IEEEP802.242025IoTginternetthingswhitepaper（物联网（IoT）-互联网万物互联白皮书）

INTERNAL

INTERNAL

July2022May2025 IEEEP802.24DCN24-22-0011-0010-IoTg

Submission Page

PAGE

XXX

ABerkema,HPInc.

INTERNAL

March,1994 DOC:IEEEP802.11-94/xxx

Submission Page

PAGE

XXX

D.Kawaguchi,SymbolTechnologies

IEEEP802.24

VerticalApplicationsTechnicalAdvisoryGroup

Project

IEEEP802.24VerticalApplicationsTechnicalAdvisoryGroup

Title

TITLE

InternetofThingsWhitePaper

DateSubmitted

2022-06-302025-05-14

Source

AUTHOR

AlanBerkema

HPInc.

AllenJones

ChrisDiMinico

AnnKrieger

BenRolfe

TimGodfrey

PhilBeecher

Mobile: +

E-mail:

alan-c.berkema@hp.inc

Re:

N/A

Abstract

ThiscontributionprovidesafirstversiondraftoftheInternetofThingsWhitePaper.Itwillbeupdated(alongwiththisAbstract)asthecontentmaterializesandisincluded.

Purpose

FirstDrafttobegindiscussionoftheIoTWhitePaper

Notice

ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedtoassisttheIEEEP802.24.Itisofferedasabasisfordiscussionandisnotbindingonthecontributingindividual(s)ororganization(s).Thematerialinthisdocumentissubjecttochangeinformandcontentafterfurtherstudy.Thecontributor(s)reserve(s)therighttoadd,amendorwithdrawmaterialcontainedherein.

Release

ThecontributoracknowledgesandacceptsthatthiscontributionbecomesthepropertyofIEEEandmaybemadepubliclyavailablebyP802.24.

BackgroundandIntroduction

ThiswhitepaperistoconsidertheapplicationsrelatedtotheInternetofThings

References

[1]

Gartner

GartnerGlossary:InternetOfThings(IoT)

[2]

ITU

InternetofThingsGlobalStandardsInitiative

[3]

Techopedia

WhatDoesInternetofThings(IoT)Mean?

[4]

IBM

WhatistheInternetofThings(IoT)?

[5]

ISO/IEC20924:2024

InternetofThings(IoT)anddigitaltwin—VocabularyInformationtechnology—InternetofThings(IoT)—VocabularyJTC1specialtopic–haveafocusonIoT–subcommitteeandfundamentaldocuments.

[6]

IEEE2413-2019

IEEEDraftStandardforanArchitecturalFrameworkfortheInternetofThings(IoT)

[7]

SAS

InternetofThings(IoT)Whatitisandwhyitmatters

WhatistheInternetofThings?

ThetermThispaperbeginswithseveraldefinitionsoftheInternetofThingsProvideclarificationonthecommonpointsofconfusion.

Introaboutthedifferentkindsofinternets-publicandprivate.whatallkindsofIoThaveincommon”)Mostoftextisabout“The”internetsoaddsomespecifictonon-publicIoT.

iswidelyused,oftenwithvaryingdefinitions.An“Internet”doesnotalwaysmeanthepublicInternet.Therearedifferentkindsofinternets-publicandprivate.Manyverticalapplicationsconnectoveranon-publicnetworkbutretainothercharacteristicsofIoT.

Thenetworkofphysicalobjectsthatcontainembeddedtechnologytocommunicateandsenseorinteractwiththeirinternalstatesortheexternalenvironment.[1]Gartner.

Aglobalinfrastructurefortheinformationsociety,enablingadvancedservicesbyinterconnecting(physicalandvirtual)thingsbasedonexistingandevolvinginteroperableinformationandcommunicationtechnologies.[2]ITU

TheInternetofThings(IoT)isacomputingconceptthatdescribestheideaofeverydayphysicalobjectsbeingconnectedtotheaninternet“aninternet”–differentiateprivatenetworksfrompublicInternet

andbeingabletoidentifythemselvestootherdevicesandsendandreceivedata.[3]Techopedia

TheInternetofThingsistheconceptofconnectinganydevice(solongasithasanon/offswitch)totheInternetandtootherconnecteddevices.TheIoTisagiantnetworkofconnectedthingsandpeople–allofwhichcollectandsharedataaboutthewaytheyareusedandabouttheenvironmentaroundthem.[4]IBM.

ThesedefinitionsfromtheIndustryindustryprovideanintroductiontoconsideringtheInternetofThingstobegintheinvestigation.

TheInternationalStandardsOrganizationandtheInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission[5]ISO/IECalsoprovidedefinitionsofan“IoTDevice”,theInternetofThingsandmanyothercomponentswhichcontributetotheInternetofThings.Thedefinitionofan“IoTDevice”emphasizestheideathatnewIoTDevicesareSensorsand/orActuators.

TheIEEEalsoprovidesdefinitionsintheirDraftStandardforanArchitecturalFrameworkoftheInternetofthings[6]IEEEStd2413-2019.

“ItisimportanttounderstandwhattheInternetofThingsisandwhatthedifferenceisbetweentheIoTenvironmentandanIoTsystem.AsimpledefinitionofanInternetofThingssystemis“asystemofentities(includingcyber-physicaldevices,informationresources,andpeople)thatexchangeinformationandinteractwiththephysicalworldbysensing,processinginformation,andactuating.”

ThesetofIoTcomponentsavailabletobecomposedintoIoTsystems,thenetworksconnectingthecomponents,andanyassociatedservicesthatprovidethemechanismsfordiscovery,composition,andorchestrationcanbecalledanIoTenvironment.

CoretotheideaofIoTisthisinteractionwithphysicalentities.Anentityofinterestisaphysicalentitythatisofinteresttoahumanororganizationforthecompletionofagoal.Aphysicalentityisadiscrete,identifiablepartofthephysicalenvironment.Physicalentitiescanbeanyphysicalobject:humans;animals;cars;storeorlogistics-chainitems;mechanicaldevices;computingdevices;etc.”

ThecomprehensivedescriptionsaboveincludethemajorcomponentswhencontemplatingtheconceptscomprisedintheInternetofThings.Manyofthedefinitionsabovementioncommonelementssuchasdatasharingoveracommunicationpath.Mostareveryinclusiveofabroadrangeof“things”includingpeopleandhardware.SomeemphasizeSensorsandActuators.

ThingsusedinIoTThings–SensorsandActuators

ManycommondefinitionsoftheInternetofThingsarebasedontheconceptthatIoTthingsareprimarilynewdevicesbasedonSensorsandActuators.SensorsandActuatorsareanimportantdeviceclassfortheIoT.ToaidintheunderstandingofSensorsandActuators,commondefinitionsforthesedevicesareprovidedbelow.

Inageneralsense,asensormeasuressomethingintherealworldandconvertsittoadigitalvalue.ItcanalsobedefinedasAsensorisadevicethatrespondstoanychangeinphysicalphenomenaorenvironmentalvariableslikeheat,pressure,humidity,movementetc.andturnsthatintotoamoreformusableinadigitalsystemform..

Forexample,asSensorsLookforamoreprecisedefinitionof“Sensor”.LookatIEC61804-2

"Functionblocks(FB)forprocesscontrolandelectronicdevicedescriptionlanguage(EDDL)-Part2:SpecificationofFBconcept

"

WorkingdefinitionofSensor:"Measuressomethingintherealworldandconvertsittoadigitalvalue"

Done

maycontainatransducer,adevicethatconvertsenergyfromoneformtoanother.

Anactuatorisadevicethatisresponsibleformovingorcontrollingamechanismorsystem.Itisoperatedbyasourceofenergy,whichcanbemechanicalforce,electricalcurrent,hydraulicfluidpressure,orpneumaticpressure,andconvertsthatenergyintomotion.

AgreatexampleofaSenor/Actuatordeviceisafiresprinkler,thesehavebeenaroundforoverahundredyears.TheSensordetectsexcessheatheat,andtheActuatorturnsonthewatertothesprinkler.AusefulIoTdevice,however,modernsystemstakethisclosertothevalueoftheInternetofThingsbyincludingadditionaldata.ThesystemmonitorsthehealthoftheSensorsandActuatorsandthewaterdeliverysystemtodetermineifitisingoodworkingorderandtocommunicatealertsifthesystemneedsmaintenance.

Anotherperspective

ThisintroductionwillconcludewithanotherdefinitionthatwrapsoftheconceptoftheInternetofthingsPullmaterialfromChrisD’scontribution.

.

TheInternetofThings(IoT)referstoavastnumberof“things”thatareconnectedtotheinternetsotheycansharedatawithotherthings–IoTapplications,connecteddevices,industrialmachinesandmore.Internet-connecteddevicesusebuilt-insensorstocollectdataand,insomecases,actonit.IoTconnecteddevicesandmachinescanimprovehowweworkandlive.Real-worldInternetofThingsexamplesrangefromasmarthomethatautomaticallyadjustsheatingandlightingtoasmartfactorythatmonitorsindustrialmachinestolookforproblems,thenautomaticallyadjuststoavoidfailures.[7]SAS.

So,itshouldnotbeaboutthedefinitionofIoTdevices.

TheIoTincludesALLdevices,examplesincludedbelow:

NewIoTthings(sensorsandactuators)suchas

Videodoorbells

Smartthermostats

IPSecuritycameras

Health&Activitytrackers

Lighting&Electrical

Blinds&Shades

SmartSpeakers

Irrigation

FireSprinklers

Motiondetectors

PlumbingLeakDetectors

Etc.

Buttraditionalcomputingdevicesplayaroleandshouldnotbeexcludedfromtheecosystem:

PCs

MobilePhones

SmartTVs

Gameconsoles

Printers

Etc.

Certainlythisisnotacompletelist,althoughitattemptstomakethepointthatalladdressableconnectedthingscanprovidedatathatcontributestotheIoTecosystem.

Somaybe“whatisathing”shouldnotbethefocus?

Ifa

Deviceisconnected

Abletocommunicate

Providesdataand/orausefulfunction

Abletobeconfigured,monitoredandprovidestatus

Then

ItmaybeconsideredpartoftheIoTecosystem

SmartHome

AmajorclassofIoTdevicesliveintheSmartHomeandaregainingadoptionandpopularity.

Smartdevicesareinteresting,interesting;however,itisdebatablewhethertheseindividualdevicescreateanInternetofThings?

Today,inmanycases,eachSmartDeviceincludesitsownAppandperformsalimitedSmartfunction.Typically,theSmartDeviceconnectstothemanufacturer’scloudserviceusingthelocalWi-Fi.TheAppalsoconnectstothemanufacturer’scloudserviceusingthelocalWi-Fi(orcellularifthephoneisawayfromthehome)

WhentheSmartHomedevicescommunicatewitheachotherandworktogether,thesystembeginstoapproachagreaterInternetofThingsconcept.IntheexamplebelowtheSmartHomecanimplementasystemthatattemptstocoordinateandcontrolwhenthehouseneedsservicessuchasheating,airconditioningandhotwatertoincreaseefficiency.TheIoTAppcouldknowwhenthehomeisvacantanddeployan“Away”modetoreduceenergyconsumption.Further,itcouldcontributetothe“SmartCity’conceptbyreducingenergyusageduringpeakhours.

Thisscenariohasbeenchallenginginmulti-vendorenvironment.Lackofinteroperabilitybetweensmarthomedevicevendorshaslimitedtheabilityofsmarthomedevicesfromdifferentvendorstodirectlycommunicatewitheachother.InitiativessuchasCSAMatterareimprovinginteroperabilityfordevicesthatsupporttheirstandard.

InteroperabilityremainsasignificantchallengeinIoT.Manydevicesfromdifferentvendorsorsectorsmaynotworkwelltogetherwithoutstandardizedprotocols.AdeeperdiveintotheIEEE802standardsandtheirroleinensuringinteroperabilityacrossIoTsystemswouldprovideatechnicalperspective.YoucouldincludeprotocolssuchasLoRaWAN,NB-IoT,andZigbeeforLPWAN(LowPowerWideAreaNetworks)anddiscusstheiruseinIoTapplications.

IoTAppControlsasystemofdevices

Wi-Fi

LocalPowerCompany

Lowerpowerconsumption

duringenergypeakhours

SmartDevicestalktoeachother

68

Neednewviewsforthisusecase.Thisdiagramisgoodforthe“publicinternet”IoT.

Anotherviewcouldshowtheunderlyingnetworks-whichcouldhavemultipletechnologies

CheckifthereisWi-SUNmaterialwecanuse

[AI:Ben]

SmartCityandUtilities

SmartCityusecasesenableautomation,control,sensing,andreductionofpowerconsumptionforsystemsusedincities.Examplesincludesmartstreetlightsthatreducepowerconsumptionwithoutcompromisingsafety,parkingmanagementsystemstoreducevehiclecongestion,trafficcontrolandsignage,managementofwateruseforirrigationandsprinklersystemseg.unsecuredIoTdevicesarepronetobeinghacked,leadingtodatabreaches,privacyissues,orattacksoncriticalinfrastructure.

MentionstoIEEE2413-2019orIoTSecurityFoundation’sFramework?

.

ConnectivityTechnologiesforIoT

IEEE802Technologies

Wireless

802.15.4–DSSS

802.15.4SUN

802.15.4LPWA

802.11FrequencyrangesandapplicablePHYs

Startfrequency(MHz)

Endfrequency(MHz)

PHYname

863

928

S1G(Sub1GHz)

2400

2483.5

HE(HighEfficiency)

ExtendedRate

HT(HighThroughput)

EHT(ExtremeHighThroughput)

2401

2423

WUR(Wake-UpRadio)

2471

2497

ExtendedRate

5150

5895

HE(HighEfficiency)

EHT(ExtremeHighThroughput)

VHT(VeryHighThroughput)

OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplex(OFDM)

HT(HighThroughput)

5190

5575

WUR(Wake-UpRadio)

5850

5925

OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplex(OFDM)

NGV-NextGenerationV2XPHY

5945

7125

HE(HighEfficiency)

EHT(ExtremeHighThroughput)

802.11iswidelyusedas“backhaul”toconnectphonesandotherdevicesthatcontrolIoTtotheInternet,ultimatelycommunicatingwithagatewaydevice,whichmayuseadifferenttechnology(ortechnologies)forconnectivitytotheIoTdevice.

Wired–Ethernet(includingSinglePairEthernet)

Othertechnologies

3GPPLTE/5G/6G/NB-IoT

LoRa

SmartHome

AmajorclassofIoTdevicesliveintheSmartHomeandaregainingadoptionandpopularity.

Smartdevicesareinteresting,however,itisdebatablewhethertheseindividualdevicescreateanInternetofThings?

Today,inmanycases,eachSmartDeviceincludesitsownAppandperformsalimitedSmartfunction.

WhentheSmartHomedevicescommunicatewitheachotherandworktogether,thesystembeginstoapproachagreaterInternetofThingsconcept.IntheexamplebelowtheSmartHomecanimplementasystemthatattemptstocoordinateandcontrolwhenthehouseneedsservicessuchasheating,airconditioningandhotwatertoincreaseefficiency.TheIoTAppcouldknowwhenthehomeisvacantanddeployan“Away”modetoreduceenergyconsumption.Further,itcouldcontributetothe“SmartCity’conceptbyreducingenergyusageduringpeakhours.

IoTAppControlsasystemofdevices

Wi-Fi

LocalPowerCompany

Lowerpowerconsumption

duringenergypeakhours

SmartDevicestalktoeachother

68

Neednewviewsforthisusecase.Thisdiagramisgoodforthe“publicinternet”IoT.

Anotherviewcouldshowtheunderlyingnetworks-whichcouldhavemultipletechnologies

CheckifthereisWi-SUNmaterialwecanuse

[AI:Ben]

VerticalApplications

WhiletheSmartHomeisanearlytargetincludinganyotherverticalsarealsomakingprogresssuchashealthcare,agriculture,manufacturing,automotive,publictransportation,utilitiesandenergy,environmental,smartcities,andothers.

ItisabouttheData

Thingsareimportant,it’sinthename.Theultimatevalueofallofthethingscouldbethedatathatthesethingscollectandcommunicate.

Information

Data

Knowledge

Wisdom

Intelligence

&Analytics

PeoplemakebetterDecisions

Withanabundanceofdata,intelligenceandanalyticscanbeappliedtothatdatatocreatesuperiorinformationwhichcontributestoknowledgeandgreaterwisdom.Thiswillallowpeopleandinformationsystemstomakebetterdecisions.MentionthepotentialissueswithSecurity,privacy,dataownership,governance,and“walledgardens”,etc

InClosing

ThispaperwillconcludewithanotherdefinitionthatwrapsoftheconceptoftheInternetofthingsPullmaterialfromChrisD’scontribution.

.

TheInternetofThings(IoT)referstoavastnumberof“things”thatareconnectedtotheinternetsotheycansharedatawithother