CADCAM 原理与应用（英文版）课件 Part 6 intergration of CADCAM

主讲人：康兰CAD/CAM:PrinciplesandApplicationsCAD/CAM原理与应用CollegeofMechanicalandElectricalEngineering,HohaiUniversity（河海大学机电工程学院）

Part5:IntegrationofCAD/CAMandCIMs6.1IntroductionContents6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications6.3

StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData6.4STEP-NC6.5FeatureRecognition6.6GroupTechnology6.7CMIs6.1IntroductionIntheearlydays,CADandCAMweredesignedseparately,ThemainfunctionofCAMsystemswastoallowmanufacturingandtoolingengineerstowritecomputerprogramstocontrolmachinetooloperationssuchasmillingandturning.ButtherewasnocommunicationbetweenCADandCAMsystems.ThedevelopmentofCADandCAMtechnologyhassignificantlyincreasedefficiencyineachindividualarea.Theindependentdevelopment,however,greatlyrestrainedtheimprovementofoverallefficiencyfromdesigntomanufacturing.6.1IntroductionCurrently,thesimpleintegrationbetweenCADandCAMsystemshasbeenachieved.However,theseamlessCAD/CAMintegrationhasnotyetbeachieved.ThefirstefforttobreaktheisolationofCADandCAMsystemswastocreateastandardproductdataformatofanobject.IGESandSTEPformatsareconsideredastwoofthepopularstandardformats.ThesecondeffortistodevelopSTEP-NCtoaddresstheaboveproblemtoo.STEP-NCbasedhigh-levelmachiningsimulationsintegratesCAD/CAPP/CAMinawaythatallowstwo-waycommunicationbetweenCAD,CAPPandCAMsystems.ButcurrentlySTEP-NCisinitsinitialtestphase.6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications

ProductdatasharingandtransferringacrossdifferentsystemsisanimportantparttoCAD/CAMintegration.ItcanmakedifferentCAD/CAMsystemscommunicatewitheachother.Therearemainlytwotypesofdatatranslators:

directtranslatorsandneutraltranslators.1.Introduction6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecificationsDirectandneutraldatatransferThetwoprimaryneutralstandardformatsusedtodayareIGES(InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecification)andSTEP(StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData)formechanicalproductdataexchange.IGEStranslators6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications2.StructureofIGESFilesIGESisbasedontheconceptofentities.Entities:simplegeometricobjects,suchaspoints,lines,plane,andarcs.ormoresophisticatedentities,suchassubfiguresanddimensions.EntitiesinIGESaredividedinthreecategories:(1)Geometricentities:suchasarcs,lines,andpointsthatdefinetheobject.6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications(2)Annotationentities:suchasdimensionsandnotesthatareaddedinthedocumentationandvisualizationoftheobject.(3)Structureentities:ThosedefinetheassociationsbetweenotherentitiesinIGESfile.IGESfileiswrittenintermsofASCIIcharactersasasequenceof80characterrecords.AnIGESfileconsistsoffivesectionswhichmustappearinthefollowingorder:Startsection,Globalsection,DirectoryEntry(DE)section,ParameterData(PD)section,andTerminatesection,6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecificationsIGESfilestructurethenamesofthesendingandreceivingCAD/CAMsystems,abriefdescriptionoftheproductbeingconverted.asinglerecordwhichspecifiesthenumberofrecordsineachofthefourprecedingsectionsforcheckingpurposes.informationthatdescribethepreprocessorandinformationneededbythepostprocessortointerpretthefile.6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications

DirectoryEntrySection(DE)Structureofdirectorysection6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecificationsParameterDataSection(PD)Structureofparameterdatasection6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications3.BasicIGESEntities(1)Line(entity110)(2)CircularArc(entity100)(3)TransformationMatrix(entity124)(4)SurfaceofRevolution(entity120)(5)Point(entity116)(6)Direction(entity123)(7)Planesurface(entity190)6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications(10)Loop(entity508)(11)

Face(entity510)(12)Shell(entity514)(13)RightCircularCylindricalSurface(entity192)(8)VertexList(entity502)(9)EdgeList(entity504)6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications4.AnExampleofIGESFiles6.2InitialGraphicsExchangeSpecifications5.LimitationsofIGESIGESprovideslimitedsupportfordifferentdatatypesandapplications.Productdataincludesaverywiderangeofdatatypes,notjustCADgeometry.AnotherbigshortcomingofIGESisthatthereismorethanonewaytodescribesomeentities.Forinstance,acubicsplinemaybepresentedasIGESentity112orentity126orevenasapolylineofpoints(entity106).Hence,acompletelynewapproachwasneeded.6.3StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData(STEP)1.Introduction

STEPwasdevelopedasaninternationaldataexchangestandardsince1990s.ItbecameafullISO(InternationalStandardsOrganization)standardin1994andbynoweverymajorCADsystemvendorhasimplementedSTEPdatatranslation.STEPovercomestheshortcomingofIGESandgivesanexplicitandcompleterepresentationoftheproductdatamodel.STEPalreadycontainsdefinitionsforgeometry,productidentification,productstructure(assembly),configurationcontrolandmanufacturingfeatures.Inrecentyears,workhasbeendoneonincludinginformationfortooling,manufacturingstrategies,manufacturingprocessesandmaintenance.6.3StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData(STEP)STEPwasdesignedtosupportaverywidevarietyoffunctionalandbusinessrequirements.Itcontainstheproductdatacoveringtheentireproductlifecycleandhasaneutralformatthatisindependentofanysoftwarepackageandunrestrictedtoanyparticularhardwareplatform.Thegeometrymodelsatisfiestherequirementsofthecomputer-basedrepresentationoftheshapeofaspecificproduct,butitisunabletodescribenon-geometricproductinformation.6.3StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData(STEP)6.3StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData(STEP)2.AnExampleofSTEPFilesThefilecontainstwosections:HEADERsection,DATAsection6.4STEP-NC1.IntroductionCurrently,"G-code"functionsasalinkorabridgebetweenCAD/CAM/CNCsystems.Asaresult,portingprogramsbetweenmachinesisdifficult.CurrentsituationsinCAMsystemsandCNCmachines6.4STEP-NCThebasicideabehindSTEP-NCisthatitremediestheshortcomingsof''G-code''byspecifyingmachiningprocessesratherthanmachinetoolmotion,usingtheconceptofworkingsteps.Workingstepscorrespondtohigh-levelmachiningfeaturesandassociatedprocessparameters.CNCsareresponsiblefortranslatingworkingstepstoaxismotionandtooloperation.ThereplacementforG-codeisso-called''STEP-NC'',thenameSTEP-NCmeaningtheSTEPstandardextendedforNC.STEP-NCisanewmodelofdatatransferbetweenCAD/CAMsystemsandCNCmachines.6.4STEP-NCSTEP-NCispromisingonCAD/CAMintegrationalthoughitsdevelopmentisstillintheinitialexperimentalstage.AmajorbenefitofSTEP-NCisitsuseofexistingdatamodelsfromSTEP.Basically,thestandardisthesmoothandseamlessexchangeofpartinformationbetweenCAD,CAM,andNCprogramming

asshowninthefollowingFigure.6.4STEP-NCFuture'sCAMandCNCunderSTEP-NC6.4STEP-NCTheSTEP-NCworksinanewwayofactioninmanufacturinglifecycle,fromdesigntofabrication.ThefollowingFiguresareacomparisonbetweenthecurrentCAD/CAM/CNCwayandthewaysupportedbySTEP-NC.6.4STEP-NCThecurrentwayofactioninmanufacturinglifecycle6.4STEP-NCOverviewofSTEP-NCprocessmodel6.4STEP-NC2.STEP-NCDataModelThecurrentmachine-toolprogrammingstandardistheISO6983(G-codes)datingbacktotheearly1980s.Thisstandardwithlowlevelinformationdescribeselementaryactionsandtoolsmoves,stronglyreducingpossibilitiesattheCNClevel.Itslinearlysequentialnature(seethefollowingFigure)breakstheCAD–CAM–CNCnumericalchainandmakesgatheringfeedbackfromtheshopfloordifficult.TheG-codesstandardisoneofthemainlimitationstoflexibilityandinteroperability.6.4STEP-NCCurrentG-codeprogrammingThisstandardwithlowlevelinformationdescribeselementaryactionsandtoolsmoves,stronglyreducingpossibilitiesattheCNClevel.TheG-codesstandardisoneofthemainlimitationstoflexibilityandinteroperability.6.4STEP-NCNewSTEP-NChighlevelprogrammingSTEP-NCprovidesnewopportunitiestosupporthighlevelandstandardizedinformationfromthedesignstagetofabricationbyanNCcontroller.6.5FeatureRecognition1.IntroductionWhyisfeaturerecognitionneeded?Andwhatisfeaturerecognition?Thebridgebetweendesignandmanufacturingisprocessplanning.Processplanningistheprocessofdeterminingdetailedoperationinstructionstotransformanengineeringdesigntoafinalpart.NowadaysComputerAidedProcessPlanning(CAPP)isusedtoautomatetheprocessplanning.6.5FeatureRecognitionCADandCAMsystemsusedifferentsetsoffeaturesindesignandmanufacturing.SoinCAPP,aprocesscalledfeaturerecognition(FR)distinguishesthemanufacturingfeatureofapartfromthegeometryandtopologicaldatastoredintheCADsystem.Usually,therearethreedistinctstagesinmostFRmethods.(1)Extractasetoffacesorothergeometric/topologicalelementsthatcanpotentiallyformafeature.6.5FeatureRecognition

（2)Describeeachfeaturetoberecognizedasacombinationofgeometric/topographicelements.

（3)Thethirdandfinalstepinvolvescomparingtheextractedpatternwiththepre-definedsetoffeaturetemplates.Whataremanufacturing/machiningfeatures?Firstthinkaboutdesignfeaturesmentionedbefore.6.5FeatureRecognitionClassificationofmachiningfeatures6.5FeatureRecognitionExamplesofmachiningfeatures

6.5FeatureRecognitionGeneralmachiningfeaturesb)Transitionfeaturec)Compound/regionfeatured)ReplicatefeatureManufacturingfeatures6.5FeatureRecognition2.FeatureRecognitionNotice:ThefieldofFRisquitebroad,andtheexistingFRmethodscanbeclassifiedbasedondifferentcriteria.Forexample,FRtechniquesrelatedtodifferentCADsystems;FRtechniquesusedinCAPP.InthissectionFRreferstothelaterone.Flowchartforafeaturerecognitionsystem6.5FeatureRecognition3.FeatureRecognitionTechniques6.5FeatureRecognitionBoundaryrepresentationBoundaryrepresentation(orsurfacerepresentation)usesacollectionoffacesinthesolidmodeltorepresentfeatures.Surfacerepresentationprovidesanaturalwaytoassociateimportantmanufacturinginformationsuchastolerancesandsurfaceroughnesswiththefeatures.VolumetricrepresentationVolumetricrepresentationrepresentsfeaturesbyusingsolidvolumesthatcanberemovedfromtheworkpieceinamachiningoperation.6.5FeatureRecognitionTherehasbeenanincreaseduseofvolumetricrepresentationinrecentresearchasitprovidesamorecomprehensiverepresentationoftheactualmachiningoperationsthansurfacerepresentation.However,thepurevolumetricrepresentationisnotsuitedtohandledesignandprocesschangesanditcannotbeclearlyrelatedtotheassociatedfacesofthedesignmodel.ThefollowingFigureillustratesexamplesofsurfaceandvolumetricrepresentationsofthesamepart.6.5FeatureRecognitiona)Solidmodelandfeaturesb)Surfacerepresentationsc)Volumetricrepresentations6.5FeatureRecognitionRule-basedapproachRule-basedapproachdeterminessometypicaltemplatepatternsoffeatures,whichexpressesthecharacteristicrelationshipbetweentheentitiessuchasfaces,loops,edgesandvertices.EmployingcharacteristictraitsorsignaturesthatidentifytheexistenceofafeatureiscommoninpublishedFRmethodology.Essentially,graph-based,hint-based,rule-basedandneuralnetworkscanbe

categorizedintorule-basedapproach.6.5FeatureRecognitiona）Partb)Attributeadjacencygraphc)RecognizedfeaturesAnexampleofgraphbasedpatternmatchingforfeaturerecognition6.5FeatureRecognitionTheprocessofrule-basedapproach:ThepartgraphshownintheaboveFigureissearchedforsubgraphsthatmatchfeaturetemplates.Faces(F9,F10,F11,F12)willbematchedwiththepockettemplate,andfaces(F5,F6)willbematchedwiththesteptemplateasshownintheFigure.Thisapproachbasicallyextractsfeaturesbyapplyinggraphmanipulationandmatchingalgorithms.Shortcomings:therecognitionofdifferentkindsofinteractingfeaturesandthecomputationalcomplexityofsub-graphmatchingthatarecriticalfactorsaffectingexecutiontimeofthealgorithms.6.5FeatureRecognitionArtificialneuralnetworksbasedapproachArtificialneuralnetworksbasedapproachinitiallydescribesthepartmodelasagraph.Thensecondlyfaceadjacencymatrixwhichactsastheinputfortheneuralnetworkisformedbyencodingtheabovegraphforpatternrecognition.Themostpromisingapproachtorecognizethevarioustypesoffeaturesbysolvingtheinteractingfeaturesisneuralnetworksbasedapproach.Hybridscheme6.5FeatureRecognitionThehybridschemeintegratesthedesignbyfeaturesmodelandfeaturerecognitionsystemtoextractthemachiningfeatures.Thisprocesstakesplaceintwosteps;firstlythegeometricmodelisdevelopedbyusingthepredefinedfeaturesavailableinthedatabasethroughinteractivegraphicssystem.Secondlythefeaturerecognitionsystemextractsthefeaturesbycomparingthepossiblematchesinthedatabasewiththefeatureusedinthemodel.6.5FeatureRecognition4.AutomaticFeatureRecognition(AFR)AutomaticFeatureRecognition(AFR)isregardedasanidealsolutiontoautomatedesignandmanufacturingprocesses.SuccessfulautomationofCADandCAMsystemsisavitalconnectioninbuilding

ComputerIntegratedManufacturing

systems(CIMs).

ThisisthepartoftheFRresearchthathasattractedmuchoftheattention.AnotherimportantapplicationofAFRisformanufacturabilityevaluation.TheAFRsystemshouldbeabletointerpretthedesigndifferentlybasedonalternativefeaturesandfeedbackthemanufacturability.6.5FeatureRecognition5.AutomaticCommercialFeatureRecognitionSystemsFewcommercialfeaturerecognitionsystemsarealsoavailable.Major3DCADmodelershavefeaturerecognitiontoconvertimported3Dmodelsintonativefeaturebasedmodels.CAMsoftwareanddesignformanufacturingsoftwarearealsobuiltusingthisfeaturerecognitiontechnology.FewCAD/CAMsoftwarehaveusedcommerciallyavailablethird-partyfeaturerecognitionlibrary,whichrecognizesvariousfeaturesfrom3DB-Repmodels.6.5FeatureRecognitionThoughsuchcommercialsystemscanidentifyavarietyoffeatures,furtherresearchcanbedriventoidentifyfeaturetypesthatarenotidentifiedbysuchcommercialsystems.Manufacturingfeaturessuchas3-axisand5-axisfeaturerecognitionaregenerallynotavailableinsuchcommercialsystems.Separatelibrariesareavailablefordesign,manufacturingandsheetmetalapplications.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)1.BasicideabehindgrouptechnologyIn1969V.B.Soloadefinedgrouptechnologyas“therealizationthatmanyproblemsaresimilar,andthatbygroupingsimilarproblems,asinglesolutioncanbefoundtoasetofproblemsthussavingtimeandeffort.”InengineeringGTisamanufacturingphilosophythatseekstoimproveproductivitybygroupingpartsandproductswithsimilarcharacteristicsintofamiliesandformingproductioncellswithagroupofdissimilarmachinesandprocesses.2.TheRoleofGroupTechnologyinCAD/CAMIntegration6.6GroupTechnology(GT)TheessentialaspectsoftheintegrationofCAD/CAM:(1)theintegrationofinformationusedbyengineering,manufacturing,andalltheotherdepartmentsinafirm.(2)Automation.GTisanimportantrolewhichaffectstheessentialaspectsoftheintegrationofCAD/CAM.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)GTprovidesameanstostructureandsaveinformationaboutparts,suchasdesignandmanufacturingattributes,processes,andmanufacturingcapabilitiesthatisamenabletocomputerizationandanalysis.Italsoprovidesacommonlanguagefortheusers.Integrationofmanytypesofpart-relatedinformationwouldbevirtuallyimpossiblewithoutGT.Manymanufacturingfirmsareautomatingtheiroperationsbyarrangingtheirmachinesintocells.Thedesignofacellisbasedongrouptechnology.

6.6GroupTechnology(GT)3.WaystoidentifypartfamilyBasedonpartattributes(geometry,manufacturingprocess).Geometricclassificationoffamiliesisnormallybasedonsizeandshape,whileproductionprocessclassificationisbasedonthetype,sequence,andnumberofoperations.Therearethreemethodsthatcanbeusedtoformpartfamilies:(1)Manualvisualinspection.(2)Productionflowanalysis.(3)Classificationandcoding.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)(1)ManualvisualinspectionManualvisualinspectioninvolvesarrangingasetofpartsintogroupsbyvisuallyinspectingthephysicalcharacteristicsoftheparts.Tenpartsinthesamefamilybymanualvisualinspection6.6GroupTechnology(GT)(2)Productionflowanalysis.

Partsthatgothroughcommonoperationsaregroupedintopartfamilies.Themachinesusedtoperformthesecommonoperationsmaybegroupedasacell,consequentlythistechniquecanbeusedinfacilitylayout(factorylayout)Oneexampleisthatinformationcontainedonroutesheetscanbeusedtoformpartfamilies,asshowninthefollowingTable1.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)1

RankOrderClusteringAlgorithmisasimplealgorithmusedtoformmachine-partgroups.Thestepsofthisalgorithmareasfollows:Step1:Assignbinaryweightandcalculateadecimalweightforeachrow.Step2:Ranktherowsinorderofdecreasingdecimalweightvalues.Step3:Repeatsteps1and2foreachcolumn.Step4:Continueprecedingstepsuntilthereisnochangeinthepositionofeachelementintherowandthecolumn.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)

Anexample:Consideraproblemof5machinesand6partsasshowninTable2.TrytogroupthembyusingRankOrderClusteringAlgorithm.Table26.6GroupTechnology(GT)Table3Step1(Table3)6.6GroupTechnology(GT)6.6GroupTechnology(GT)Step2(Table4):Mustreorder!Table46.6GroupTechnology(GT)Step3(Table5)Table56.6GroupTechnology(GT)Step4(Table6):Mustreorder!

Table66.6GroupTechnology(GT)Noticethatorderinrowsandcolumnsstaysthesameasthegivenone,sostopreorder.Conclusion:Partfamily1:PartNos.1,4and6MachineCell1:EandCPartfamily2:PartNos.3,2,and5MachineCell2:A,DandB(3)PartClassificationandCodingCodingreferstotheprocessofassigningsymbolstotheparts.Thesymbolsrepresentdesignattributesofpartsormanufacturingfeaturesofpartfamilies.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)Althoughover100classificationandcodingsystemshavebeendevelopedforgrouptechnologyapplications,allofthemcanbegroupedintothreebasictypes:Monocodeorhierarchicalcode:

inwhichtheinterpretationofeachsuccessivesymboldependsonthevalueoftheprecedingsymbols.(2)Polycodeorattribute:inwhichtheinterpretationofeachsymbolinthesequenceisalwaysthesame;itdoesnotdependonthevalueofprecedingsymbols.(3)Hybridormixedcode:itisahybridofthetwopreviouscodes.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)Thefollowingaresomeoftheimportantsystems: (1)Opitzclassificationpartsandcodingsystem—theUniversityofAacheninGermany,nonproprietary,Chaintype.(2)BrischSystem—(Brisch-BirnInc.).(3)CODE(ManufacturingDataSystem,Inc.).(4)CUTPLAN(MetcutAssociates).(5)DCLASS(BrighamYoungUniversity).(6)MultiClass(OIR:OrganizationforIndustrialResearch),hierarchicalordecision-treecodingstructure.(7)PartAnalogSystem(Lovelace,Lawrence&Co.,Inc.).6.6GroupTechnology(GT)BasicstructureoftheOpitzpartsclassificationandcodingsystemisshowninTable7.Table76.6GroupTechnology(GT)Formcode(digits1-5)forrotationalpartsintheOpitzcodingsystemAnexampleofformcode:6.6GroupTechnology(GT)Example1:Apartcoded20801(inOpitzcodingsystem)2—PartshasL/Dratio≥3.0—Noshapeelement(externalshapeelements).8—Operatingthread.0—Nosurfacemachining.1—Partisaxial. Example2:GiventhepartdesignshowninthefollowingFigure,definethe“formcode”usingtheOpitzsystem.6.6GroupTechnology(GT)Code:151006.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)1.IntroductionComputerintegratedmanufacturing(CIM)isabroadtermcoveringalltechnologiesandsoftautomationusedtomanagetheresourcesforcosteffectiveproductionoftangiblegoods.Throughtheintegrationofcapital,human,technologyandequipmentundercomputerhardwareandsoftwarecontrol,manufacturingcanbefasterandlesserror-prone,althoughthemainadvantageistheabilitytocreateautomatedmanufacturingprocesses6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)

Integratedmanufacturingsystem6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)CIMinvolvestheuseofcomputersandautomationatvirtuallyeverystageofstockcontrol,design,manufactureanddistribution,allfunctionsareundercomputercontrol.CIMstartswithcomputer-aideddesign,followedbycomputeraidedmanufacture,thenfollowedbyautomatedstorageanddistribution.Oneintegratedcomputersystemcontrolsallthathappens.Thegeneralstagesareasfollows.6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)2.SubsystemsincomputerintegratedmanufacturingCIMisaverycomplicatedsystemwhichinvolvesothersubsystems.SomeorallofthefollowingsubsystemsmaybefoundinaCIMsystem.CAD(Computer-AidedDesign)CAE(Computer-AidedEngineering)CAM(Computer-AidedManufacturing)CAPP(Computer-AidedProcessPlanning)CAQ(Computer-AidedQualityAssurance)PPC(ProductionPlanningandControl)ERP(EnterpriseResourcePlanning)Abusinesssystemintegratedbyacommondatabase.(1)Computer-aidedtechniques6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)(2)Devicesandequipmentrequired:CNC(ComputerNumericalControlled)machinetoolsDNC(DirectNumericalControlled)machinetoolsPLCs(ProgrammableLogicControllers)RoboticsComputersSoftwareControllersNetworksInterfacingMonitoringequipment6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)(3)Technologies:

FMS:flexiblemanufacturingsystemASRS:

automatedstorageandretrievalsystemAGV:

automatedguidedvehicleRoboticsAutomatedconveyancesystems(3)Others:Leanmanufacturing；JustinTime(JIS)6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)3.Flexiblemanufacturingsystem(FMS)

FlexibleManufacturingSystem(FMS)ispartofCIMsystem,andplaystheroleofahighlyefficientand“readytoreacttorandomrequests”manufacturingfacility(e.g.machining,test,assembly,welding,etc.).FMScanbeseenasasmallorlocalCIMsystemwithgreatflexibility.FMSismadepossiblebyadvancedtechnologiessuchasCAD,CAM,CAPP,CIM,andGTetc.6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)AtypicalFMS6.7ComputerIntegratedManufacturing(CIM)ExceptCAD/CAMsystem,most

FMS

consistsofthreemainsystemsorcomponents:(1)Workstations:TheseareessentiallyautomatedCNCmachines.(2)Theautomatedmaterialhandlingandstoragesystem:Theseconnecttheworkmachi