2018年考研英语二真题

绝密★启用前

2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（二）

（科目代码：204）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WhydopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwill

obviouslybepainful?Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,

accordingtoarecentstudyinPsychologicalScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthat

theneedtoknowissostrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityeven

whenitiscleartheanswerwill3.

Inaseriesoffourexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicago

andtheWisconsinSchoolofBusinesstestedstudents’willingnessto4themselves

tounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5,eachparticipant

wasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.

Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.

Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwhichpenswereelectrified;another

twenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified.7leftaloneintheroom,

thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensand

incurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould8.Subsequent

experimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9thesoundoffingernails

onachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.

Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,muchthesameasthebasic

drivesfor11orshelter,saysChristopherHseeoftheUniversityofChicago.

Curiosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct–itcan12newscientificadvances,

forinstance–butsometimessuch13canbackfire.Theinsightthatcuriosity

candriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.

Unhealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however.Inafinalexperiment,

participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewingan

unpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresults

suggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughonone’scuriosityaheadof

timecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor.“Thinkingaboutlong-term

20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,”Hseesays.In

otherwords,don’treadonlinecomments.

1.A.protectB.resolveC.discussD.ignore

2.A.refuseB.waitC.regretD.seek

3.A.hurtB.lastC.misleadD.rise

4.A.alertB.tieC.treatD.expose

5.A.messageB.reviewC.trialD.concept

6.A.removeB.weakenC.interruptD.deliver

7.A.WhenB.IfC.ThoughD.Unless

8.A.continueB.happenC.disappearD.change

9.A.ratherthanB.regardlessofC.suchasD.owingto

10.A.discoverB.forgiveC.forgetD.disagree

11.A.payB.marriageC.schoolingD.food

12.A.leadtoB.restonC.learnfromD.beginwith

13.A.withdrawalB.persistenceC.inquiryD.diligence

14.A.self-reliantB.self-destructiveC.self-evidentD.self-deceptive

15.A.defineB.resistC.replaceD.trace

16.A.overlookB.predictC.designD.conceal

17.A.rememberB.promiseC.chooseD.pretend

18.A.reliefB.planC.dutyD.outcome

19.A.whyB.whetherC.whereD.how

20.A.consequencesB.investmentsC.strategiesD.limitations

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhis

effortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.

Mr.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNew

Hampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsand

mechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthat

studentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterly

overwhelmedbyabrokenbikechain?

AsKoziatekknows,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingis

necessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuck

withgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.Theycanalsolearngeometryby

assemblingabicycle.

Buthe’salsofoundakindofinsidiousprejudice.Workingwithyourhandsis

seenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolsinthefamilyofvocationaleducation

“havethatstereotype...thatit’sforkidswhocan’tmakeitacademically,”hesays.

Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofAmerica’sevolution.

Manufacturingisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncewas.Thejobsecuritythatthe

USeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.More

educationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.

Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall–andthesubtledevaluing

ofanythingless–missesanimportantpoint:That’snottheonlythingtheAmerican

economyneeds.Yes,abachelor’sdegreeopensmoredoors.Butevennow,54percent

ofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skill

manufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.

Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonits

politicalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,

oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheface.Thereisagapinworking-classjobs,but

theworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostaren’tequippedtodothem.Koziatek’s

ManchesterSchoolofTechnologyHighSchoolistryingtofillthatgap.

Koziatek’sschoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,it

risksoverlookinganation’sdiversityofgifts.

21.Abrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents’lackof.

A.practicalability

B.academictraining

C.pioneeringspirit

D.mechanicalmemorization

22.Thereexiststheprejudicethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho.

A.haveastereotypedmind

B.havenocareermotivation

C.arenotacademicallysuccessful

D.arefinanciallydisadvantaged

23.WecaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates.

A.usedtohavebigfinancialconcerns

B.usedtohavemorejobopportunities

C.arereluctanttoworkinmanufacturing

D.areentitledtomoreeducationalprivileges

24.Theheadlongpushintobachelor’sdegreesforall.

A.helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobs

B.maynarrowthegapinworking-classjobs

C.isexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforce

D.indicatestheovervaluingofhighereducation

25.Theauthor’sattitudetowardKoziatek’sschoolcanbedescribedas.

A.supportive

B.tolerant

C.disappointed

D.cautious

Text2

Whilefossilfuels–coal,oil,gas–stillgenerateroughly85percentofthe

world’senergysupply,it’sclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewable

sourcessuchaswindandsolar.Themovetorenewablesispickingupmomentum

aroundtheworld:Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoing

online.

Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsighted

businessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisaboutthe

plummetingpricesofrenewables,especiallywindandsolar.Thecostofsolarpanels

hasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthe

pasteightyears.

Inmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergy

source.InScotland,forexample,windturbinesprovideenoughelectricityto

power95percentofhomes.Whiletherestoftheworldtakesthelead,notably

ChinaandEurope,theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch,for

thefirsttime,windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepower

generatedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.

PresidentTrumphasunderlinedfossilfuels–especiallycoal–asthepathto

economicgrowth.InarecentspeechinIowa,hedismissedwindpowerasan

unreliableenergysource.ButthatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa,

wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentofthestate’selectricity

generation–andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbythe

availabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.

Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’tbloworthesundoesn’t

shine?”hasprovidedaquickput-downforskeptics.Butaboostinthestorage

capacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclock

morelikely.

Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbig

betsonbattery-poweredelectricvehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararityon

roadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.

Whilethere’salongwaytogo,thetrendlinesforrenewablesarespiking.The

paceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup–perhapsjustintime

tohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimatechange.WhatWashingtondoes–or

doesn’tdo–topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofa

globalshiftinthought.

26.Theword“plummeting”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto.

A.stabilizing

B.changing

C.falling

D.rising

27.AccordingtoParagraph3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica.

A.isprogressingnotably

B.isasextensiveasinEurope

C.facesmanychallenges

D.hasprovedtobeimpractical

28.ItcanbelearnedthatinIowa,.

A.windisawidelyusedenergysource

B.windenergyhasreplacedfossilfuels

C.techgiantsareinvestingincleanenergy

D.thereisashortageofcleanenergysupply

29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6？

A.Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.

B.Itiscommonlyusedincarmanufacturing.

C.Itscontinuoussupplyisbecomingareality.

D.Itssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy.

A.willbringtheUSclosertoothercountries

B.willaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchange

C.isnotreallyencouragedbytheUSgovernment

D.isnotcompetitiveenoughwithregardtoitscost

Text3

Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing-

AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWhole

Foodsfor＄13.5bn,buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthatto

acquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice,whichdoesn’thaveanyphysical

productatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinely

detailedwebofitsusers’friendshipsandsociallives.

FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlink

phonenumberstoFacebookidentities,butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthe

dealwentthrough.Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages,theknowledge

ofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe.What

politicaljournalist,whatpartywhip,wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupofthe

WhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaMay’senemiesarecurrentlyplotting?Itmaybe

thatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,but

therecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.

Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesof

power.Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceof

changewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedand

remedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplacedbynewabusesof

power.Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,too.Competitionlawas

presentlyinterpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumersandthisisnot

obviouswhentheusersoftheseservicesdon’tpayforthem.Theusersoftheir

servicesarenottheircustomers.Thatwouldbethepeoplewhobuyadvertising

fromthem–andFacebookandGoogle,thetwovirtualgiants,dominatedigital

advertisingtothedisadvantageofallothermediaandentertainmentcompanies.

Theproductthey’resellingisdata,andwe,theusers,convertourlivestodata

forthebenefitofthedigitalgiants.Justassomeantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsfor

thehoneydewtheyproducewhentheyfeed,soGooglefarmsusforthedatathat

ourdigitallivesyield.Antskeeppredatoryinsectsawayfromwheretheiraphids

feed;Gmailkeepsthespammersoutofourinboxes.Itdoesn’tfeellikeahumanor

democraticrelationship,evenifbothsidesbenefit.

31.AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits.

A.digitalproducts

B.userinformation

C.physicalassets

D.qualityservice

32.LinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesmay.

A.worsenpoliticaldisputes

B.messupcustomerrecords

C.posearisktoFacebookusers

D.misleadtheEuropeancommission

33.Accordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw.

A.shouldservethenewmarketpowers

B.mayworsentheeconomicimbalance

C.shouldnotprovidejustonelegalsolution

D.cannotkeeppacewiththechangingmarket

34.CompetitionlawaspresentlyinterpretedcanhardlyprotectFacebookusers

because.

A.theyarenotdefinedascustomers

B.theyarenotfinanciallyreliable

C.theservicesaregenerallydigital

D.theservicesarepaidforbyadvertisers

35.Theantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate.

A.awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiants

B.atypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiants

C.thebenefitsprovidedfordigitalgiants’customers

D.therelationshipbetweendigitalgiantsandtheirusers

Text4

Tocombatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingbusy,CalNewport,authorof

DeepWork:RulesforFocusedSuccessinaDistractedWorld,recommendsbuildinga

habitof“deepwork”–theabilitytofocuswithoutdistraction.

Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork–beit

lengthyretreatsdedicatedtoaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga

“journalistic”approachtoseizingmomentsofdeepworkwhenyoucanthroughout

theday.Whicheverapproach,thekeyistodetermineyourlengthoffocustimeand

sticktoit.

Newportalsorecommends“deepscheduling”tocombatconstantinterruptions

andgetmoredoneinlesstime.“Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepwork

scheduledforroughlythenextmonth.Onceonthecalendar,IprotectthistimelikeI

wouldadoctor’sappointmentorimportantmeeting”,hewrites.

Anotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyou

prioritiseyourday–inparticularhowwecraftourto-dolists.TimHarford,authorof

Messy:ThePowerofDisordertoTransformOurLives,pointstoastudyintheearly

1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwogroups:somewereadvisedtosetout

monthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplanactivitiesandgoalsin

muchmoredetail,daybyday.

Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbe

mosteffectivewhenitcametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetailed

dailyplansdemotivatedstudents.Harfordarguesthatinevitabledistractionsoften

renderthedailyto-dolistineffective,whileleavingroomforimprovisationinsucha

listcanreapthebestresults.

Inordertomakethemostofourfocusandenergy,wealsoneedtoembrace

downtime,orasNewportsuggests,“belazy”.

“Idlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensableto

thebrainasvitaminDistothebody…[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessaryto

gettinganyworkdone,”heargues.

SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,

believesthiscounterintuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybedueto

thewayourbrainsoperate.Whenourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedand

unfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient.

“Whatpeopledon’trealiseisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedto

useboththefocusandunfocuscircuitsintheirbrain,”saysPillay.

36.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto.

A.keeptoyourfocustime

B.listyourimmediatetasks

C.makespecificdailyplans

D.seizeeveryminutetowork

37.Thestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat.

A.distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiency

B.dailyschedulesareindispensabletostudying

C.studentsarehardlymotivatedbymonthlygoals

D.detailedplansmaynotbeasfruitfulasexpected

38.AccordingtoNewport,idlenessis.

A.adesirablementalstateforbusypeople

B.amajorcontributortophysicalhealth

C.aneffectivewaytosavetimeandenergy

D.anessentialfactorinaccomplishinganywork

39.Pillaybelievesthatourbrains’shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused.

A.canresultinpsychologicalwell-being

B.canbringaboutgreaterefficiency

C.isaimedatbetterbalanceinwork

D.isdrivenbytaskurgency

40.Thistextismainlyabout.

A.waystorelievethetensionofbusylife

B.approachestogettingmoredoneinlesstime

C.thekeytoeliminatingdistractions

D.thecauseofthelackoffocustime

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextra

subtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

(10points)

[A]Justsayit

[B]Bepresent

[C]Payauniquecompliment

[D]Name,places,things

[E]Findthe“metoo”s

[F]Skipthesmalltalk

[G]Askforanopinion

Fivewaystomakeconversationwithanyone

Conversationsarelinks,whichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithanew

personalinkgetsformedandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatmomentwill

strengthenthelink.

Youmeetnewpeopleeveryday:thegroceryworker,thecabdriver,newpeople

atworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththem

willformalink.

Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstarta

conversationwithstrangers.

41.

Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon’tknowandsomethingwithin

yousays“Iwanttotalkwiththisperson”–thisissomethingthatmostlyhappens

withallofus.Youwantedtosaysomething–thefirstword–butitjustwon’tcome

out,itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere.Iknowthefeelingandhereismyadvice:just

getitout.

Justthink:whatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon’ttalkwithyou?Well,

theyarenottalkingwithyounow!

Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.

Sokeepitsimple:“Hi”,“Hey”or“Hello”–dothebestyoucantogatherallofthe

enthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay“Hi”.

42.

Itisaproblemallofusface;youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyou

wanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.

Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof“hi”,“hello”,“howareyou?”and“whatis

goingon?”,youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthatcanmakeitso

memorable.

Sodon’tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,you’llbesurprised

toseehowmuchpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.

43.

Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethings

whichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversation

fromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,

you’llfindallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.

44.

Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandtheyarejustbusyon

theirphone,andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse“Icanmultitask”.

Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunication

wholeheartedly.Makeeyecontact.Trustme,eyecontactiswhereallthemagic

happens.Whenyoumakeeyecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.

45.

Youallcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersome

timeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn’tthatawkward!So,

rememberthelittledetailsofthepeopleyoumetoryoutalkedwith;perhapsthe

placestheyhavebeento,theplacestheywanttogo,thethingstheylike,thethings

theyhate–whateveryoutalkabout.

Whenyouremembersuchthingsyoucanautomaticallybecomeinvestorintheir

wellbeing.Sotheyfeelaresponsibilitytoyoutokeepthatrelationshipgoing.

That’sit.Fiveamazingwaysthatyoucanmakeconversationwithalmostanyone.

Everypersonisareallygoodbooktoread,ortohaveaconversationwith!

SectionIIITranslation

46.Directions:

TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.Writeyourtranslationneatlyonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(15points)

Afifthgradergetsahomeworkassignmenttoselect