EMC-测试教学课件

电磁兼容(EMC)介绍

IntroductionToEMC电磁兼容EMC(ElectromagneticCompatibility)的定义：装置能在身处的电磁环境中正常工作而本身产生的电磁干扰不影响环境中其他装置的正常工作。EMCstandsforElectro-MagneticCompatibility.Itistheabilityofasystemorproducttofunctionproperlyinitselectromagneticenvironment,withoutintroducingintolerableelectromagneticdisturbancestoanythinginthatenvironment.

EMC包括电磁干扰（EMI）和抗电磁干扰（EMS）两个部分。ItcoversbothElectro-MagneticInterference(EMI)andElectro-MagneticSusceptibility(EMS).什么是EMC

WhatisEMC?

电磁兼容

发射干扰

抗扰传导发射辐射发射传导抗扰辐射抗扰什么是EMC

WhatisEMC?主题

TOPICS1.发射干扰Emission

2.抗扰Immunity3.10m半波暗室10mSAC4.屏蔽室LocalShieldedRoom

发射干扰是指产品或系统沿着电力线传输或通过空间传输的射频电磁能量，并对其所处的电磁环境造成干扰或污染。Emissionistheradiofrequencyenergyofaproductorsystembeingtransmittedalongthepowercordorthroughspaceasunwantedelectromagneticpollution/interferences.

发射干扰可以分为两部分：Emissionrequirementscanbedividedintotwocategories:

传导发射-传导发射标准的限值规定了150KHz到30MHz的频率范围内通过与系统连接的电缆（电源线、信号线等）耦合的传导干扰。

ConductedEmissions-Conductedemissionsstandardslimittheconducteddisturbancesinthe150KHzto30MHzfrequencyrange.Thislimitstheemissionscoupledthroughcable(mains,signalcables)connectingtothesystem.辐射发射-辐射发射的限值是在30MHz到1GHz频率范围内规定的，它保证了设备不会干扰到附近运行的系统。

RadiatedEmission-Radiatedemissionsstandardsimposelimitsontheradiateddisturbancesinthe30MHzto1GHzfrequencyrange.Thisensuresthattheequipmentwillnotinterferewiththeoperationofsystemsinitsvicinity.1.发射干扰Emission1.1

传导发射测试ConductedEmissionTest(Conducted)1.2辐射发射测试RadiatedEmissionTest(Radiated)1.3干扰功率测试PowerInterferenceTest(Radiated)1.4非连续干扰测试DiscontinuousDisturbancesTest(Conducted)1.5电流谐波测试HarmonicsCurrentTest(Conducted)1.6电压闪爍测试FlickerTest(Conducted)1.发射干扰Emission这项测试检测产生于EUT(待测物)内部并且通过I/O线，控制线或电源线传输的干扰。要求EUT产生的传导发射干扰小于如CISPR22orEN55022等国际标准所规定的限值。AtestistomeasurethepotentialinterferencegeneratedinsideanEUTandcarriedthroughtheI/Olines,thecontrolleads,orpowerlines.ThistestisrequiredtoensurethattheconductedemissionofthetestedEUTmeetspre-definedlimitsassetbyvariousnationalandinternationalstandardse.g.CISPR22orEN55022.EUT0.8mLISNbundledto<40mm>0.4m0.8mMainsexcessleadHorizontalGroundPlaneVerticalGroundPlane

SupplyMainsReceiver1.1

传导发射测试ConductedEmissionTest限值线LimitLines

1.1

传导发射测试ConductedEmissionTest1.1

传导发射测试ConductedEmissionTestNNNNNYYYYY以峰值检坡器测量时使用的决策树。Decisiontreeforpeakdetectormeasurement.应用EN55022标准的波形示例SampleplotforEN55022

1.1

传导发射测试ConductedEmissionTestEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerEMIReceiver-SCR3052CFrequencyRange:9kHzto2.75GHzSchaffnerRFSwitch–NS4901DualChannelToyoSpectrumAnalyzer–R3131AFrequencyRange:9kHzto3GHzAdvantestLISN–NNB42CImpedance:50ohmsSchaffnerSpectrumAnalyzerEMIReceiverRFSwitchLISN(LineImpedanceStabilizingNetwork)1.1

传导发射测试ConductedEmissionTest这项测试检测EUT产生的通过空间传播的干扰信号,这些信号由天线接收，由接收机测量，从而保证能符合例如CISPR22等相关EMC标准。天线放置在离EUT10米远的地方，在1米到4米间的高度上测量水平和垂直两个方向。放置在转台桌子上的EUT随着桌子做360度的旋转。AtestthatlooksfordisturbancesignalsthataretransmittedbytheEUTthroughspace.ThesesignalsarethenreceivedbytheantennaandmeasuredwithareceivertoensurethattheyarebelowtheacceptablelimitssetbytherelevantEMCstandard,e.g.CISPR22.Theantennaispositioned10mfromtheEUTandisorientedinbothhorizontalandverticalpolarizationforaheightfrom1mto4m.TheEUTwillberotatedin360degreeontheturntable.1.2辐射发射测试RadiatedEmissionTestEUT0.8mTurntablemains1mto4mGroundPlaneMeasurementDistance=10m1.2辐射发射测试RadiatedEmissionTestNYNY以峰值检坡器测量时使用的决策树。Decisiontreeforpeakdetectormeasurement.EquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerEMIReceiver-SCR3512FrequencyRange:9kHzto2.75GHzSchaffnerRFSwitch–NS4901DualChannelToyoSpectrumAnalyzer–R3132AFrequencyRange:9kHzto3GHzAdvantestPre-amplifier–8447DFrequencyRange:100kHzto1.3GHzAgilentBilogAntenna–CBL6112BFrequencyRange:30MHzto2GHzSchaffnerAttenuationClamp–CMAD10-3FrequencyRange:30MHzto1GHzSchaffnerAntennaEMIReceiverSpectrumAnalyzerRFSwitchPre-amplifierAttenuationClamp

1.2辐射发射测试RadiatedEmissionTest此项测试使用吸收钳来测量连接线上的干扰功率。连续干扰可能是宽带干扰，由机械开关、换向器、或半导体整流管等开关设备产生。也可能是窄带干扰，由单片机等电子控制装置等产生。Ameasurementofdisturbancespoweronconnectedcables,usinganabsorbingclamp.Continuousdisturbancemaybeeitherbroadband,causedbyswitchingdevicessuchasmechanicalswitches,commutatorsorsemiconductorregulators,ormaybenarrowband,causedbyelectroniccontroldevicessuchasmicroprocessors.

1.3干扰功率测试PowerInterferenceTestCISPR14-1或EN55014-1标准所涉及的家用电器，电动工具以及类似设备需要进行此项测试。Thistestisapplicabletohouseholdappliances,electrictoolsandsimilarapparatustomeettheemissionstandardCISPR14-1orEN55014-1.EUT0.8mMeasurementDistance=5mTospectrumanalyzerortestreceiverAbsorbingClampAuxiliaryClampToMainsSupplyEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerEMIReceiver-HP8542EFrequencyrange:9kHzto2.9GHzHPAbsorbingClamp–AMZ41CFrequencyrange:30MHzto1GHzSchaffnerAutomaticSlider–MAC600FAutomaticToyoAbsorbingClampEMIReceiverAutomaticSlider1.3干扰功率测试PowerInterferenceTest非连续干扰测试也叫Click测试。定义为超出连续发射限值且持续时间小于200ms的干扰，而两个连续的干扰中间必需有200ms以上区隔。Discontinuousdisturbanceiscommonlyknownas‘Click’.Itisdefinedasadisturbanceexceedingthelimitofacontinuousemissionfornotlongerthan200ms,andisseparatedfromasubsequentdisturbancebyatleast200ms.

一个click可能包括一系列的脉冲，则其持续时间是从第一个脉冲起始的时刻到最后一个脉冲结束的时刻。AClickmaycontainanumberofimpulses;inwhichcasetherelevanttimeisthatfromthebeginningofthefirsttotheendofthelastimpulse.

1.4非连续干扰测试DiscontinuousDisturbancesTest能沿着电源线产生非连续干扰的家用电器，电动工具以及类似设备需要进行此行测试。应用的标准是CISPR14-1或EN55014-1。Thistestisapplicabletohouseholdappliances,electrictoolsandsimilarapparatuswherebythediscontinuousdisturbancesaregeneratedalongthepowersupplycabling.TheapplicablestandardisCISPR14-1orEN55014-1.AnalyzerEUTMainsACsourceLISNEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerAnalyzer-DIA1512CFrequency:150kHz,500kHz,1.4MHz,30MHzSchaffner3phaseoptionforanalyzer–DIA1530ACurrentcapability:30AcontinuousSchaffnerLISN–NNB42CForbothsingleorthreephaseEUTSchaffnerAnalyzerLISN(LineImpedanceStabilizingNetwork)1.4非连续干扰测试DiscontinuousDisturbancesTest此项测试适用于每相输入电流不大于16A，并打算连接到相电压为220V到250V、频率为50Hz的公共低压配电系统的电气和电子设备。Applicabletoelectricalandelectronicequipmenthavinganinputcurrentuptoandincluding16Aperphase,andintendedtobeconnectedtopubliclow-voltagedistributionsystemsofbetween220Vand250Vat50Hzlinetoneutral.1.5电流谐波测试

HarmonicsCurrentTest设备分类：Classificationofequipment:ClassA-不包含在ClassB，C和D中的所有设备

ClassA–AllequipmentthatarenotClassB,CorDClassB-手持式设备

ClassB–PortableToolsClassC–灯具设备

ClassC–LightingequipmentClassD-功率小于600W的个人电脑，监视器以及电视机

ClassD–Personalcomputersandpersonalcomputermonitorsandtelevisionreceivershavingpower≤600WMainsEUTHarmonic&FlickerAnalyzerACsourceEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerPoweranalyzer-PM3000AFrequencyrange:0Hz–1MHzMax.voltage:2kVMax.current:30AVoltechACsource–6530Max.power:3kVAChromaProflinesystem-2103-240Max.power:3kVASchaffnerACSourcePowerAnalyzerProfLineSystem1.5电流谐波测试

HarmonicsCurrentTest闪爍定义：亮度或频谱分布随时间变化的光刺激所引起的不稳定的视觉效果。Flickerisdefinedastheimpressionofunsteadinessofvisualsensationinducedbyalightstimuluswhoseluminanceorspectraldistributionfluctuateswithtime.此项测试适用于单相输入电流不大于16A，并连接到相电压为220V到250V，频率为50Hz的公共低压配电系统使用的电气电子设备。Applicabletoelectricalandelectronicequipmenthavinganinputcurrentuptoandincluding16Aperphaseandintendedtobeconnectedtopubliclow-voltagedistributionsystemsofbetween220Vand250Vat50Hzlinetoneutral.

1.6电压闪爍测试FlickerTestMainsEUTHarmonic&FlickerAnalyzerACsourceEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerProflinesystem-2103-240Max.power:3kVASchaffnerProfLineSystem1.6电压闪爍测试FlickerTest由于产品或系统与其他的设备共处于一个电磁环境中，它除了可能对其他设备产生潜在的干扰外，还可能被其他设备所干扰。Besidesproducingpotentialinterference,aproductorsystemisalwaysexposedtoacertainamountofambientelectromagneticpollutionfromotherpre-existingsources.抗扰度是指产品或系统在被污染的电磁环境中的免疫能力。Immunityistheabilityoftheproductorsystemtoimmunetothereasonableamountofelectromagneticpollutionorinterference.2.抗扰度Immunity抗扰度测试有四个主要的判据：Thereare4performancecriteriaforimmunitytests:判据A：测试过程中不允许出现功能缺失的现象。

PerformanceCriteriaA:Nolossoffunctionisallowedduringtesting.判据B：测试过程中允许出现暂时的功能缺失的情况，但设备必须 可以自行恢复到正常工作状态。

PerformanceCriteriaB:Temporarylossoffunctionisallowedduringtesting,

buttheequipment

mustself-recoverstoitsnormal

operatingcondition.判据C：测试过程中允许出现功能缺失的情况，并且不能自行恢 复，必须依靠操作人员的介入才可恢复。

PerformanceCriteriaC:Temporarylossoffunctionisallowedduringthetestand requiresoperatorintervention.判据D：测试过程中由于受测品，元件，软件损坏，或数据的损失 导致无法恢复的劣化或功能缺失。

PerformanceCriteriaD:Degradationorlossoffunctionwhichisnotrecoverable duetodamagetoequipment,components,softwareor lossofdata.2.抗扰度Immunity2.1EN61000-4-2

静电放电测试

(ESD)2.2EN61000-4-3辐射抗扰度测试(RadiatedImmunity)2.3EN61000-4-4电快速瞬变脉冲群抗扰度测试(EFT/Burst)2.4EN61000-4-5雷击浪涌抗扰度测试(Surge)2.5EN61000-4-6传导抗扰度测试(ConductedRF)2.6EN61000-4-8工频磁场抗扰度测试(PowerFrequencyMagnetic)2.7EN61000-4-11电压跌落、短时中断和变化抗扰度测试

(VoltageDips,InterruptionsandVariation)2.抗扰度测试Immunity(EN55024)静电放电是指静电荷从一个物体突然转移到另一个物体的过程。例如：操作人员对接触设备放电。这种放电可能会导致设备的误动作或者损坏某些电子元器件。ElectrostaticDischarge(ESD)isasuddentransferofstaticelectricchargefromonebodytoanothere.g.anoperatordischarge.Theeffectsofsuchdischargemaybeasimplemalfunctionoftheequipmentordamageofelectroniccomponents.

静电放电有两种放电类型-接触放电和空气放电Consiststwotypesofdischargetest–ContactDischargeandAirDischarge.2.1静电放电测试ESDTest试验设置Testsetup2.1静电放电测试ESDTestEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerESDtester-NSG435ContactDischarge:

200Vto9kVSchaffnerAirDischarge:200Vto16.5kVESDtester2.1静电放电测试ESDTest这是与辐射发射相反的一项测试，在这项测试中，通过功率放大器提供一定的功率给天线来产生干扰信号并通过空间传播给EUT。天线放于3米远的位置，在水平和垂直方向上对EUT的四个面进行测试。要求EUT符合抗扰度标准EN61000-4-3。ItisthereverseofRadiatedEmissionTestwherebyapoweramplifierisusedtoprovidethenecessarypowertotheantennatoestablishthedisturbancesignalstobetransmittedtotheEUTthroughspace.Theantennaispositioned3metersfromallfourfacesoftheEUTandisorientedinhorizontalandverticalpolarization.TheEUTshallfulfilltheperformancecriteriapertheimmunitystandarde.gEN61000-4-3.2.2辐射抗扰度测试

RadiatedImmunityTestEUT0.8mTurntableMainsGroundPlaneMeasurementDistance=3mAbsorbersEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerSignalGenerator–2023BFrequencyRange:9KHzto2GHzIFRRFSwitch–NS4901DualChannelToyoPowerMeter–4232DualChannelBoontonPowerProbe–51011-EMCFrequencyRange:1kHzto7GHz;-60dBmto+20dBmBoontonPowerAmplifier–CBA9413&CBA9429FrequencyRange:80MHzto1GHz;100W&0.8GHzto3GHz;75WSchaffnerX-WingBilogAntenna–CBL6140AFrequencyRange:26MHzto2GHzSchaffnerDirectionalCoupler–DCP0100FrequencyRange:150kHzto1GHz;100WSchaffnerDirectionalCoupler–DC7141FrequencyRange:1GHzto3GHzAR2.2辐射抗扰度测试

RadiatedImmunityTestSignalGeneratorPowerMeter&PowerProbePowerAmplifier

AntennaRFSwitchDirectionalCoupler2.2辐射抗扰度测试

RadiatedImmunityTestEFT/Burst通常发生在电网中机械开关切换时，此时开关的两点之间可能产生飞弧现象或者类似荧光灯内中的气体放电现象。这会对附近的电气电子设备产生危害。这种现象不需要传导路径就可以发生。ElectricalFastTransient(EFT)/Burstoftencausedduringtheopeningofaswitchwherebyarcingoccursbetweenthecontactsoranactivationofthegaseousdischargeasinafluorescentlights,andthevictimproductisnearby.Suchoccurrencesmaynotneedadirectconductpath.2.3电快速瞬变脉冲群抗扰度测试EFT/BurstTest试验设置Testsetup2.3电快速瞬变脉冲群抗扰度测试EFT/BurstTestEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerBursttester-NSG2025PulseAmplitude:200Vto4.4kVSchaffnerRiseTime:5ns+/-30%RepetitionRate:100msto10s+/-2msBurstGenerator2.3电快速瞬变脉冲群抗扰度测试EFT/BurstTest雷击浪涌一般发生在雷击或高压电路中容性负载切换时，遭受雷击的可能是电网系统或是附近的地面。雷击浪涌通常通过电源线使设备受到影响。它产生的巨大能量很容易损坏设备中的元器件。Surgeiscommonlycausedbythelightningstrikesorswitchingofcapacitiveloadfromahighvoltagecircuit,eitherdirectlytothepowerdistributionsystemortothenearbyground.Thissurgewillnormallyaffectaproductthroughthepowerline.It’shighenergiescouldeasilycausecomponentdamage.2.4雷击浪涌抗扰度测试SurgeTest试验设置Testsetup2.4雷击浪涌抗扰度测试SurgeTestEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerSurgetester-NSG2050HybridPulse:1.2/50us–8/20us,200Vto6.6kV,2ohmsand12ohmsSchaffnerCouplingnetwork–CDN131/133RingWave:0.5us/100kHz,200Vto6.6kV,12ohms,30ohmsand200ohmsSchaffnerImpulsenetwork–PNW2050/PNW2052RepetitionRate:10sto10000sSchaffnerImpulseNetworkSurgeGenerator2.4雷击浪涌抗扰度测试SurgeTest这项测试所用的干扰来源是由射频场感应产生的电磁场。干扰会通过连接到设备上的电缆线对设备产生影响。Thesourceofdisturbancecoveredbythistestisbasicallyanelectromagneticfield,comingfromintendedRFtransmitters,thatmayactonthewholelengthofcablesconnectedtoaninstalledequipment.

可以通过直接给电缆线注入噪声来产生干扰。Thisdisturbancecanbeproducedbyinjectinganoisedirectlyintothecables.测试时每根连接EUT的电缆线都要注入射频电压或电流。ThetestinginvolvesinjectingRFvoltagesorcurrentsintoeachofthecablesassociatedwiththeEUT.2.5传导抗扰度测试ConductedRFImmunityTest试验设置

Testsetup2.5传导抗扰度测试ConductedRFImmunityTestEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerMainSystem-NSG2070Bandwidth:100kHz–250MHzSchaffnerCouplingNetwork-CDNM016SModulation:0–100%SchaffnerAttenuationClamp-KEMA801CFrequencyrange:150kHz–1GHzSchaffnerAttenuationClampCouplingNetworkGenerator2.5传导抗扰度测试ConductedRFImmunityTest工频磁场是由导体中的交流电流产生。例如：电网中50/60Hz电流的电源线产生的磁场。这个磁场可能会干扰到附近运行中的电气电子设备。PowerfrequencymagneticfieldsaregeneratedbyACcurrentflowingintheconductorse.g.normal50/60Hzmainspowercord.Thismagneticfieldsmayinterferewithequipmentoperatedincloseproximity.

这项测试检测设备在附近有工频磁场的情况下，对磁场骚扰的抵抗能力。工频磁场抗扰度与设备放置的具体位置及设备的安装有关(如设备与干扰源的距离)。Thistestisintendedtodemonstratetheimmunityofanequipmentwhensubjectedtopowerfrequencymagneticfieldsrelatedtothespecificlocationsandinstallationconditionoftheequipment(e.g.proximityofequipmenttothedisturbancesource).2.6工频磁场抗扰度测试PowerFreqMagneticTest试验设置

Testsetup2.6工频磁场抗扰度测试PowerFreqMagneticTestEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerMainSystem–Modula6000Inputpower:85to265Vac;47to63Hz;16AcontinuousSchaffnerTestCoil-INA721Fieldstrength:0.1to4A/mSchaffnerTestCoilGenerator2.6工频磁场抗扰度测试PowerFreqMagneticTest电压跌落和短时中断是由电网中偶尔发生的故障或负载的急剧变化产生的。在这种情况下，可能发生两个甚至更多连续的电压跌落或中断。Voltagedipsandshortinterruptionsarecausedbyfaultsinthenetwork,ininstallationsorbyasuddenlargechangeofload.Incertaincases,twoormoreconsecutivedipsorinterruptionsmayoccur.电压变化是由连接到电网的负载不断改变而造成的。Voltagevariationsarecausedbythecontinuouslyvaryingloadsconnectedtothemainssupplynetwork.2.7电压跌落、短时中断和变化的抗扰度测试

VoltageDips,ShortInterruptionsAndVoltageVariation Test这些现象随机发生的，并且可以用其额定电压和周期的偏差来描述。Thesephenomenaarerandominnatureandcanbecharacterizedintermsofthedeviationfromtheratedvoltageandduration.

在这些情况下，电压的变化都会影响邻近的电气电子设备的正常工作甚至给设备造成损坏。Inanycase,thevoltagechangesproducedcanaffecttheoperationordamagethenearbyelectricalandelectronicequipment.MainsEUTGenerator试验设置

Testsetup2.7电压跌落、短时中断和变化的抗扰度测试

VoltageDips,ShortInterruptionsAndVoltageVariation TestEquipmentListEquipmentCapabilityManufacturerProflinesystem-2103-240Max.power:3kVASchaffnerProfLineSystem2.7电压跌落、短时中断和变化的抗扰度测试

VoltageDips,ShortInterruptionsAndVoltageVariation Test模拟开放场地建立一个室内的电波暗室来进行测试以避免户外测试遇到的很多问题。Insteadofconductingatestinanopenareatestsite,OATS,indooranechoicchambershavebeendevelopedtoavoidthemanyproblemsassociatedwithoutdoortesting.暗室提供了一个安静的测试环境，排除了会影响测试的不必要干扰。Thesechambersalsoprovideaquietambientduringtestingsothatthereisnootherunwantedinterferencethatinterferewiththemeasurement.

3.10米半波暗室10mSemi-AnechoicChamber电波暗室墙上贴有射频吸波材料，可以将反射波的幅度减少到一个可以接受的水平。被吸收的波以热能的形式被储存在吸波材料中。Thesechambersarelinedwithradiofrequency-absorbingmateri