语法专题14-非谓语动词

非谓语动词♦高频考点清单♦O非谓语动词的形式及句法功能种类时态主动被动主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式—般式todotobedoneVVVV进行式tobe

doingX完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone动名词一般式doingbeingdoneVVXVX完成式havingdonehavingbeendone分词现在一般式doingbeingdoneXXVVV完成式havingdonehavingbeendone过一般式done(PL)

表完成done(M)表

被动与完成XXVVO非谓语动词的核心考点1.非谓语动词作状语不定式作状语表示目的IstoppedthecartotakeashortbreakasIwasfeelingtired.不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果,动词不定式前常加onlyoGeorgereturnedafterthewar,onlytobetoldthathiswifehadlefthim.现在分词作状语一般式doing表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生,与句子的主语是主动关系。Thesunbegantoriseinthesky,bathingthemountainingoldenlight.(主动关系)完成式havingdone表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。Igottotheofficeearlier(hatday,havingcaughtthe7:30trainfromPaddington.

被动式havingbeendone表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,与句子的主语是被动关系。Havingbeenaskedtoworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderful被动意义,非谓语

动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)过去分词作状语过去分词作状语时,与句子主语之间是被动关系。Seenfromthelopofthemountain,thecityisverybeautiful.(被动关系)非谓语动词作定语现在分词作定语现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,表示该动作的主动和

进行。LaurawasawayinParisforoveraweek.Whenshegothome,therewasapileofmailswaitingfor

her.不定式作定语不定式作定语表示未做的事情。Hisfirstbooktobepublishednextmonthisbasedonatruestory.不定式作定语的特殊用法:卜列词语后常接不定式作定语:chance,right,courage,promise,time,opportunity,way,

thefirst,thesecond,thelast*theonly等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。Thereisnoonetolookafterher.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。Sheisnowlookingfbraroomtolivein.过去分词作定语过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系,表示该动作的被动或完成。Youcannotacceptanopinionofferedtoyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.Hisfirstbookpublishedlastmonthisbasedonatruestory.注意:表示心理状态的动词-ing形式,意为"令人……的";动词-cd形式,意为"(人)感到……

的",也可修饰体现内心感受的look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词。非谓语动词作宾语动i司afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want»faihplan,agree,

forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,try,arrange,determine,desire等后面接不定式作宾

语;动词come,get,grow后接不定式作宾语时,意为"逐渐地……"。Davidrefusedtoacceptmyinvitation.Shehasahottemper,butyouwillgrowtolikeher.

注意:下列单词或短语后可接"疑问词+不定式"作宾语:teach,decide,wonder,show,

learn,forget,ask,findout.advise,discuss等。Idon'(knowhowtodealwiththiskindofmatter.⑵①动词admit,appreciate»avoid,consider(考虑),delay»dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,

finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。

BillsuggestedholdingameetingonwhattodofortheExpoduringthevacation.动词短语can'tstand,giveup»feellike>keepon,insiston,lookforwardto,putoff»devote...to,

objectto,bebusy(in)»getdownto,havedifficulty/trouble(in),haveagood/vvonderful/hardtime

(in),havefun等后要接动名词作宾语。Ihadgreatdifficulty(in)findingthesuitablefoodonthemenuinthatrestaurant.介词后要接动名词作宾语,如whatabout,howabout,befondof,begoodat等的介词后接

动名词。注意on/upondoingsih.=assoonas引导的从句,作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名

词。Onhisarrival/Onarrivingatthestation,hefoundthetrainhadjuststarted.注意:①表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语;表示某一特定的或具体的行动,多接不定式作宾

语。Ilikelisteningtomusic»buttodayIdon'tliketo.②want,require,need表"需要"讲,后用不定式时,要用其被动形式;用动名词时,用其

主动形式(表被动意义)。Thepatientrequiredtobeexamined.Thepatientrequiredexamining.非谓语动词作主语动名词作主语Hearinghowothersreacttothebookyouhavejustreadcreatesanaddedpleasure.Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.(动名词短语作主语,it作形式主语)不定式作主语Toseeistobelieve.=Seeingisbelieving.Itisimportanttorespectpeople.(不定式短语作主语,it作形式主语)非谓语动词作宾补(1)分词作补语的区别①现在分词作宾补的两大特征:一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系;二是现在分词所表示的动

作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有:have,sec,hear,find,get,leave,

notice,watch,keep,start,set,catch,smell,feel,send,listento,lookal等。Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewindingitswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.Iwon'thaveyouspeakingtoyourdadlikethat.

IheardanEnglishsongbeingsungbyalittlegirlwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday』被动,正在

进行)②过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不

及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾

补的动词有：have,see,hear,find,leave,want,make等。Clairehadherluggagecheckedanhourbeforeherplaneleft.Iwassurprisedtofindmyhometownchangedsomuch.不定式作补语接带to的不定式作宾补,此类动词(短语)有:advise,allow,ask,cause,command,encourage»

expect,forbid,force,get,invite,leave,like,mean»order,permit,persuade,prefer,request,

tell,want,warn,wish,callon,dependon/upon,longfor,waitfor等。Ididn'tmeanyoutohearit.We'realllongingforthenewtermtobegin.接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有:make,have,let等使役动词以及see,watch,

notice,observe,lookat»feel,hear,listento等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语

态,则1。不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略,也可以保留。Letthoseinneedunderstandthatwewillgoallouttohelpthem.Shewasseentoenterthemanager'soffice(enminutesago.wiih+宾语+宾补Themanfeltveryhappywithsomanychildrensittingaroundhim.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhisworkfinished,hegladlyacceptedit.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.非谓语动词作表语动名词作表语时,说明主语的内容。Thequeen'sworkislayingeggs.不定式作表语时,说明主语尚未发生的动作,或表示将来的动作。HisambitionistogotoHarvardUniversity.注意:现在分词或过去分词作表语时,通常为分词化的形容词。O写作中非谓语动词易错点聚焦1.缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识(误)Wethoughtitwrongforhertopunish.(正)Wethoughtitwrongforhert。bepunished.

'(误)Themanlayonhisback,withhiswholebody

buryinginthesand.(lE）Thcmanlayonhisback,withhiswholebody、buriedinthesand.缺少搭配意识'(误)WouldyoupleasestoptowatchTV?Youhave

Jwatcheditfortoolong.(lE）WouldyoupleasestopwatchingTV?Youhave.watcheditfortoolong.(误)Yoursuitneedstoiron.,(iE)Yoursuitneedsironing.(lE）Yoursuitneedst。beironed.缺少前后主语一致意识(误)Beforehandinginyourtestpaper,itisnecessarytogooverthewholepaper.(正)Beforehandinginyourtestpaper,youshouldgooverthewholepaper.(正）BeforeYOUhandinyourtestpaper,youshouldgooverthewholepaper.缺少结构意识(误)Timepermits»I'IItalkforanotherhour.(正）Timepermitting>I'IItalkforanotherhour.1误)Havingnotbeeninthecitylong,Iwasstilla

vstrangerthere.(lE)Nothavingbeeninthecitylong,Iwasstilla.stranger(here. ♦重温高考真题♦ 考向1作宾语或补足语单句语法填空quicklylowermyself,duckingmyheadtoavoidlooking(Iook)directlyintohiseyes.（2018-全国【II)

解析动词avoid后要接动名词作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛,故用lookingo

2.0ncehismessagewasdelivered,heallowedmetostay（stay)andwatch.（2018-全国HI)

解析固定短语allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事,应该用tostay作宾补。needanewpassportsoIwillhavetohavemyphotographtakcn(takc).(2018•天津)解析句意为：我需要一个新护照,所以我得去让人给我拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾

语补足语,宾语myphotograph与take之间为被动关系,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。Fatandsaltareveryimportantpartsofadiec.Theyarerequiredtoprocess(process)thefood(hat

weeat>torecoverfrominjuryandforseveralotherbodilyfunctions.(2017•全国I)解析requiresth./sb.todoslh.需要某物/某人做某事,此处用其被动语态结构,所以填动词不

定式toprocess作主语补足语。Fastfoodisfulloffatandsalt:byeating(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthan

theyneedintheirdiet.(2017-全国I)解析表示方式的介词by之后接动名词作宾语。Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,laying(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofoverthe

top.(2017-全国11)解析included后的dig,lay,build是三个并列的动作,根据digging及building可知,lay

也应用动名词形式作included的宾语。ButSarah,whohastakenpariinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wantstoprove(nrove)thatshehas

brainsaswellasbeauty.(2OI7-全国III)解析wanttodosth.想要做某事,动词不定式作want的宾语。8.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsadmirableistheirabilityto

"airconditionahousewithoutusing(use)electricequipment.(2015•全国II)解析介词without之后的动词要用动名词形式。考向2作主语或表语单句语法填空1.Ittookhimalongtimetoacquirc(acquirc)theskillsheneededtobecomeagooddancer.(2018-天津)

解析句意为:他花了很长时间才获得成为一名好舞者所需要的各项技能。考查动词不定式作主

语。在Ittakes/tooksb.sometimetodosth.句型中,i［作形式主语,不定式短语作真正的主语。Traveling(travel)alongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience.(2018』匕京)

解析句意为:沿看古丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有意义的经历。" alongtheoldSilkRoad"作主语,要用动名词。考向3作定语单句语法填空ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,whenI

wasthefirstWesternTVreporterpenni(ted(permit)tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescued

fromstarvationinthewild.(2016-全国I)解析因为句中已有谓语动词was,故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因permit与reporter之间

为逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。For25days,sheneverleftherbaby,noteventofindsomethingtocat(cat)!(2016•四川)解析不定式toeat作定语,修饰前面的不定代词something<>句意为：25天中,她寸步不离

她的孩子,甚至不去找东西吃！Abercrombie&Ken(,atravelcompanyinHongKong,saysitregularlyarrangesquickgetaways

hereforpeopleliving(Iive)inShanghaiandHongKong.(2015-全国I)解析句中已有谓语动词arranges,故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于live与其所修饰的名

词people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式作定语。Astudyoftravelersconductcd(conduct)bythewebsiteTripAdvisornamesYangshuoasoneof

thetop10destinationsintheworld.(2015-全国I)解析句意为:TripAdvisor网站进行的一项对于旅行者的调查把阳朔列为世界十佳旅游目的

地之一。根据句意和句子结构可知,study与conduct构成逻辑上的被动关系,故此处应该使

用过去分词作定语,修饰名词studyo考向4作状语单句语法填空l.Thegovernmentencouragesfarmerstogrowcominsteadofricetoimprove(improve)water

qualily.(2OI8-全国II)解析句意为:为了改善水质,政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词而且谓语动词

是encourages,故improve应该用非谓语动词。此处用不定式作目的状语。故填toimprovco

2.Ordinarysoap,used(use)correctly,candealwithbacteriaeffectively.(2018-4匕京)解析因为句子中已有谓语动词,故此处要用非谓语动词形式。句子的主语与use之间是被

动关系,因此应该用过去分词作状语,usedcorrectly相当于ifitisusedcorrectly这个条件状

语从句的省略形式。句意为：普通的肥皂,如果使用得当,可以有效地清除细菌。Around13,50()newjobswerecreatedduringtheperiod,exceeding(exceed)theexpectednumber

of12,000heldbymarketanalysts.(2018-江苏)解析句意为:在这段时期创造了大约13500个新工作,超过了市场分析家认为的12000

的预期数字。werecreated是谓语,因此exceed只能用非谓语动词形式,句子的主语与exceed

之间为主动关系,因此用现在分词形式作伴随状语。4.Sixteenyearsearlier,Pahlssonhadremovedthediamondringtocook(cook)ameal.(2017•浙江)

解析Pahlsson当时摘掉钻戒的目的是为了做饭,故用动词不定式作目的状语。5.Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetaltocreate(crcate)special

designs,(2016-全国III)解析句中已有谓语combine,故此处应考虑填非谓语动词,combinevarioushardwoodsand

metal的目的是［ocreatespecialdesigns,故填动词不定式作目的状语。6.TheChinesehaveusedchopsticksforfive(housandyears.Peopleprobablycooked(heirfoodin

largepots,usjng(use)lwigs(树枝)toremoveit.(2016-全国III)解析第二句中已有谓语Cooked,且无其他连词,use与主句主语存在主动关系,故填现在

分词形式作方式状语。考向5固定搭配单句语法填空1.Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-year-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-lennresting(rest).(2017-全国III)

解析spendtime(in)doingsth.为固定搭配。2.Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice,you,11belesslikelyto_bring(bring)

yourworkhome.(2016•全国11)解析固定表达belikelytodo...很可能做某事。3.Whenanewdaybreaks,thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarcnowcoldenoughtocool(cool)

thehouseduringthehotday;althesametime,theywarmupagainfbr(henight.(2015•全国II)

解析"形容词+enough+动词不定式"为常用句式。I技法指导I 对于语法填空中非谓语动词的解答,我们首先要通过句子的结构分析确定设空处是不是非谓

语动词(如例1.2),然后根据非谓语动词的用法确定用具体的某种形式。如果作主语或表语,就用动名词(如例4)或不定式形式。如果设空处前有"for+名词或代

词",设空处就用不定式(如例3)。如果作定语,要判断该非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的逻辑关系,再根据不定式、动名词、

分词作定语的用法确定设空处的所需形式(如例5.6)。如果作宾语,要注意设空处前的词,若是介词(注意有时可能省略介词),设空处一定是动

名词;若是及物动词,要根据非谓语动词作宾语的用法判断其形式(如例7)。如果作目的状语或表示意外结果的结果状语或在形容词后作状语,就用动词不定式。如果

作伴随、时间、条件、非意外的结果等状语,要根据与逻辑主语的关系,确定用现在分词还

是过去分词。如果作宾补,首先需弄清设空处与宾语的逻辑关系,如果是主动关系,答案可能是todo,

doing或不带to的不定式；如果是被动关系,答案可能是beingdone,tobedone或done。例1Ihadgreatdifficultyfindingfind)thesuitablefoodonthemenuinthatrestaurant.例2Bythistimeofnextyear,youwillhavelearned(lecrn)Englishfbrmorethanayear.例3Itisagreathonorformetointioduce(introduce)thisEnglishspeechcompetition.例4Swimming(swim)ismyfavoritesport.例5Hehastheabilitytodo(do)thework.例6Doyouknowtheboyreading(read)abookthere?

例7Herefusedtotake(take)partinanythingillegal. ♦热考点集训♦ .单句语法填空l.Hcsuddenlyappearedinclassoneday,wcaring(wcar)sunglasses.2.Shewishedthathewasaseasytoplease(please)ashermother,whowasalwaysdelightedwith

perfume.Built(build)in1192,thebridgeisover80()yearsold.Collecting(collcct)stampsseemstobehismainhobby.didn'ttalkmuchtothemansitting(sit)nexttome.6.Weatherpermitting(