Leaveitopenwhenyou'reavailabletotalkandcloseitwhenyou'renot,eq\a\vs4\al([现身说法])体裁说明文话题如何在工作时避免打扰题号命题方向解题技巧T36细节支撑句空格后的thereareseveralways...与B项when...avoid...衔接紧密；另外，根据句法知识可知，空格后是主句，所填内容应为从句，B、D两项符合，而D项的内容与主句所述不一致，故选B。T37主旨句空格处于段落首句，段中内容“...you'resorryandexplain...andthenask”与A项．..busy，don'tfeelbad...no匹配。T38过渡句空格前为“让别人知道怎么做”；空格后为“消除后继干扰”E项让他们知道你何时有空串联上下文。T39细节支撑句空格前的inyourownoffice与D项中的intheotherperson'soffice相对应，词汇(本题为office)锁定很重要。T40过渡句空格前句中的door很关键，与选项G中的open...close...相对应，且空格后knock形成有效关联。eq\a\vs4\al([语篇框架])答案：⑦Interruption⑧no⑨different⑩whentoeback⑪thedoor一、段首句设空1．空格为主旨句(2016·高考全国甲卷)●17Somepeoplemaythinkthatagardenisnomorethanplants，flowers，patternsandmassesofcolor.Othersareconcernedaboutusinggardeningmethodsthatrequirelesswaterandfewerfertilizers(肥料)．Stillothersmaysimplyenjoybeingoutdoorsandclosetoplants.However，thereareanumberofotherreasonsthatmightexplainwhyyouwanttogarden.Oneofthemesfromourearliestyears.A．KnowwhyyougardenB．FindagoodplaceforyourowngardenC．It'sourexperienceofthegardenthatmattersD．It'sdelightfultoseesomanybeautifulflowersE．StillothersmaysimplyenjoybeingoutdoorsandclosetoplantsF．Youcanproducethatkindofmagicalqualityinyourowngarden，tooG．Foreachofthosegardens，writedownthestrongestmemoryyouhave解析：由该空所在位置可知这是一个小标题。由其后内容“有些人可能认为花园……，有些人关心……然而，还有很多其他原因……”可知本段的主题应该是A项“知道你为什么要做园艺工作”。[答案]A2．空格为承上启下句(2016·高考北京卷)Nomatterwhereyouareontherisk­seekingrange，scientistssaythatyourwillingnesstotakerisksincreasesduringyourteenageyears.74(E.This_is_when_you_start_to_move_away_from_your_family_and_into_the_bigger_world.)Tohelpyoudothat，yourbrainincreasesyourhungerfornewexperiences.Newexperiencesoftenmeantakingsomerisks，soyourbrainraisesyourtoleranceforriskaswell.75Fortherisk­seekers，apartofthebrainrelatedtopleasurebeesactive，whilefortherestofus，apartofthebrainrelatedtofearbeesactive.A．Italldependsonyourcharacter.B．Thosearetherisksyoushouldjumptotake.C．Beingbetteratthosethingsmeantagreaterchanceofsurvival.D．Thus，thesewell­equippedpeoplesurvivedbecausetheywerethefittest.E．Thisiswhenyoustarttomoveawayfromyourfamilyandintothebiggerworld.F．However，wearenotallusingthesamereferencestandardtoweighrisksandrewards.G．Newbrainresearchsuggestsourbrainsworkdifferentlywhenwefaceanervoussituation.解析：本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。上文主要讲述了科学家的观点——对冒险活动的热爱在青少年时期有所增长。大脑增加了对新经历的渴望，而新的经历也意味着许多冒险。75题承接上文，引入下文的讲述，即“新的大脑研究表明当我们面对紧张的情况时，我们的大脑的工作方式是不同的。”接着阐述是如何的不同。故选G项。[答案]G二、段中句设空1．无关联词类(2015·高考全国Ⅰ卷)Trustisalearnedbehaviorthatwegainfrompastexperiences.36Trustisarisk.Butyoucan'tbesuccessfulwhenthere'salackoftrustinarelationshipthatresultsfromanactionwherethewrongdoertakesnoresponsibilitytofixthemistake.A．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E．They'vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan'tbeartoletithappenagain.F．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn'tmeanyou'reignoringwhathappened.解析：第一句Trustisalearnedbehaviorthatwegainfrompastexperiences.(信任是我们从以往经历中获得的习得行为。)是对trust的解释。选项B中的It指代上文出现的Trust，并且继续解释trust的含义：puttingconfidenceinsomeone(对某人寄托信任)。故选B项。[答案]B点津：无关联词类就无法依据个别关键词进行判断，依靠的只能是前后完整的语境和句意。3．有关联词类①(2016·高考全国乙卷)Forexample，“bridge”mightstandfor“meet”and“out”mightstandfor“me.”Themessage“Bridgeout”wouldactuallymean“Meetme”．___40__However，itisalsohardtokeepacodebooksecretforlong.Socodesmustbechangedfrequently.A．Itisveryhardtobreakacodewithoutthecodebook.B．Inanylanguage，somelettersareusedmorethanothers.C．Onlypeoplewhoknowthekeywordcanreadthemessage.D．Aslongastherehavebeencodes，peoplehavetriedtobreakthem.E．Youcanhideamessagebyhavingthefirstlettersofeachwordspellitout.F．Withacodebook，youmightwritedownwordsthatwouldstandforotherwords.G．Anotherwaytohideamessageistousesymbolstostandforspecificlettersofthealphabet.解析：由空格后的However可知空格处跟空后内容为转折关系。再由空后的itisalsohard可锁定A项中的Itisveryhard。A项“没有密码本很难破解密码”与However后的“但长久保持密码本的安全也很难”构成语境转折。[答案]A②(2015·高考全国Ⅰ卷)Unfortunately，we'veallbeenvictimsofbetrayal.Whetherwe'vebeenstolenfrom，liedto，misled，orcheatedon，therearedifferentlevelsoflosingtrust.Sometimespeoplesimplycan'ttrustanymore.37It'sunderstandable，butifyou'rewillingtobuildtrustinarelationshipagain，wehavesomestepsyoucantaketogetyouthere.A．Learntoreallytrustyourself.B．Itisputtingconfidenceinsomeone.C．Stopregardingyourselfasthevictim.D．Rememberthatyoucanexpectthebestinreturn.E．They'vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan'tbeartoletithappenagain.F．Thisknowledgecarriesoverintheirattitudetowardtheirfuturerelationships.G．Seeingthepositivesideofthingsdoesn'tmeanyou'reignoringwhathappened.解析：选项E与上文能形成因果关系。They'vebeentoobadlyhurtandtheycan'tbeartoletithappenagain.(他们曾经受过严重伤害，不能容忍这种事情再次发生。)是上一句Sometimespeoplesimplycan'ttrustanymore.(有时候人们就是不能再信任别人。)的原因。并且与下一句It'sunderstandable...(这是可以理解的……)是顺承关系。[答案]E点津：通过一些关键的关联词汇，可以推断出所填空是强调一种递进关系、转折关系还是一种因果关系。凭借一些体现前后句逻辑关系的关联词，来突破思维局限，突现“枯木逢春”之景。(1)递进关系：also，inaddition，what'smore，inotherwords，second，besides等。(2)转折关系：but，however，yet，otherwise，ontheotherhand，onthecontrary，inspiteof等。(3)因果关系：why，because，so，forthisreason，thus，for，as，since，therefore，asaresult等。三、段尾句设空1．直接收尾(2016·高考四川卷)Somethinkthatawoman'sbodycellshaveatendency(倾向)toagemoreslowlythanaman's.Othersthinkthataman'sbodycellshaveatendencytoagemorequickly.40A．However，women，onaverage，livelonger.B．Thebiologicalfactorplaysanimportantpart.C．Womenarealsohelpedbytheirfemalegenes.D．Thefemalehormonesalsoprotectthebodyinanotherway.E．Recentresearchseemstosupportbothofthesepossibilities.F．Therefore，womenaremorehealthythanmenandcanliveabetterlife.G．Hormonesarechemicalswhichareproducedbythebodytocontrolvariousbodyfunctions.解析：本空位于段落最后，可推测应该是前文叙述的总结。空格前谈了人们的两种想法，此处承接前文语意，对前两种观点予以评价，故选E项“最近的研究似乎对这两种观点中的这些可能性都予以支持”。[答案]E2．关联逻辑(2016·高考全国甲卷)Somepeoplemaythinkthatagardenisnomorethanplants，flowers，patternsandmassesofcolor.Othersareconcernedaboutusinggardeningmethodsthatrequirelesswaterandfewerfertilizers(肥料)．18.A．KnowwhyyougardenB．FindagoodplaceforyourowngardenC．It'sourexperienceofthegardenthatmattersD．It'sdelightfultoseesomanybeautifulflowersE．StillothersmaysimplyenjoybeingoutdoorsandclosetoplantsF．Youcanproducethatkindofmagicalqualityinyourowngarden，tooG．Foreachofthosegardens，writedownthestrongestmemoryyouhave解析：由本段中的Somepeople...Others...，结合逻辑